USE OF ENGLISH PART THREE: WORD FORMATION

1. WORD FORMATION LIST

NOUNS

-age
-al

-ance

-ence

-cy

-dom
-ful
-hood

-iety
-ity

-ing
V to N
-ment

break-breakage, cover-coverage, pack-package, post-postage, storestorage, wreck-wreckage, short-shortage.

(dis)approve-(dis)approval,
arrive-arrival,
bury-burial,
deny-denial,
dismiss-dismissal, propose-proposal, rehearse-rehearsal, remove-removal,
renew-renewal, revive-revival, survive-survival
Annoy-annoyance,
(dis)appear-(dis)appearance,
attend-attendance,
disturb-disturbance, endure-endurance, enter-entrance, ignore-ignorance,
inherit-inheritance,
perform-performance,
rely-reliance,
resembleresemblance,
resist-resistance,
signify-(in)significance,
torelate(in)tolerance,
arrogant-arrogance,
distant-distance,
(un)important(un)importance, (ir)relevant-(ir)relevance, reluctant-reluctance.
Confide-confidence, depend-(in)dependence, differ-difference, existexistence, insist-insistence, obey-obedience, occur-occurrence, offendoffence,
persist-persistence,
recur-recurrence,
absent-absence,
(in)competent-(in)competence, (in)convenient-(in)convenience, evidentevidence,
innocent-innocence,
intelligent-intelligence,
(im)patient(im)patience, present-presence, violent-violence.
(in)accurate-(in)accuracy,
(in)adequate-(in)adequacy,
(in)decent(in)decency,
(in)efficient-(in)efficiency,
(in)frequent-(in)frequency,
immediate-immediacy, infant-infancy, intimate-intimacy, (il)literate(il)literacy, pregnant-pregnancy, redundant-redundancy, secret-secrecy,
urgent-urgency, vacant-vacancy
Bored-boredom, free-freedom, wise-wisdom, king-kingdom, star-stardom.
Arm-armful, cup-cupful, fist-fistful, hand-handful, house-houseful, roomroomful, spoon-spoonful.
Adult-adulthood, child-childhood, mother-motherhood, father-fatherhood,
brother-brotherhood, man-manhood, neighbour-neighbourhood, parentparenthood, woman-womanhood, likely-likelihood.
Anxious-anxiety, notorious-notoriety, sober-sobriety, various-variety.
(un)able-(in)ability, (in)active-(in)activity, complex-complexity, crediblecredibility,
curious-curiosity,
(un)equal-(in)equally,
(un)familiar(un)familiarity, ferocious-ferocity, (in)flexible-(in)flexibility, (in)formal(in)formality, generous-generosity, hostile-hostility, immune-immunity,
intense-intensity, major-majority, minor-minority, (in)mobile-(in)mobility,
objective-objectivity, (un)original-(un)originality, personal-personality,
(un)popular-(un)popularity, prosperous-prosperity, (im)pure-(im)purity,
(in)secure-(in)security,
(in)sensitive-(in)sensitivity,
severe-severity,
similar-similarity,
simple-simplicity,
(in)sincere-(in)sincerity,
stupidstupidity, subjective-subjectivity, (in)valid-(in)validity
Advertise-advertising, build-building, gather-gathering, like-liking, liveliving, meet-meeting, record-recording, say-saying, set-setting, suffersuffering.
Achieve-achievement, (dis)agree-(dis)agreement, amaze-amazement,
amuse-amusement, announce-announcement, argue-argument, arrangearrangement, commit-commitment, content-contentment, developdevelopment, disappoint-disappointment, discourage-discouragement,
embarrass-embarrassment,
employ-employment,
encourageencouragement, enjoy-enjoyment, entertain-entertainment, exciteexcitement,
govern-government,
improve-improvement,
invest-

-ness

-ship

-sis
-sion

-son
-ation

-tion

-th
-ure
-y
PEOPLE

-ant

-ar
-ative
-er
-ian

-ist

-or

investment, judge-judgement, manage-management, move-movement,

(re)pay-(re)payment, punish-punishment, refresh-refreshment, replacereplacement, require-require-ment, settle-settlement, treat-treatment.
(un)aware-(un)awareness,
careless-carelessness,
close-closeness,
(un)conscious-(un)consciousness,
deaf-deafness,
eager-eagerness,
(in)effective-(in)effectiveness,
(un)friendly-(un)friendliness,
greatgreatness,
hard-hardness,
hopeless-hopelessness,
(un)selfish(un)selfishness,
serious-seriousness,
stiff-stiffness,
thoroughthoroughness, tired-tiredness, useful-usefulness, weak-weakness
Champion-championship, companion-companionship, friend-friendship,
leader-leadership, member-membership, owner-ownership, partnerpartnership, scholar-scholarship, sponsor-sponsorship, hard-hardship
Diagnose-diagnosis, emphasise-emphasis.
Collide-collision, convert-conversion, erode-erosion, exclude-exclusion,
expand-expansion, include-inclusion, persuade-persuasion, supervisesuprevision
Compare-comparison
Adapt-adaptation, administer-administration, apply-application, combinecombination,
compile-compilation,
consider-consideration,
expectexpectation,
explain-explanation,
identify-identification,
imagineimagination, inflame-inflammation, inform-information, inspire-inspiration,
interpret-interpretation,
observe-observation,
prepare-preparation,
present-presentation, publish-publication, (dis)qualify-(dis)qualification,
realise-realisation, resign-resignation, vary-variation.
Accommodate-accommodation, (re)act-(re)action, associate-association,
collect-collection,
complicate-complication,
compose-composition,
(dis)connect-(dis)connection, contaminate-contamination, demonstratedemonstration, direct-direction, evolve-evolution, hesitate-hesitation,
inhibit-inhibition, investigate-investigation, (de)motivate-(de)motivation,
operate-operation, perceive-perception, predict-prediction, prescribeprescription, receive-reception, recognise-recognition, reduce-reduction,
repeat-repetition,
(dis)safety-(dis)satisfaction,
(re)solve-(re)solution,
subscribe-subscription, substitute-substitution,
Broad-breadth, deep-depth, long-length, strong-strength, true-truth,
warm-warmth, wide-width, young-youth, grow-growth
Close-closure, compose-composure, depart-departure, expose-exposure,
fail-failure, please-pleasure, proceed-procedure, sign-signature
Difficult-difficulty, (dis)honest-(dis)honesty, poor-poverty, safe-safety,
(un)certain-(un)certainty, discover-discovery, enter-entry
Apply-applicant, assist-assistant, confide-confidant(e), consult-consultant,
contest-contestant,
defend-defendant,
inhabit-inhabitant,
occupyoccupant, participate-participant
Lie-liar
Represent-representative
Employ-employer, lecture-lecturer, manufacture-manufacturer, presentpresenter, read-reader, research-researcher, win-winner
Electricity-electrician, history-historian, library-librarian, mathematicsmathematician, music-musician, magic-magician, politics-politician,
comedy-comedian
Bicycle-cyclist, environment-environmentalist, motor-motorist, naturenaturalist,
novel-novelist,
psychiatry-psychiatrist,
science-scientist,
socialism-socialist, terrorism-terrorist, anarchy-anarchist, specialismspecialist
Collect-collector,
communicate-communicator,
compete-competitor,

NOUNS
WITH

UpDown-down
In-away
Out-out

-back
BackMiscellaneous

ADJECTIV
ES

-able

-ible
-al

-ial

-ant
-ent

-ate

conduct-conductor, contribute-contributor, demonstrate-demonstrator,

distribute-distributor,
instruct-instructor,
invent-inventor,
spectatespectator
Upbringing, upkeep, uprising, uproar, upset, upturn
Downfall, downpour, downside, downturn
breakdown
Income, input, insight, intake
Getaway, hideaway, runaway, takeaway
Outbreak, outburst, outcome, outline, outlook, output, outset
Breakout, checkout, handout, knockout, lookout, payout, turnout,
workout,
Comeback, drawback, feedback, setback
background
(mis)behave-(mis)behaviour, choose-choice, complain-complaint, diedeath, give-gift, know-knowledge, laugh-laughter, lose-loss, prove-proof,
receive-receipt, respond-response, sell-sale(s), succeed-success, thinkthought, try-trial, weigh-weight, high-height
Accept-(un)acceptable, advise-(un)advisable, afford-affordable, agree(dis)agree,
apply-(in)applicable,
appreciate-appreciable,
approach(un)approachable, avoid-(un)avoidable, bear-(un)bearable, compare(in)comparable, consider-(in)considerable, desire-(un)desirable, dispense(in)dispensable, forget-(un)forgettable, imagine-(un)imaginable, irritateirritable, note-notable, notice-noticeable, pay-payable, enjoy-enjoyable,
predict-predictable,
prefer-preferable,
prevent-preventable,
regretregrettable,
rely-(un)reliable,
remark-(un)remarkable,
respectrespectable, understand-understandable, work-(un)workable, comfort(un)comfortable,
fashion-(un)fashionable,
knowledge-knowledgeable,
memory-(un)memorable, profit-(un)profitable, reason-(un)reasonable,
value-valuable or invaluable.
Access-(in)accessible,
flexibility-(in)flexible,
sense-(in)sensible,
comprehend-(in)comprehensible, respond-(ir)responsable
Accident-accidental,
addition-additional,
alphabet-alphabetical,
behaviour-behavioural,
centre-central,
culture-cultural,
ecologyecological,
emotion-(un)emotional,
environment-environmental,
exception-(un)exceptional, experiment-experimental, fact-factual, globeglobal, intention-intentional, medicine-medicinal, method-methodical,
monument-monumental,
nation-national,
occasion-occasional,
occupation-occupational, origin-(un)original, parent-parental, person(im)personal,
practice-(im)practical,
profession-(un)professional,
sensation-(un)sensational, society-social, temperament-temperamental,
tradition-traditional, universe-universal
Benefit-beneficial, commerce-commercial, controversy-(un)controversial,
face-facial, finance-financial, industry-industrial, influence-influential,
manager-managerial,
matrimony-matrimonial,
residence-residential,
secretary-secretarial, substance-(in)substantial, territory-territorial
Ignore-ignorant, please-pleasant, rely-reliant, resist-resistant, signify(in)significant, tolerate-(in)tolerant
Appear-apparent,
confide-confident,
depend-(in)dependent,
differdifferent, insist-insistent, obey-disobedient, persist-persistent, recurrecurrent,
absence-absent,
(in)competence-(in)competent,
(in)convenience-(in)convenient,
evidence-evident,
(in)frequency(in)frequent, innocence-innocent, intelligence-intelligent, (im)patience(im)patient, presence-present, violence-violent
Accuracy-(in)accurate,
adequacy-(in)adequate,
appropriacy-

-ative

-ive

ing/ed

-ous

-fulless

-ic
-ary
-ory

(in)appropriate, fortune-(un)fortunate, moderation-(un)moderate

Administer-administrative, argue-argumentative, compare-comparative,
consult-consultative, imagine-(un)imaginative, inform-(un)informative,
prevent-preventative, provoke-provocative, represent-(un)representative
Act-(in)active,
adopt-adoptive,
appreciate-(un)appreciative,
assertassertive, attend-(in)attentive, attract-(un)attractive, communicate(un)communicative, compete-(un)competitive, conclude-(in)conclusive,
construct-(un)constructive,
cooperate-(un)cooperative,
create(un)creative, deceive-deceptive, decide-(in)decisive, destroy-destructive,
defend-defensive, describe-descriptive, disrupt-disruptive, divide-divisive,
explode-explosive,
express-expressive,
extend-extensive,
impress(un)impressive, include-inclusive, invent-inventive, offend-(in)offensive,
persuade-persuasive,
posses-possessive,
produce-(un)productive,
progress-progressive, protect-protective, receive-(un)receptive, respect(ir)respective,
speculate-speculative,
succeed-successive,
support(un)supportative,
aggression-(un)aggressive,
effect-(in)effective,
expense-(in)expensive, secret-secretive, sense-(in)sensitive
With ing or ed: alarm, amaze, amuse, annoy, astonish, bore, confuse,
convince, depress, disappoint, disgust, embarrass, entertain, excite,
exhaust, fascinate, frighten, frustrate, increase, interest, irritate,
motivate, move, refresh, relax, satisfy, shock, surprise, terrify, threaten,
thrill, tire, worry
Close-closing (date), consult-consulting (room), recur-recurring (illnesses,
nightmare, problem, theme), run-running (water), support-supporting
(actor, actress, evidence, role).
(dis)advantage-(dis)advantageous, ambition-ambitious, anxiety-anxious,
caution-cautious, courtesy-(dis)courteous, curiosity-curious, dangerdangerous,
poison-poisonous,
disaster-disastrous,
glamour(un)glamorous, hazard-hazardous, humour-humorous, luxury-luxurious,
monster-monstrous,
mystery-mysterious,
nerve-nervous,
numbernumerous, religion-(ir)religious, suspicion-suspicious, infect-infectious,
vary-various
Beauty-beautiful, care-careful-careless, cheer-cheerful-cheerless, colourcolourful-colourless, count-countless, deceit-deceitful, delight-delightful,
effort-effortless, end-endless, event-eventful-uneventful, faith-faithfulunfaithful,
fault-faulty-faultless,
flight-flightless,
gratitude-gratefulungrateful, hair-hairy-hairless, harm-harmful-harmless, heart-heartless,
help-helpful-helpless-unhelpful, home-homeless, hope-hopeful-hopeless,
job-jobless,
meaning-meaningful-meaningless,
pain-painful-painless,
peace-peaceful,
point-pointless,
power-powerful-powerless,
pricepriceless, relent-relentless, resource-resourceful-unresourceful, respectrespectful-disrespectful, skill-skilful or skilled-unskilled, sleep-sleepless,
speech-speechless,
stress-stressful-unstressful,
success-successfulunsuccessful, taste-tasty or tasteful-tasteless, thought-thoughtfulthoughtless, time-timeless, truth-truthful-untruthful, use-useful-useless,
waste-wasteful, wonder-wonderful, worth-worthless, youth-youthful
Allergy-allergic, drama-dramatic, optimism-optimistic, science-scientific,
strategy-strategic
Caution-cautionary, literature-literary, revolution-revolutionary, imagineimaginary, volunteer-(in)voluntary
Advise-advisory, celebrate-celebratory, contradict-contradictory, explainexplanatory, introduce-introductory, migrate-migratory, oblige-obligatory,
prepare-preparatory, satisfy-(un)satisfactory, supervise-supervisory

-ly
-y

VERBS

-ate

En-

-ify

-en
Adj to
V

-ise

VERB

UpDownOver-

UnderOut-

Friend-(un)friendly, life-lively, time-(un)timely

Chat-chatty, cloud-cloudy, ease-easy, fault-faulty, fog-foggy, frost-frosty,
grass-grassy, guilt-guilty, hair-hairy, hill-hilly, mist-misty, mud-muddy,
rain-rainy, rock-rocky, sleep-sleepy, sun-sunny, wealth-wealthy
Alien-alienate, assassin-assassinate, difference-differentiate, valueevaluate, active-activate, captive-captivate, dominant-dominate, validvalidate
Act-enact, circle-encircle, courage-encourage (discourage), dangerendanger, force-enforce, list-enlist, rage-enrage, trust-entrust, ableenable, large-enlarge, rich-enrich, sure-ensure
Class-classify, example-exemplify, glory-glorify, identity-identify, notenotify, (dis)qualification-(dis)qualify, clear-clarify, just-justify, pure-purify,
simple-simplify, solid-solidify,
Black-blacken, bright-brighten, broad-broaden, dark-darken, deaddeaden, deaf-deafen, deep-deepen, fat-fatten, hard-harden, highheighten, long, lengthen, less-lessen, loose-loosen, red-redden, sadsadden, sharp-sharpen, soft-soften, stiff-stiffen, straight-straighten,
strong-strenghten, sweet-sweeten, thick-thicken, tight-tighten, weakweaken, wide-widen, worse-worsen, threat-threaten
Character-characterise,
climate-acclimatise,
computer-computerise,
criticism-criticise, emphasis-emphasise, maximum-maximise, memorymemorise, minimum-minimise, moisture-moisturise, pressure-pressurise,
revolution-revolutionise,
standard-standardise,
summary-summarise,
symbol-symbolise, sympathy-sympathise, commercial-commercialise,
familiar-familiarise, general-generalise, item-itemise, modern-modernise,
social-socialise, special-specialise, stable-stabilise, visual-visualise
Update, upgrade, uphold, uplift, uproot, upset, upset, upstage,
Downgrade, download, downplay, downshift, downsize
Overcome, overcook, overeat, overestimate, overexpose, overflow,
overhear, overheat, overload, overlook, overrate, overrule, overrun,
overshadow, oversleep, overshadow, oversleep, overspend, overstay,
overstretch, overjoyed, overtake, overthrow, overuse, overwork,
overwhelm, overcome,
Underachieve,
undercharge,
undercut,
underestimate,
undergo,
underline, underrate, undertake, undervalue, understate
Outgrow, outlast, outlive, outnumber, outplay, outrun, outstay

2. PRACTICAL CASES
PREF
IX
IN
-

SUFFIX

TERMS

ENT
ENT
IVE

UN
-

ORY
ORY

Competence-incompetent,
Persist-persistent, obey-obedient, appear-apparent,
Imagine-imaginative, administrate-administrative, argument-argumentative,
provoke-provocative, object-objective,
Satisfy-unsatisfactory,
Introduce-introductory, prepare-preparatory, satisfy-satisfactory, contradict-

DIS
-

OUS
OUS

ABLE

LESS+
LY
TIAL
IC
IC+AL
+LY
LY
AL

IN
-

CION
UAL
ING
CY
ISE
WORT
HY
LESS

contradictory,
Courtesy-discourteous,
Courtesy-courteous, gorge-gorgeous, luxury-luxurious, mystery-mysterious,
monster-monstrous,
Knowledge-knowledgeable, rely-reliable, approach-approachable, applyapplicable, believe-believable,
Hope-hopelessly,
Substance-substantial,
Allergy-allergic,
Strategy-strategically,
True-truly,
Globe-global, controversy-controversial,
territorial, secretary-secretarial
Suspect-suspicion,
Fact-factual,
Edit-editing or editorial,
Accurate-inaccuracy,
Expert-expertise,
Trust-trustworthy,

Point-pointless, heart-heartless, count-countless,

priceless, sleep-sleepless, hope-hopeless,
Chat-chatty, mud-muddy, rock-rocky,

III. MOST FREQUENT WORD FORMATIONS.

ABLE
ACADEMIC
ACCURATE
ADOPT
ADVISE

manage-managerial,

Ability, unable,
Academically
Accuracy,
Adopted,
Advisory,

territory-

end-endless,

price-

AGREE
ANALYSE
ANNOY
ANXIOUS
APPEAR
APPRECIAT
E
APPROVE
ASSUME
AVOID
BEAR
BELIEVE
BREAK
CHILD
COMBINE
COMPANY
COMPARE
COMPETEN
CE
COMPOSE
CONCLUDE
CONSIDER
CONSULT
CONTROVE
RSY
CONVENIEN
T
COURTESY
CURIOUS
DEAF
DECEIVE
DEFINE
DEPEND
DESTROY
DIFFICULT
DINE
DIVERSE
DRASTIC
EAGER
EASY
EDIT
EFFECT
EMOTION
ENJOY
ENTER
ENTHUSIAS
M
EQUAL
ESTABLISH
EVENT
EVOLVE
EXCEPTION
EXPECT
EXPERT
EXPERT
FACT
FAIL

(dis)agreeable,
Analysis,
Annoyance,
Anxiety,
Appearance,
Appreciable,
Approval,
Assumption,
(un)avoidable,
(un)bearable
Belief(s),
Breakage,
Childhood,
Combination(s),
Accompany, accompanies
Comparison,
(in)competent,
Composure,
Conclusively, conclusion,
(in)considerably, Considerable,
Consulting,
Controversial,
(un)convenience
(dis)courtesy, (dis)courteous,
Curiosity,
Deafening,
Deceptive,
Definition,
Dependence,
Destructor, destruction, destructive,
Difficulty, difficulties,
Diner(s),
Diversity,
Drastically,
Eagerness,
Easily,
Editable or editing, editorial,
Effective,
Emotional,
Enjoyable,
Entries,
Enthusiast, enthusiastic, enthusiastically,
Unequal,
Establishment,
Eventful,
Evolution, evolutionary,
Exceptional, exceptionally
Expectation,
Expertise,
Expertise,
Factual,
Failure,

FAMILIAR
FICTION
FINANCE
FIND
FORTUNE
FREE
FRESH
GLOBE
GROUND
GROW
HALF
HARD
HOPE
IDENTIFY
IMAGINE
IMMUNE
INCREASE
INFECT
INSPIRE
IRRITATE
JUDGE
KNOWLEDG
E
LIKELY
LITERATURE
LIVE
LONG
MEMBER
MEMORY
MINIMUM
MINOR
MOISTURE
MOTIVATE
NOTICE
NUMBER
OBJECT
ORGANISE
PAIN
PARTICIPAT
E
PAY
PERCEIVE
PERFORM
PRIVATE
PROCEED
PSYCHOLO
GY
PUBLISH
PURE
PUT
QUALIFY
RECOGNISE
REFRESH
REGARD
RELATE
RELY
RESEARCH

Familiarising,
Fictional,
Financial,
Finding(s),
(un)fortunate, (un)fortunately,
Freely,
Freshness
Global,
Background,
Growth,
Halved,
Hardship,
Hopeless, hopelessly,
Identity,
Imaginative, imagination, imaginable,
Immunity,
Increasing, increasingly,
Infection, infectious, infected,
Inspiration,
Irritable, irritation, irritating,
Judgement,
Knowledgeable,
Likelihood,
Literary
Outlived,
Length,
Membership,
Memorise,
Minimise,
Minority
Moisturising,
Motivation,
Noticeably,
Outnumbering,
Objective,
(dis)organised, (dis)organising,
Painful, painless,
Participant(s),
Payment, payable,
Perception,
Performance,
Privacy,
Procedure,
Psychological, psychologist(s),
Publication,
Purifies,
Output,
(dis)qualified, qualification,
Recognition,
Refreshment,
Regardless,
Relating,
Reliable,
Researcher(s),

RESIDENCE
RESPECT
RESPOND
REVEAL
RICH
SAFE
SATISFY
SECRET
SET
SHARP
SIGNIFY
SIMPLE
SOCIAL
SPACE
STRATEGY
SUBSTANCE
SUPPORT
SURE
SURPRISE
SUSPECT
SYSTEM
THEORY
THREAT
TIME
TIRE
TITLE
TOLERATE
TRAIN
TRUE
TRUST
VALID
VALUE
VARY
VISUAL
WANT
WELCOME
WIDE
INHERIT
LOOK
PLEASE
CONTENT

Resident, residential,
Respective, respectful,
Response(s),
Revelation(s),
Richness,
Safety,
(un)satisfaction, (un) satisfactory, satisfaying,
Secrecy,
Setting,
Sharpen(s),
Significance,
Simplicity,
Socially,
Spatial, spatially,
Strategically,
Substantial,
Supporting,
Ensure,
Surprising, surprisingly,
Suspicion,
Systematic, systematically,
Theorical, theorically,
Threaten(s),
Timeless,
Tiredness,
Entitled,
Tolerance,
Training,
Truly, truth, untrue,
Trustworthy,
Validated,
Evaluation, evaluated,
Variety,
Visualise, visualising,
(un)wanted,
Unwelcome,
Widening,
Inheritance,
Outlook
Pleasure, pleasant,
Contentment, contentedness,