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2. Conducting Materials
01.
Sol:
2E F
m
31
of electron = 9.110 )
5.8 10 7
3.2 10 3
= 1.81251010 C/m3
(ii) Current density (J) = E
= 5.810720103
= 1.16106 A/m3
(iii) Current flowing in the wire (I) = JA
= 1.161063.16106
= 3.65 A
J
(iv) Electron drift velocity Vd
nq
Given data
EF = 5.5 eV
= 6.5 107 mho/m,
n = 6 1028 /m3
E = 1 v/cm,
Fermi velocity VF =
conductivity
mobility
(m = mass
2 5.5 1.6 10 19
9.1 10 31
= 1.39 106 m/s
mobility
6.5 107
=
nq 6 10 28 1.6 10 19
= 0.00677 m2/v-s
drift velocity vd = E
= 0.00677 1 v/cm
= 0.00677 100
= 0.677 m/s
1.16 10 6
1.125 1010
= 6.4105 m/s
03.
Sol: Given:
02.
Sol: Given:
Diameter = 2103m
Conductivity () = 5.8107 s/m
Electron mobility (e) = 3.2103 m2/V-s
Electric field (E) = 20103 V/m
Area of cross-section = r 2
2 10 3
3.14
2
= 3.14106 m2
A = 2.1106 m2
I = 20A
n = 8.51028 electrons/m3
I
Current density J
A
20
9.52 10 6 A / m 2
2.1 10 6
We know, J = nqVd
Where V is mean velocity of electrons
Vd
J
9.52 10 6
7 10 4 m / s
nq 8.5 10 28 1.6 10 19
Vd = 0.7 mm/s
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04.
Sol: Given
n = 21019/m3 ;
p = 0.17 m2/V-s;
4
= 310 m ;
= Cu x Ag
n = 0.36 m2/V-s
A = 1104 m2
V = 2V
1
Resistivity(P)
n n p q
Ag =
1
2 10 0.36 0.17 1.6 10 19
19
Ag = 0.15 -cm
= 0.59 -m
Resistance of germanium R
3 10
1.77
1 10 4
Current produced (I)
V
2
1.13 A
R 1.77
0.59
0 .3
-cm
2
by
alloy3 = Cu 2 Ni 3 Ag
05.
Sol: Resistivity of pure copper = cu
= 1.68 -cm
06.
Sol:
t = 1 hr.15 min
= 75 60 sec
free electrons n = 5.8 1022 /cm3
Q
90
(i) current I =
0.02 amp
t 75 60
J
(ii) Drift velocity Vd =
nq
I
=
nqA
0.02
2.88 = 1.68 + 1( Ni )
Ni = 1.2 -cm
= 2.74 105m/s
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07.
Sol:
20 10 2 m
5 10 8 sec
6
4 10 m / s
q
Electric current = I =
t
1.6 10 19
=
5 10 8
= 1.01 1012A
t=
Given
for Aluminum wire,
diameter d = 0.2 45 cm.
current I = 10 amp,
(a) current density JAl=
=
I
A
10
0.1225 10 2
= 2.12 106 A/m2
Jcu =
=
10
0.0813 10 2
08.
Sol:
Given
I = 100 amp
A = 1 cm2 = 104m
= 1.7 108 -m
(a) J = E
J
I
I 100 1.7 10 8
E=
A A
10 4
= 1.7 102 v/m
V
(b) E =
d
V = Ed(Given 10m apart along the
length of the conductor)
= 1.7 102 10
= 0.17 volts
3. Magnetic Materials
I
A
09.
Sol:
Material Science
01.
Sol: Hysteresis loss per cycle =
area of B-H loop x value of unit length along
y- axis x value of unit length along x-axis
= 94 x 0.1 x20 = 188J /m3
Hysteresis loss per second = 188 x 50 = 9400
watt / m3.
9400
Power loss per kg =
1.23 watt / kg.
7650
02.
Sol: Given:
Magnetic field strength ( H ) = 106 A/m
Magnetic susceptibility (m) = 5106
Magnetization M m H
= 5106106
= 5 A/m
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10 4 10 2
50.000 2
50 0.01m 3
m
m
= 250 watts = 1.256 T
04.
V
Sol: Since
ratio is constant, total iron loss
f
= Af Bf 2
Total iron loss
= hysteresis loss + Eddy current loss
2400 = A 50 + B 502 (i)
800 = A 25 + B 252. (ii)
We get A = 16 & B = 0.64
Hence, Eddy current loss at 50 Hz = B502
4. Super Conductors
02. Given: Initial field (H0) = 64103 A/m
Transition Temperature (Tc) = 7.26 K
T 2
We know, H C H 0 1
Tc
Given temperature (T) is 5K
5 2
3
HC = 64 10 1
7.26
= 33.64103 A/m
From above problem, it can be inferred that
as the temperature approaches transition
temperature, amount of magnetic field is
required to destroy, superconductivity
decreases.
5. Dielectric Materials
06.
Sol: The given data is :
Susceptibility, 1.4 10 3
and Field intensity H 10 6 A/m.
Flux density, B = ?
and Magnetization M = ?
As =
M
, we have M = H
H
M 1.4 10 3 10 6 1.4 10 3 A / m
01.
Sol: Given data is:
Dimensions = 5 mm 5 mm 1.25 mm,
Force F = 5N,
Charge sensitivity = 150 pC/N,
Voltage sensitivity, g = 12 103 Vm/N,
Permittivity,
= 12.5 109 F/m
Charge, Q = ?,
Capacitance, C = ?
Pressure
F
5
P
0.2MN / m 2
6
area 25 10
As B = 0(M + H)
B 4 10 7 1.4 10 3 10 6
B = 1.257 Tesla.
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Voltage, V = g t P
= 121031.251030.2106
= 3 Volts
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Charge, Q = Charge sensitivity Force
Material Science
Pressure P
= 150 10 12 5 750 pC
F
100
A
25 10 6
Capacitance C = Q / V =
750 pC
= 250 pF
3
2 10 12
50 10 3 Vm / N
12
8.85 10 4.5
02.
Sol: In air.
Potential difference
100
dis tan ce
1x10 2
1x10 4 volt / metre.
Electric field E =
Electric displacement
D 0 E 8.9x10 12 1x10 4
04.
Sol: Given data:
Polarisation P = 0
In dielectric.
Permittivity k 0 7x 8.9x10 12
62.3 x10 12
N = 2 1019 atoms/m3
= 1.8 1027 C-m
E = 105 V / m ;
Find P and r?
We have P = N
03.
Sol: Given data is :
Charge sensitivity = 2 pC / N
Relative Permittivity r = 4.5
3.6 10 8
0.04
8.85 10 12 10 5
Diameter, d = 10 mm
Thickness, t = 2 mm
Also
Force, F = 100 N
Voltage Sensitivity, g = ?,
Output Voltage, V = ?
we get
P
0 E
and r = +1,
r = + 1 = 1 + 0.04 = 1.04
r = 1.04
Radius R = 5 103 m
Area, A = 25106 m2
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