World Journal of Zoology 9 (1): 21-27, 2014

ISSN 1817-3098
IDOSI Publications, 2014
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjz.2014.9.1.82356

Status Survey of the Indian Golden Gecko, Calodactylodes aureus (Beddome, 1970)
in YSR Kadapa and SPSR Nellore Districts of Andhra Pradesh, India
1

I.S. Chakrapani, 2B. Chanikyudu, 2R. Janardan Rao and 2M. Rajasekhar

Department of Zoology, SKR Govt. Degree College, Gudur, SPSR Nellore Dt. A.P. India
2
Department of Zoology, S.V. University, Tirupati, A.P. India

Abstract: The Indian Golden Gecko Calodactylodes aureus is an endangered, Scheduled I geckonid lizard
endemic to Peninsular India. After its rediscovery by Daniel and Bharat Bhushan in Tirumala hills during 1985
and 1986, there was a silence among the scientific community about its distribution and morphology. Later on,
Nandakumar and Rajasekhar reported the presence of Golden geckos from Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve,
which encompasses Chittoor, Kadapa and Nellore districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. Consequently, there were
reports on its occurrence along the Eastern Ghats from locations far away from Seshachalam Biosphere reserve.
There were no comprehensive reports on the presence of animal in YSR Kadapa and SPSR Nellore districts. This
prompted the investigator to take up a comprehensive status survey to see its Habitat and distribution. Line
transect method and direct observation methods were used to note the population of Golden geckos. They are
observed in moist and humid environment. The number of eggs was counted and they ranged from 10 to 150
from each clutch. More and more locations need to be surveyed to assess their distribution and conservation
status.
Key words: Golden Gecko

Scheduled I Animal

Line Transect Method

INTRODUCTION

district of Andhra Pradesh and reported its presence in

many localities previously not reported. As it was
Considered to be a Gondwanian relic [5], Golden Gecko is
of particular interest to the scientists of wild life biology.
The present study aims at surveying new locations in two
districts of Andhra Pradesh, namely YSR Kadapa and
SPSR Nellore, where this animal is not reported earlier. It
also aims at describing the details of microhabitat, feeding
and breeding habits of Golden Gecko. A complete survey
was conducted in these districts to review its
conservation status.

More than 850 species of lizards are known to exist all

over the world, out of which 675 are primitive and
nocturnal. These are distributed mainly in the tropics [1].
The Indian Golden Gecko, Calodactylodes aureus, is
notified as Scheduled I animal as per the Indian wildlife
act, 1972. It belongs to the family Geckonidae. Among the
South Asian Herpetofauna, it is one of the least
appreciated primitive lizards [2]. It has been consistently
cited in various checklists from time to time [3-6]. But, little
is known about its distribution, morphological and
anatomical correlates, biology and phylogeny [7]. The
Indian Golden gecko was first observed by Beddome in
1870 [8] and later on spotted by Daniel et al. in Tirumala
hills during 1986 [9]. Its presence from Seshachalam
Biosphere Reserve was reported by Nandakumar et al.
[10]. This animal is being reported to be present along the
length of Eastern Ghats and their spurs by different
researchers from time to time. [11-21]. Rajasekhar and
Chakrapani [20] made an extensive survey in Chittoor

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area comprised parts of YSR Kadapa and SPSR
Nellore districts of Andhra Pradesh (Figure 1). It was
extensively surveyed between July 2011 and June 2013.
The study area includes Velikonda range of Hills, which
is the prime focus area of the survey. YSR Kadapa district
is located between 13.43' and 15.14' of the northern
latitude and 77.55' and 79.29' of the eastern longitude.

Corresponding Author: Dr. M. Rajasekhar, Department of Zoology,

S.V. University, Tirupati-517502, India.

21

World J. Zool., 9 (1): 21-27, 2014

Fig. 1: Location map of the study area

The district spreads northwards beneath the Western
slopes of the Eastern Ghats as a rough parallelogram,
dented deeply in its Southern, Western and Northern
boundaries. The altitude varies from 259 to 378.7 meters
above M.S.L. It is surrounded by Kurnool District on the
North, Chittoor District on the South, Nellore and
Prakasam Districts on the East and Ananthapur District
on the West. Nellore District is the Southernmost Coastal
District of Andhra Pradesh. It lies between 13-30 and
15-6 of the Northern latitude and 70-5 and 80-15 of the
Eastern Longitude. It is bound on the north by Prakasam
District, on the East by Bay of Bengal, on the South by
Chittoor District and Chengalpattu District of Tamilanadu
and on the West by Velikonda Hills which separate it from
Kadapa District. The eastern half of the District adjoining
coastal belt is fairly fertile and the western half of the
district has low elevation towards west with large track of
low shrub jungles diversified with rocky, will stony plains.
Maximum temperature ranges between 40-45C during
May, which is the hottest month in summer. Minimum
temperature ranges from 17-30C during December.

Direct counting method was used to arrive at

population count of golden geckos in the areas surveyed.
Conventional distance sampling method was adopted for
this survey in Kadapa and Nellore districts. As in the
previous survey conducted in Chittoor district of Andhra
Pradesh by the same authors [20], the expanded terminal
phalanges with large trapezoidal penultimate and distal
expansions were considered as the key character to
identify Golden Gecko [22]. Colour is the basis for sexual
dimorphism as noticed. Opportunistic searches comprised
of slow walking among the rock boulders. These were
carried out over a vast area. Both vertical and horizontal
crevices in rock boulders were searched intensely, for
recording the presence of golden geckos. During day light
searches, number of noticed egg patches was recorded,
along with morphological correlates of the animal. Line
transect method was used for nocturnal searches, which
were conducted where the density of golden geckos is
assumed to be high. Transect lines were marked during
daytime with fishing line for every 5 metres, prior to each
attempt. Using power full head mounted 6 v spotlights
22

World J. Zool., 9 (1): 21-27, 2014

and hand torches, survey was held after dusk. Every rock
boulder was searched for the presence of geckos and
number of geckos observed was noted down. When a
gecko was sighted, perpendicular distance to the transect
line at ground level was measured directly beneath the
gecko. A noose was used to catch the gecko live. Gecko
was released after taking morphometric details as given by
Daniel et al. [9]. Population analysis was carried out by
direct counting. Habitat analysis was done, as described
by Kotwal [23]. Sympatric reptiles were identified using
the key provided by Smith [22] and Aaron M. Bauer and
Indraneil Das [7]. No animal was either harmed or killed
while doing morphometric analysis in the field and no
sample was collected for any other purpose.

Table 1: Distribution sites of Indian Golden Geckos in YSR Kadapa district

and climatic variants
No

Location

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Lankamala
Gandikota
Ranganayakulakona
Nayanalappakona
Gandi
Ramapuram
Veyinutalakona
Tummalapalle
Chitwel
Palakondalu (near Buggavanka)
Namalagundu
Turupukonda

Temperature (C)
28
25
30
30
32
33
35
34
22
21
32
23

Humidity
100
100
100
100
98
98
100
77
98
97
82
100

Table 2: Distribution sites of Indian Golden Gecko in SPSR Nellore

district and climatic variants

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Habitat: Golden geckos were identified in a number of new
places in Nellore and Kadapa districts of Andhra Pradesh.
These were also observed in the huge rock boulders
which are having vertical and horizontal crevices of
variable size, located in shaded areas. In all cases,
temperature range was 21C to 41C and humidity ranged
from 76% to 100 % (Tables 1 and 2). Mean altitude of
different survey areas ranged from 150 to 400 m. It seems
that these geckos prefer vertical crevices to horizontal
crevices to live in. These crevices were cool and more
humid than rocky surface as reported by Rajasekhar and
Nandakumar [11]. Some geckos were observed in rock
crevices present near small water bodies. The authors
observed golden geckos in isolated rock boulders existing
in arid open places also, unlike the common reports of
their existence in massive chains of rock boulders near
well-shaded areas. Many of the different habitats
observed are characterized by the presence of thick
vegetation consisting of Albizia amara, Boswellia
serrata, Dalbergia lanceolata, Emblica officinalis,
Givotia moluccana, Gyrocarpus americanum, Haldina
cordifolia, Hardwickia binata, Strychnos nux vomica,
Pterocarpus santalinus, Syzizium cumini, Terminalia
spp., Wrightia tinctoria etc. and many unidentified
climbers and herbs (Image.1).

No

Location

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Vempallitoka
28
Udayagiri
25
Somasila
30
Panchalingalakona
30
Mallemkonda
32
Penchalakona
33
Bairavakona (near penchalakona)
Akilavalasa
41
Sidduleswarakona
23
Dattanagaram
40
Attalasiddavaram
28
Stambhalakona
24
Konamalleswaram
22
Varadanapalli
27
Paravolu
24
Nagabhairavakona
38

Temperature (C)

Humidity
100
100
100
100
98
98
28 100
87
92
82
78
83
100
88
76
94

Table 3: Morphometric correlates of the Indian Golden gecko

Calodactylodes aureus. Location: Penchalakona, SPSR Nellore
District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Animal Description: A male specimen was captured at

Penchalakona, part of Sri Penusila Lakshmi Narasimha
Wildlife Sanctuary by noosing. It was examined and
released after recording morphological details.
Morphometric details were collected using Standard
Vernier Callipers to the nearest 0.1mm (Table 3). Many of
the morphological characters agree with our earlier
23

No

Part

Measurement (mm)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Head
Eye
Ear Opening
Distance between eyes
Distance between eye and ear
Distance between nostril and eye
Distance between nostrils
Labials
Neck
Abdomen
Fore limb length
Hind limb length
Fore limb digits
Hind limb digits
SVL
Tail
Total body length

8.5 w and 14 L
3
1.3w and 1.8 l
6
3.5
4.5
2
12 Upper and 12 lower
3.8 w
10
7 FL and 7 TL
9 FL and 9 TL
2,3,4,5,4
2,3,5,6.5,5
56
52
108

World J. Zool., 9 (1): 21-27, 2014

Image. 1: Golden Gecko habitat with high humidity.

Table 4: Survey of Calodactylodes aureus in YSR Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India

No

Location

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Lankamala
Gandikota
Ranganayakulakona
Nayanalappakona
Gandi
Ramapuram
Veyinutalakona
Tummalapalle
Chitwel
Palakondalu (near Buggavanka)
Namalagundu
Turupukonda

No. of Specimens
observed
0
6
4
5
2
8
6
10
4
0
12
14

Excreta observed
Present
Present
Absent
Absent
Present
Present
Absent
Present
Present
Absent
Present
Present

No. of Eggs Observed

----------------------------------------------------Hatched
Un hatched
Spoiled
22
24
12
16
10
21
24
12
32
4
12
54

16
36
18
8
6
21
46
0
26
0
8
>80

04
4
12
4
15
12
10
14
<7
0
3
16

Total
42
64
42
28
31
54
80
26
65
4
23
>150

Table 5: Survey of Calodactylodes aureus in SPSR Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India

No

Location

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Vempallitoka
Udayagiri
Somasila
Panchalingalakona
Mallemkonda
Penchalakona
Bhairavakona(Near Penchalakona)
Akilavalasa
Sidduleswarakona
Dattanagaram
Attalasiddavaram
Stambhalakona
Konamalleswaram
Varadanapalli
Paravolu

No. of Specimens
observed
0
6
4
5
2
8
6
1
4
0
0
3
12
0
4

Excreta observed
Present
Present
Absent
Absent
Present
Present
Absent
Present
Present
Absent
Present
Present
Present
Absent
Present

24

No. of Eggs Observed

----------------------------------------------------Hatched
Un hatched
Spoiled
22
24
12
18
13
>42
>26
0
24
1
3
3
>50
3
12

0
10
14
10
11
38
34
0
11
12
11
1
25
4
26

18
26
16
0
17
20
20
0
5
32
23
8
>55
5
22

Total
30
64
42
28
31
>100
80
0
40
45
37
12
130
12
60

World J. Zool., 9 (1): 21-27, 2014

description of specimens from Chittoor Dt. [20]. Golden

gecko has a flattened body, large head and distinct
oviform neck. Dorsal surface of the body is covered with
very small granules, which are interspersed, by large,
smooth, round and tubercles. Ventral surface of the body
is covered with squarish scales juxtaposed against each
other [22]. Tail is long and slender, covered with large
squarish scales. Supraorbital is strong and rounded.
Canthal ridge is observed. Pupil and the ear opening are
vertical. Snout is longer than the distance between ear
opening and eye. Head is covered with small granules.
Unlike our earlier description of specimen from Chittoor
District, granules on canthal ridge are slightly larger than
those on the head. This observation is close to our
previous description of specimens from Tirumala Hills and
Vellore and description of others [11, 20]. Golden Gecko
has a four-sided rostral which has a concavity at its
posterior border. Nostril is pierced between the rostral,
three nasals and the first labial. 12 supra and infralabials
are present. Mental is equal in size to the adjacent labials.
No regular chin shields were observed, but small granules
are present on the gular region. Pentadactyle limbs are
long and slender. Each toe/digit appears like a hoof. Digits
have large trapezoidal penultimate and distal expansions.
Each of these expansions has two large plates beneath,
separated by a longitudinal groove. A retractile claw is
observed in all the digits [9]. Penultimate expansion on the
inner digit is not observed and this corroborates with
earlier descriptions of specimens from Chittoor district by
the same authors [20].Colour of the body is reportedly
golden yellow in colour, but the authors found that the
golden geckos camouflaged with the surroundings
efficiently. We observed brown, black, grey and white
shades. Dorsoventral sides of the specimens exhibit
golden yellow colour [24, 25]. Adult females have mixed
colours with dark brown and yellow.

surfaces [26,27]. As reported earlier, in the present survey

also, the authors could observe site fidelity in deposition
of egg patches [20]. Hatched and unhatched eggs along
with dried foetal remains and spoiled eggs are observed
in each communal patch. Decomposed scars are observed
in many locations, which implied that eggs are deposited
in the same place year after year [15, 24]. Rate of hatching
is noticed to be high, except for in a few sites located.
Spoiled eggs are sighted in few locations where
anthropogenic interference is noticed, otherwise, hatching
is more perfect in narrow crevices and roof of open
tourists. Much damage to the eggs is caused where egg
deposition took place nearer to ground. We could
observe common skinks (Mabuya carinata) scratching
away the egg patches and eating the embryos. According
to some authors, Golden geckos lay eggs between late
June and September [15] but fresh eggs could be
observed even in November also [20]. Contrary to the
reports that golden gecko inhabits cool and humid
habitats, we could observe many geckos in isolated rock
boulders, which implies that hatching may be partly
independent of the environmental variables. More and
more observations during night times are required to
elucidate the details of oviposition, development and
breeding habits. In some locations, we could observe
juveniles also. We predict parental care to exist in this
species. Further research is needed to know the details of
the biology of Calodactylodes aureus.
CONCLUSION
Majority of the locations surveyed for the presence
of golden geckos are located in deep forest areas, where
waterfalls or a running water source is nearby. Based on
our previous survey in Chittoor district and the present
one, we propose that populations of the Indian golden
Gecko are wide spread along the rocky boulders which are
located at the costal line of Penna and its tributaries like
Chitravati, Cheyyyeru and Papaghni on the south and
Jayamangali, Kunderu and Sagileru on the north. We also
propose that this animal is abundantly present in the
hitherto unexplored rocky habitats along the Swarnmaukhi
corridor. We propose an intense survey in the forest areas
along the length of these two rivers. Based on the present
work, we propose range extension of habitat of the Indian
golden Gecko to the southern and south-western ranges
of the Eastern Ghats and their spurs, through Ananthapur
district in Andhra Pradesh, Chikbalapur, Tumkur and
Mysore districts in Karnataka, gradually falling into the
Western Ghats. We further predict that the Indian Golden

Food: Golden geckos feed on small arthropod insects and

ants. Very fine smooth powdery soil is observed adjacent
to rock boulders, which implies that the withering activity
indirectly helps geckos survive.
Cohabits: The authors found Calotes rouxii, Sciniscids
and Hemidactylus species as common co inhabitants. Red
ants, beetles and bees are also common inhabitants in and
around the rock boulders.
Breeding Habits: Golden geckos lay eggs in communal
patches, attaching them to the roof of rock boulders or
vertical walls or hanging down from the horizontal
25

World J. Zool., 9 (1): 21-27, 2014

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Gecko might be present in the forests along the length of

other rivers like Godavari [12]. We also predict its
existence in Maharashtra also, if we go on searching
along Godavari corridor. As we know from the present
survey, the Indian golden gecko is widely distributed in
Seshachalam and Velikonda ranges of the Middle Eastern
Ghats (Tables 4 and 5). Similar habitat is present in many
remote locations like Palavanka, Bhairavakona,
Nemaligundla, Mallelateertham etc., in the Nallamalai
forests of Prakasam and Kurnool districts of Andhra
Pradesh, which are very difficult to access. These areas
need intense probing. We propose its existence along the
corridor of river Kaveri also, as evidenced by our
unpublished work. As already reported, some of these
geckos are found in isolated rock boulders in dry areas.
This suggests that golden gecko has greater adaptability
to different environmental conditions than they are
thought to possess. (Fig: 1). As per the Indian Wildlife
Act 1972, this animal is included in Schedule I, Part II [28].
As per the IUCN red list, this animal is least concerned
[29]. Keeping this in view, we strongly recommend the
conservation status of Indian golden gecko be reviewed
both at national and international levels. Though it
appears that the animal is widespread in parts of
peninsular India, the number of individuals cited is far
low. Recent developmental activities and projects pose a
great threat to the existence of this animal. As reported
earlier, destruction of rock boulders along Vellore-Chennai
highway and mass destruction for constructing
Pasupudhara and Kumara Dhara Projects at Seshachalam
hills [11], submergence of habitat due to construction of
multi-purpose irrigation dams [12], destruction of habitat
due to uranium mining [21], have been posing great threat
to the existence of this endangered animal. As the authors
observe, expansion of interstate highways would
adversely affect the population of this animal, as it is
noticed in Lankamala Reserve Forest and also on KadapaPulivendula road. The authors strongly recommend not to
destruct any rock boulder where the Golden geckos are
present and also we advise concerned Government
authorities to take appropriate measures to constitute a
committee to identify habitats of this precious animal prior
to constructing dams, irrigation projects, roads and stone
crushing units. We have noticed several habitats which
are destructed for stone crushing units in Andhra Pradesh
and Tamilnadu states. In this context, it is essential to
protect both the habitat and animal by initiating new
guidelines.

The authors are highly thankful to University

Grants Commission for providing financial support to
carry the survey of Golden geckos through UGC-MRP,
New Delhi. Officials of the forest department are also
sincerely thanked for their continuous help and
encouragement.
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28. Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Government of
India, Chapter VII, Schedule II.
29. IUCN, 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
www.iucnredlist.org.

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