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LAB SHEET
[The report must be submitted to the respective lab by forenoon on the next day of
the experiment]
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Bus data: The bus data has to be given in the matrix form and the variable name is
busdata. The various columns of the 11- column matrix are:
Column 1 bus number
Column 2 bus code (0 load bus, 1 Slack bus, 2 Voltage controlled bus)
Column 3 voltage magnitude in pu
Column 4 voltage phase angle in degree
Column 5 Load in MW
Column 6 Load in MVAR
Column 7 Generation in MW
Column 8 Generation in MVAR
Column 9 Minimum MVAR generation
Column 10 Maximum MVAR generation
Column 11 Reactive power injection
If value for a particular column is not specified, enter zero.
Line data: The line data has to be given in the matrix form and the variable name is
linedata. The various columns of the 6-colum matrix are:
Columns 1& 2 bus numbers between which the line is connected
Column 3 Line resistance in pu
Column 4 Line reactance in pu
Column 5 One half of total line charging susceptance in pu
Column 6 For transformer tap setting; for lines 1 must be entered.
N-R Power-flow program
clear
basemva = 100; accuracy = 0.001; maxiter = 10;
busdata=[
linedata=[
Lfybus
warning off
Lfnewton
Busout
Lineflow
];
];
% form the bus admittance matrix
% Load flow solution by Newton-Raphson method
% Prints the power flow solution on the screen
% computes and displays the line flow and losses
Test System
The figure shows the one-line diagram of a 5-bus power system with generators at
buses 1, 2 and 3. Bus 1 is the slack bus and its voltage is set at 1.06 0o pu.
Voltage magnitude and real power generation at buses 2 and 3 are 1.045 pu, 40
MW and 1.03pu, 30 MW, respectively. Each line is rated for 65 MVA and Bus1
generator rating is 100 MVA. The allowable voltage variation in load buses is 1.05pu to
0.95pu. Assume minimum and maximum MVAR for each generator to be 0 and 50
MVAR. When doing the power-flow do not set the maximum limit for generation.
Maximum value is given to verify the overloading of generators for contingencies.
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Procedure
For the test system prepare the linedata and busdata matrices and do the following.
Case 1: Base case
Perform the power-flow analysis for the base case system. Show the results in the oneline diagram of the system. Check for overloading of generators and transmission lines
and voltage limit violation in load buses. Indicate all the limit violations clearly in red
ink.
Case 2: Generator outage
Open Generator connected to Bus 3, perform power-flow analysis and show the results in
the one-line diagram of the system. Check for overloading and voltage limit violation.
Indicate all the limit violations clearly in red ink. [Changing the bus to be a load bus with
generated MW and MVAR to be zero may simulate opening of a generator.]
Case 3: Line outages
1. Restore the original busdata matrix. Open line 4-5, perform power-flow analysis
and show the results in the one-line diagram of the system. Check for overloading
and voltage limit violation. Indicate all the limit violations clearly in red ink.
[Delete the row in the linedata matrix corresponding to line 4-5 for line removal].
2. Restore the original linedata matrix. Open line 2-5, perform power-flow analysis
and show the results in the one-line diagram of the system. Check for overloading
and voltage limit violation. Indicate all the limit violations clearly in red ink.
3. Restore the original linedata matrix. Open lines 2-4 and 4-5 simultaneously,
perform power-flow analysis and show the results in the one-line diagram of the
system. Check for overloading and voltage limit violation. Indicate all the limit
violations clearly in red ink.
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Exercise
1. Discuss your results for all the cases done.
2. In the case of generator outage (Case 2) which generator takes over the lost
generation?
3. Suggest suitable action to be taken to remove the limit violations in case 2.
4. Compute the change in the line flows for outage of Generator 3 (case 2) using
generation shift factors and compare the results with the ones obtained by AC
power-flow method.
5. Find the change in line flow in line 2 4 for the outage of line 4 5 (case 3-1)
using line outage distribution factor and compare the result with the one obtained
by AC power-flow method.
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Experiment # 2
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Amplifier Model
The excitation system amplifier may be a magnetic amplifier, rotating amplifier, or
modern electronic amplifier. The amplifier is represented by a gain K A and a time
constant A, and the transfer function is
----(1)
Typical values of KA are in the range of 10 to 400. The amplifier time constant is very
small, in the range of 0.02 to 0.1 second, and often is neglected.
Exciter Model
There is a variety of different excitation types. However, modern excitation systems uses
ac power source through solid-state rectifiers such as SCR. The output voltage of the
exciter is a nonlinear function of the field voltage because of the saturation effects in the
magnetic circuit. Thus, there is no simple relationship between the terminal voltage and
the field voltage of the exciter. Many models with various degrees of sophistication have
been developed and are available in the IEEE recommendation publications. A reasonable
model of a modern exciter is a linearized model, which takes into account the major time
constant and ignores the saturation or other nonlinearities. In the simplest form, the
transfer function of a modern exciter may be represented by a single time constant E and
a gain KE, i.e.,
---(2)
The time constant of modern exciters are very small.
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Generator Model
The synchronous machine generated emf is a function of the machine magnetization
curve, and its terminal voltage is dependent on the generator load. In the linearized
model, the transfer function relating the generator terminal voltage to its field voltage can
be represented by a gain KG and a time constant G and the transfer function is
---(3)
These constants are load-dependent, KG may vary between 0.7 to 1, and G between 1.0
and 2.0 seconds from full-load to no-load.
Sensor Model
The voltage is sensed through a potential transformer and, in one form, it is rectified
through a bridge rectifier. The sensor is modeled by a simple first order transfer function,
given by
---(4)
R is very small, and we may assume a range of 0.01 to 0.06 second. Utilizing the above
models the AVR block diagram (without the stabilizer) is shown in Figure 2.
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Test System
The AVR system of a generator has the following parameters
Substitution of the system parameters in the AVR block diagram of Figure 2 results in the
block diagram shown in Figure 3.
The SIMULINK block diagram of the test AVR system, with KA = 10, is given in Fig 4.
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Summing block input port to connect them. Drag a copy of the Transfer Function block
from the Linear Library and connect it to the output port of the Sum block. Click on the
Transfer Function block once to highlight it. Use the Edit command from the menu bar to
copy and paste copies of the Transfer Function. Open the Transfer Function dialog box
and enter values of gains and time constants to represent the correct transfer function. Put
appropriate names to the blocks. Highlight the Sensor block, and from the pull-down
Options menu, click on the Flip Horizontal to rotate the Sensor block by 180 degree.
Connect all the blocks as shown in Figure 4 by connecting the output to input ports.
Finally, get one Auto-scale Scope from the Sink Library and connect it to the output of
the Generator block.
Before starting simulation, you must set the simulation parameters. Pull down the
Simulation dialog box and select Parameters. Use default values for the Start and Stop
Time, and Maximum Step Size. Leave the other parameters at their default values. Press
OK to close the dialog box.
If you dont like some aspect of the diagram, you can change it in a variety of ways. You
can move any of the icons by clicking on its center and dragging. You can move any of
the lines by clicking on one of its corners and dragging. You can change the size and the
shape of any of the icons by clicking and dragging on its corners. You can remove any
line or icon by clicking on it to select it and using the cut command from the edit menu.
You should now have exactly the same system as shown in Figure 4. Pull down the File
menu and use Save as to save the model in a file. Make sure to delete this file at the end
of your experiment.
SIMULINK enables you to construct and simulate many complex systems, such as control
systems modeled by block diagram with transfer functions including the effect of
nonlinearities. In addition, SIMULINK provides a number of built-in state variable
models and subsystems that can be utilized easily.
Procedure
1. Draw the SIMULINK block diagram and construct the SIMULINK model of Fig 4.
Run the simulation and record the response. Find out the time domain performance
specifications, namely, peak time, rise time, settling time and percent overshoot.
2. Change the value of the amplifier gain, KA to 5, note the peak time, rise time,
settling time and percent overshoot, and discuss the improvement or otherwise of the
output response. Record the response.
3. Change the value of the amplifier gain, KA to 15 and check whether the system is
stable. Record the response.
4. Draw the SIMULINK block diagram and construct the SIMULINK model of Fig 5.
Assume the values of the parameters of Amplifier, Exciter, Generator and Sensor as
in Fig. 4. Assume KF and F to be 1 and 0.04, respectively. Record the step response
and check the stability of the system.
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5. Draw the SIMULINK block diagram and construct the SIMULINK model of Fig 6.
Assume the values of the parameters of Amplifier, Exciter, Generator and Sensor as
in Fig. 4. Assume KP, KI and KD to be 1.0, 0.25 and 0.28 respectively. Record the
step response and check the stability of the system.
EXERCISE
1. Print the SIMULINK block diagrams of all the test cases.
2. Print the system responses in each case.
3. Give values of peak time, rise time, settling time and percent overshoot for cases 1, 2
and 3.
4. Compare the performances of cases 4 and 5.
5. Discuss the improvement of the excitation response, if any, when the excitation
system stabilizer is used.
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