Theory Maclaurin's

Expansion of Function
Maclaurins Series
Theory
Maclaurins Series :
f(x) = f(0) + x f (o)+
x2
2!
f(0) +
x3
3!
f(0) + . +
xn
n!
fn(o) +
.
1) Series for ex :Let f (x) = ex, so thatf (0) = 1
f (x) = ex,
f (0) = 1
f (x) = ex,
f (0) = 1
f (x) = ex,
f (0) = 1
Substituting these values with Maclaurins series, i.e

f(x) = f (0) +
We get
ex = 1
x
1!
f ' (0)
1!
x+
x2
2!
f "(0)
2!
x3
3!
x2 +
f ' "(0)
3!
x3 +
We can also find the following series using the above

series
a : Replacing x by x in above series
1
Maclaurins Series
ex = 1
x
1!
x2
2!
x3
3!
Theory
b : Replacing x by ix in above series

eix = 1 +
ix
1!
i2 x 2
2!
i3 x 3
3!
i4 x 4
4!
i5 x 5
5!
c : Now ax = ex log a, replacing x by x log a in above series,

we get
ax = 1 +
x loga
1!
x2
2!
(log a)2 +
x3
3!
(log a)3 +
2) Series for cosh x and sinh x :cosh x =
e x ex
2
sinh x =
e x ex
2
ex = 1 +
ex = 1
x
1!
x
1!
+
+
x2
2!
x2
2!
x3
3!
x3
3!
x4
4!
x4
4!
x5
5!
+
x5
5!
Adding and subtracting the series for ex and ex

2 cosh x = ex + ex
We get
=2
x2 x4
1
...
2! 4 !
or
Maclaurins Series
cosh x = 1 +
x2
2!
x4
4!
Theory
2 sinh x = ex ex = 2 x x
or
sinh x = x +
x3
3!
x5
5!
3!
x5
...
5!
3) Series for cos x and sin x : cos x =
e ix e ix
2
, sin x =
e ix e ix
2
We have seen earlier the series of eix while finding out

the series for ex
eix = 1 +
ix
1!
i2 x 2
2!
i3 x 3
3!
i4 x 4
4!
+i x +
5!
But by Eulers formula

eix = cos x + i sin x
Therefore equation the real and imaginary parts of
cos x + i sin x =
x2 x4
1
...
2! 4 !
+ i x x3! x5! ...

3
(Nothing that i2 = 1, i3 = 1, i4 = 1 )
Maclaurins Series
x2
2!
cos x = 1
x3
3!
sin x = x
x4
4!
x5
5!
Theory
4) Series for tan x and tanh x

Since
tan x =
series]
sin x
cos x
tan x =
x3 x5 x7
...
3! 5 ! 7 !
x2 x4 x6
1
...
2! 4 ! 5!
x
[using the sine and cos
We perform division as follows;
1 x + x x6! ... x x + x x7! +

2
2!
4!
3!
5!
4!
6!
x x2! + x x
+
1
3
x3
1
3
...
1
30
x3
5
12
x
3
x5
6
x5 +
x7
72
+
x5
4
315
1
840
x7 +
4
x7 +
x3+ 5 x5+ 17 x7+

12
315
Maclaurins Series
5
12
x5
5x7
24
17
315
+
x7 +
tan x = x + 1 x3 +
Thus
Theory
Similarly, using tanh x =
2
15
17
315
x5 +
x7 +
sinh x
cosh x
We can show that ;

tanh x = x 1 x3 +
3
5)
2
15
x5
17
315
x7 +
Series for log (1 + x) and log (1 x) :Expansion of log (1 + x).

Let f(x) = log (1 +x),
f ' (x )
1
,
1 x
f "(x )
1
(1 x )2
f "' ( x )
2 1
(1 x )3
.
f(0) = 0,
f (0) = 2!,
f(0) = 1,
fiv (0) = 3!
f(0) = 1.
fv (0) = 4!
Putting these values in below Maclaurins series,

5
Maclaurins Series
f(x) = f(0) + xf(o)+
x2
2!
f(0) +
Theory
x3
3!
f(0) + . +
xn
n!
fn(o) +
.
log(1 x ) x
x2
x3
x4
(1)
2!
(3!) ....
2!
3!
4!
x2
x3 x4
x5
log(1 x ) x 2 3 4 5 ....
Expansion of log (1 x).

Changing x to x in above expansion, we get,
log(1 x ) x
x2 x3 x4 x5
....
2
3
4
5
6) Series for tan1x and cot1x : Let
f (x) = tan1x
So that
f (x) =
1
1 x2
= (1 + x2)1
= 1 x2 + x4 x6 +
binomial theorem)
(using the
Integrating both sides, we get

f(x) = x
x3
3
x5
5
x7
7
++c
Maclaurins Series
Theory
To find the value of the constant, put x = 0 in f (x) = tan

1
x, so that
f (0) = tan1 0 = 0
0=c
tan1x = x
Now sincecot1x =
x3
3
x5
5
x7
7
tan1x, the series for cot1x is given
by
cot1x =
(x
x3
3
x5
5
x7
7
+ .)
7) Series for sin1x and cos1x

Let
f (x) = sin1x
So that
f(x) =
or
f (x) = 1 + 1 . x2 +
1
1x
= (1 x2)1/2
13
24
. x4 +
13 5
24 6
.x6 +
(using binomial theorem)

Integrating both sides, we get
f(x) = x+
1
2
.x +
3
13
2 .4
x5
5
Put x = 0 in f (x) = sin1x, to get

7
13 5
24 6
x7
7
++c
Maclaurins Series
Theory
f (0) = sin10 = 0
0=c
sin1x = x +
1
2
x3
3
13
2 4
x5
5
13 5
2 4 6
x7
7
+ 0
Since we know that

cos1x =
sin1x
The series for cos1x can be written as

cos1x =
1 x3 1 3 x5 1 3 5 x7
...
x
2 3 24 5 24 6 7
8) Expansion of (1 + x)m.
Sincef(x)
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
f(0)
=
=
=
=
=
(1 + x)m
f(0) = (1 + x)m
m(1 + x)m1
f (0) = m
m(m 1) (1 + x)m2, f(0) = m(m 1)
m( m 1) (m 2) (1 + x) m3
m(m 1) (m 2)
If x < 1, then by Maclaurins series,

i.e f(x) = f(0) + xf(o)+
fn(o) + .
x2
2!
f(0) +
x3
3!
f(0) + . +
xn
n!
Maclaurins Series
(1 x) m 1 mx
m(m 1) 2 m(m 1)(m 2) 3

x
x ....
2!
3!
Hence Proved
Theory

Theory Maclaurin's

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Theory Maclaurin's

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Expansion of Function

Substituting these values with Maclaurins series, i.e

We can also find the following series using the above

b : Replacing x by ix in above series

c : Now ax = ex log a, replacing x by x log a in above series,

2) Series for cosh x and sinh x :cosh x =

Adding and subtracting the series for ex and ex

3) Series for cos x and sin x : cos x =

We have seen earlier the series of eix while finding out

But by Eulers formula

+ i x x3! x5! ...

4) Series for tan x and tanh x

[using the sine and cos

We perform division as follows;

1 x + x x6! ... x x + x x7! +

x3+ 5 x5+ 17 x7+

Similarly, using tanh x =

We can show that ;

Series for log (1 + x) and log (1 x) :Expansion of log (1 + x).

Putting these values in below Maclaurins series,

f(x) = f(0) + xf(o)+

Expansion of log (1 x).

6) Series for tan1x and cot1x : Let

Integrating both sides, we get

To find the value of the constant, put x = 0 in f (x) = tan

tan1x, the series for cot1x is given

7) Series for sin1x and cos1x

(using binomial theorem)

Put x = 0 in f (x) = sin1x, to get

Since we know that

The series for cos1x can be written as

If x < 1, then by Maclaurins series,

m(m 1) 2 m(m 1)(m 2) 3

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