CHN:424 INDUSTRIAL

POLLUTION CONTROL

 CHN-424 Industrial Pollution Control

Examination : 50%
Sessional
: 50%
MTE
CW

: 25
: 20 Presentation
Topics in a group

5 Regularity in class

Suggested Books

Why Industrial Pollution Control?

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Intergovernmental Penal on Climate Change (IPCC), 1988

Substantial changes are happening to our environment
Air, water and soil being affected- Delhi PM2.5, CNG, Diesel,
Petrol; industries-air and water

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US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)

Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change
New Delhi
Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi
State Pollution Control Boards/Pollution Control
Committees

FINAL YEAR PROJECT- air and

SWACCH BHARAT

water pollution, SWM and noise pollution

TYPICAL AIR POLLUTION

SMOG DUE TO AIR POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION DUE TO VEHICLES

Total vehicles: 78 LAKHS

Daily reg: 3000+
From other states: 20-30, 000/day
Odd/Even formula, change in
office timings

WATER POLLUTION

WATER POLLUTION

SOLID WASTE:MUNICIPAL/E/INDUSTRIAL
SWACCH BHARAT- MAIN COMPONENT

THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION

SHORT TERM
1. HUMAN HEALTH
2. VEGETATION AND ANIMALS
3. MATERIALS AND STRUCTURE
4. ATMOSPHERE, SOIL AND WATER BODIES
LONG TERM
PLANET

Insecticides
Herbicides
PM, PM10,PM2.5,
PM1.5,NANOPARTICLES
( up to 100 nm)

Allout, Dhoop, Havan

samgri, Fog chal raha hai

VEGETATION AND ANIMALS

1. Photosynthesis process - PM hinders the sun rays
2. FACTORS: plant species, age, nutrient balance, soil
condition, temperature, humidity, wind velocity and
solar insolation
3. Acid deposition- SOx, NOx
4. O3 impacts the plant growth
5. Animals are impacted the same way as human beings
6. Acidification of lakes, ponds and heavy metalsbiomagnification and bioconcentration
7. Usage of non-biodegrable materials- polyethylene :
soil, sewer lines, nallas, and intake by animals
8. Crude and HCs spilling/seepage/leakage in sea

EFFECT ON VEGETATION

EFFECT ON ANIMALS

MATERIALS AND STRUCTURE

1. Effects on metals- ferrous : iron; nonferrous- do not contain iron :
zinc, aluminum, copper and silver
2. Moisture, type of pollutant and temperature- corrosion 100 times
in England than an arid African location
3. AC units very prone to CFC leakages near nallahs
4. SOx and NOx, H2S,O3 responsible
5. Electrical contacts - pitting
6. Stone- CaSO4, and CaSO4.2H2O: both water soluble
7. CO2 with moisture forms carbonic acid which reacts with lime
stone to form bicarbonate again water soluble
8. PVC- brittle now uPVC in market : Due to O3
9. Natural and synthetic rubber have the same fate as PVC
10.Fabrics, dyes, paint, leather, paper and glass
11.Dissolved solids in water damage the pipelines, plumbing and
fixtures

EFFECT ON BUILDINGS

ATMOSPHERE, SOIL AND WATER BODIES

1. Visibility- smog formation (0.001-2 micron: smog); (3-70 micron fog)
2. Precipitation: Wilson cloud chamber (1927 Nobel prize) ; silver
iodide particles, cloud bursts- very common now a day
3. Atmosphere haze: 0.1-1.0 micron
4. Acidic deposition in soil and water bodies

Haze

Smog

PLANET- LONG TERM

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Global warming- CO2: Fossil fuel usage

Ozone holes-CFC usage
Ground water contamination
Surface water contamination
Soil degradation

China
USA

India

Russia
Japan

Five elements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Water,
Air,
Earth, )
Space,
Fire, /0

Water
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

All the living systems need water and contain

water
Life on earth is due to water, 70% water cover
God of water, 34 (Indra) when He is roost?
Ganges water, (Shelf life: long); BOD/COD
Water pollution - treatment strategies
Effluents from industries and agrichemicals (Punjab)
Ganga and Yamuna river cleaning- Namami Gange project
Ground water, lakes, sea water is contaminated

Air
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Air needed by the living systems

Without air no survival
God of air, (Vayu), Prna
Pranayam : oxygen transfer rate Yoga day June 21
78.08% Nitrogen and 20.95% Oxygen + other gases
Combustion: Co,CO2, NOx, SOx, SPM, RSPM, PM
2.5, Hg, arsenic, HCs, VOCs etc.
Paper industry: Dioxin 100 times lethal than cyanide
Carbon dioxide: 397 ppm (present)
280 ppm (1750)
Greenhouse gases: CO2, N2O, H2O, O3, CH4, CFCs

Earth
We eat which is grown on earth
2. Photosynthesis process: biomass
3. Goddess of earth, ), Prithvi
1.

4.

Soil is getting contaminated

Pollution air/water
Lead in Maggi noodles ?
Lead pipes in water supply
Lead compound for plumbing
(2PbCO3Pb(OH)2)

Space
Solar energy
Space
2. Photosynthesis process- leaf: chemical reactor
3. Solar energy into biomass and other forms of
energy: hydro, coal, petroleum, wind etc.
4. God of space, , Aakash
1.

5.

O3 depletion: CFCs and space shuttles,

rockets etc. ; UV radiations

Fire
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Combustion
Carbon and Hydrogen - Exothermic reactions
CI and SI engines, cooking, thermal power
plants
Goddess of fire, /0 , Agni
Because of fire air pollution
Every thing is getting into CO2 and H2O
which are converted back by photosynthesis
process to complex biomass species and the
process goes on ..goes on..

Environment
1.Atmosphere: layer of air that surrounds
our planet
2.Hydrosphere: liquid envelop that
surrounds our planet
3.Lithosphere: solid earth, including earths
crust and part of the upper mantle
4.Biosphere: living organisms that inhabit the
above spheres

Environment
Atmosphereair to breathe
Hydrosphere water to drink
Lithosphere food to eat
Biosphere food to eat
Minutes
without air

Resources: fossil fuels,

ores, uranium, thorium

Days w/o
water

Months w/o food

Environment

Atmosphere
Age of earth
Oxygen

: 4.6 Billion year

: 0% 2 Billion years ago

Constant components (fix over time and location)

Nitrogen
Oxygen

78.08%
20.95%

Argon
Neon, Helium, Krypton

0.93%
0.0001%

Atmosphere
Variable components (variable with time and
location)
Carbon dioxide

0.0397% - of concern

Water vapor

0-4%

Methane

traces

Sulfur dioxide

traces

Ozone

traces

Nitrogen oxides

traces

Others: dust, volcanic ash, snow and rain

Layers of the Earth's atmosphere

Atmospheric temperature: vertical structure

Vertical structure of atmospheric pressure

Atmosphere zones
The zones are not sharply delineated
and their elevation varies with both
time of year and latitude

Troposphere
1.Thickness from sea level: 18 km; Everest
8848 m
2.Pressure at top is 10% of atmosphere 76
mm of Hg
3.Air movement is vertical as well horizontal
4.Weather/clouds formation/rains
5.Air cools progressively with height
6.Temperature: -6.5 oC/km
HUMAN ACTIVITIES ARE DISTURBING
TROPOSPHERE

Tropopause
1.Thin layer between troposphere and
stratosphere: 4 km
2.Air is completely dry
3.The elevation where the temperature
no longer decreases with altitude

Stratosphere
1.This extends up to 50 km and comprises
of ozone
2.Ozone is 2-8 ppm
3.In the middle and upper stratosphere,
air temperature increases progressively
with height
4.Heated by ozone
5.Lower stratosphere is isothermal
(constant temperature with height)

Stratopause
The elevation where the temperature no
longer increases with altitude

Mesosphere
1.Mesosphere is from 50 to 90 km
2.Temperature again decreases here
3.Intermediate zone between stratosphere
and thermosphere
4.Air cools progressively with elevation

Mesopause
The elevation above the mesosphere where
the temperature no longer cools with altitude

Ionosphere
1.Next is thermosphere or ionosphere
extending to 350 km
2. Oxygen is in ionic form heat is absorbed
3. Temperate rises again

Outer limit of atmosphere

1. Difficult to define
2. At 32,000 km, the Earths gravitation pull equals
centrifugal force of the Earths rotation
TRISHANKU

Ozone measurement
Developed by G.M.B. Dobson, 1920s; Professor at Oxford University

All the ozone over a certain

area is compressed to oC
and 1 atm and forms a 3 mm
thick slab corresponding to
300 DU
1 DU = 0.01 mm thickness of ozone at oC and 1 atm (STP)
US sky
: 300 DU
Minimum at Antarctica
: ~100 DU
Dobson Ozone Spectrophotometer
Total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS)
Ozone holes: when concentration of ozone reduces more than 50%
Antarctica: 25 million km2 in 2001

Antarctic ozone
Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer

Carbon Dioxide

Indicators of the Human Influence

on the Atmosphere During the
Industrial Era
(a) Global atmospheric concentrations
of three well mixed greenhouse gases

Methane

(b) Sulphate aerosols deposited

in Greenland ice
Nitrous oxide

Global Climate Change

Sulphur

David D. Houghton

48

Latin word (whiteness)

Global Climate Change
David D. Houghton
Received solar radiation/reflected

49

Hydrosphere
1. 70.8% earths surface is covered by water
2. 60-70% of living world
3. Physiological reactions in aqueous phase
4. Total quantum of water
: 1.4 B km3
5. Salty sea water
: 97.6%
6. Fresh water
: 2.4%
7. Renewable in nature
8. Important food source
9. Easily polluted
10. Must be purified
11. Major industrial and agriculture input

Distribution of fresh water

Location
Snow, ice, glaciers
Accessible ground water
Lakes, reservoirs, ponds
Saline lakes
Soil moisture
Moisture in living organisms
Atmosphere
Wetlands
Rivers, streams, canals

% of total
86.9
12.0
0.37
0.31
0.19
0.19
0.039
0.011
0.0051

Freshwater as a resource in India

Renewable through evaporation from
the seas and precipitation (solar powered)
Demands for freshwater include:
Agriculture & livestock (79.6%)
Power generation (13.6%)
Domestic(3.5%)
Industry (3.3%)
Demand increases with increasing population
Unequal distribution of freshwater
Interlinking of rivers: solution of water problem

Rain harvesting

Lithosphere

Lithosphere
1.Land area: 26%
2.Supports all the living systems and provides
a wealth of raw materials which has made
the civilization to develop

Lithosphere: India
2.4% of worlds land
15% of worlds population
Per capita land availability, ha
Russia
8.43
USA
7.39
Australia
6.60
China
0.98
India
0.48

Lithosphere: India
Land use categories, Mha
Cultivable land
Forest land
Nonagricultural land
Barren and pasture land
Fallow land -PV

142 (46%)
67 (22%)
20 (6.5%)
55 (17.8%)
25 (8.0%)

Mineral exploration
Rich in coal, HCs, bauxite, copper, gold,
nickel, uranium, thorium etc.

Lithosphere: India
Food resource
Self sufficient in agriculture produce
I in world in sugar production
I in milk production, 97 million tonnes
Live stock, 25% of world
Chicken/Fish: Antibiotics
Forest resource
21.68 % forest cover
reduction in global warming

Movement of carbon between land, atmosphere, and oceans in billions of tons of carbon
per year.
Yellow numbers are natural fluxes,
red are human contributions in billions of
Global Climate Change
David D. Houghton
tons of carbon per year. White numbers indicate stored carbon.

Conclusion
We need to preserve our planet
Air
Water
Soil