CHAPTER 1: Number System

Summary:
1. A number r is called a rational number, if it can be written in the form p/q , where p and q
are integers and q 0.

2. A number s is called a irrational number, if it cannot be written in the form p/q , where p
and q are integers and q 0.
3. The decimal expansion of a rational number is either terminating or non-terminating
recurring. Moreover, a number whose decimal expansion is terminating or non-terminating
recurring is rational.
4. The decimal expansion of an irrational number is non-terminating non-recurring. Moreover,
a number whose decimal expansion is non-terminating non-recurring is irrational.
5. All the rational and irrational numbers make up the collection of real numbers.
6. There is a unique real number corresponding to every point on the number line. Also,
corresponding to each real number, there is a unique point on the number line.

7. If r is rational and s is irrational, then r + s and r s are irrational numbers, and rs and r/s are
irrational numbers, r 0.
8. For positive real numbers a and b, the following identities hold:
(i) =

(ii) =

(iv) (a + ) ( a - ) = a2 - b
9. To rationalise the denominator of

(iii)( + ) ( ) = a - b
(v) ( + )2 = a + 2 + b

1
+

, we multiply this by

where a and b are

integers.
10. Let a > 0 be a real number and p and q be rational numbers. Then,

Questions:
1. Find five rational numbers between 3/5 and 4/5.
2. Are the square roots of all positive integers irrational? If not, give an example of the square
root of a number that is a rational number.
3. Find three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5/7 and 9/11.
4. Visualise 3.765 on the number line, using successive magnification.

5. Represent 9.3 on the number line.

1

6. Find :(i) 642

(ii) 325

(iii) 1253

CHAPTER 2 - Polynomials
Summary
1. A polynomial p(x) in one variable x is an algebraic expression in x of the form
p(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + ... + a2x2 + a1x + a0 ,
where a0, a1, a2, ..., an are constants and an 0.
a0, a1, a2, ..., an are respectively the coefficients of x0, x, x2, ..., xn and n is called the degree of
the polynomial. Each of anxn, an-1xn-1, ..., a0, with an 0, is called a term of the polynomial p(x).
2. A polynomial of one term is called a monomial.
3. A polynomial of two terms is called a binomial.
4. A polynomial of three terms is called a trinomial.

5. A polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial.

6. A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial.
7. A polynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial.
8. A real number a is a zero of a polynomial p(x) if p(a) = 0. In this case, a is also called a root
of the equation p(x) = 0.
9. Every linear polynomial in one variable has a unique zero, a non-zero constant polynomial
has no zero, and every real number is a zero of the zero polynomial.
10. Remainder Theorem : If p(x) is any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and
p(x) is divided by the linear polynomial x a, then the remainder is p(a).

11. Factor Theorem : x a is a factor of the polynomial p(x), if p(a) = 0. Also, if x a is a factor
of p(x), then p(a) = 0.
12. ( x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
13. (x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy (x +y)
14. (x - y)3 = x3 - y3 - 3xy (x - y)
15. x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - zx)

Questions:
1. Give one example each of a binomial of degree 35, and of a monomial of degree 100.
2. Check whether 7 + 3x is a factor of 3x3 + 7x
3. Find the value of the polynomial 5x 4x2 + 3 at
(i) x = 0

(ii) x = 1

(iii) x = 2

4. Factorise :
(i) 12x2 7x + 1
3x2 x 4

(ii) 2x2 + 7x + 3

(iii) 6x2 + 5x 6

5. Without actually calculating the cubes, find the value of each of the following:

(iv)

(i) (12)3 + (7)3 + (5)3

(ii) (28)3 + (15)3 + (13)3

CHAPTER 3 - Coordinate Geometry

Summary
1. To locate the position of an object or a point in a plane, we require two perpendicular lines.
One of them is horizontal, and the other is vertical.
2. The plane is called the Cartesian, or coordinate plane and the lines are called the
coordinate axes.
3. The horizontal line is called the x -axis, and the vertical line is called the y - axis.
4. The coordinate axes divide the plane into four parts called quadrants.
5. The point of intersection of the axes is called the origin.
6. The distance of a point from the y - axis is called its x-coordinate, or abscissa, and the
distance of the point from the x-axis is called its y-coordinate, or ordinate.
7. If the abscissa of a point is x and the ordinate is y, then (x, y) are called the coordinates of
the point.
8. The coordinates of a point on the x-axis are of the form (x, 0) and that of the point on the yaxis are (0, y).
9. The coordinates of the origin are (0, 0).
10. The coordinates of a point are of the form (+ , +) in the first quadrant, (, +) in the second
quadrant, (, ) in the third quadrant and (+, ) in the fourth quadrant, where + denotes a
positive real number and denotes a negative real number.
11. If x y, then (x, y) (y, x), and (x, y) = (y, x), if x = y.

Questions:
1. How will you describe the position of a table lamp on your study table to another person?

2. Write the answer of each of the following questions:

(i) What is the name of horizontal and the vertical lines drawn to determine the position of
any point in the Cartesian plane?
(ii) What is the name of each part of the plane formed by these two lines?
3. Plot the points (x, y) given in the following table on the plane, choosing suitable units of
distance on the axes.
x
y

-2
8

-1
7

0
-1.25

1
3

3
-1

CHAPTER 4 - Linear equations in two variables

Summary
1. An equation of the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are real numbers, such that a and
b are not both zero, is called a linear equation in two variables.
2. A linear equation in two variables has infinitely many solutions.
3. The graph of every linear equation in two variables is a straight line.
4. x = 0 is the equation of the y-axis and y = 0 is the equation of the x-axis.
5. The graph of x = a is a straight line parallel to the y-axis.
6. The graph of y = a is a straight line parallel to the x-axis.
7. An equation of the type y = mx represents a line passing through the origin.
8. Every point on the graph of a linear equation in two variables is a solution of the linear
equation. Moreover, every solution of the linear equation is a point on the graph of the linear
equation.
Questions:
1. The cost of a notebook is twice the cost of a pen. Write a linear equation in two variables to
represent this statement. (Take the cost of a notebook to be ` x and that of a pen to be ` y)
2. Which one of the following options is true, and why?
y = 3x + 5 has

(i) a unique solution, (ii) only two solutions, (iii) infinitely many solutions
3. The taxi fare in a city is as follows: For the first kilometre, the fare is ` 8 and for the
subsequent distance it is ` 5 per km. Taking the distance covered as x km and total fare as Rs
y, write a linear equation for this information, and draw its graph.
4. Give the geometric representations of 2x + 9 = 0 as an equation
(i) in one variable
(ii) in two variables

CHAPTER 5 - Introduction to Euclid's Geometry

Summary
1. Though Euclid defined a point, a line, and a plane, the definitions are not accepted by
mathematicians. Therefore, these terms are now taken as undefined.
2. Axioms or postulates are the assumptions which are obvious universal truths. They are not
proved.
3. Theorems are statements which are proved, using definitions, axioms, previously proved
statements and deductive reasoning.
4. Some of Euclids axioms were :
(1) Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
(2) If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.
(3) If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.
(4) Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another.
(5) The whole is greater than the part.
(6) Things which are double of the same things are equal to one another.
(7) Things which are halves of the same things are equal to one another.
5. Euclids postulates were :
Postulate 1 : A straight line may be drawn from any one point to any other point.

Postulate 2 : A terminated line can be produced indefinitely.

Postulate 3 : A circle can be drawn with any centre and any radius.
Postulate 4 : All right angles are equal to one another.
Postulate 5 : If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the same
side of it taken together less than two right angles, then the two straight lines, if produced
indefinitely, meet on that side on which the sum of angles is less than two right angles.
6. Two equivalent versions of Euclids fifth postulate are:
(i) For every line l and for every point P not lying on l, there exists a unique line m passing
through P and parallel to l.
(ii) Two distinct intersecting lines cannot be parallel to the same line.
7. All the attempts to prove Euclids fifth postulate using the first 4 postulates failed. But they
led to the discovery of several other geometries, called non-Euclidean geometries.

Questions:
1. Give a definition for each of the following terms. Are there other terms that need to be
defined first? What are they, and how might you define them?
(i) parallel lines
(v) square

(ii) perpendicular lines

(iii) line segment

(iv) radius of a circle

2. Does Euclids fifth postulate imply the existence of parallel lines? Explain.

CHAPTER 6 - Lines and Angles

Summary
1. If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of the two adjacent angles so formed is 180 and
viceversa. This property is called as the Linear pair axiom.
2. If two lines intersect each other, then the vertically opposite angles are equal.
3. If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then

(i) each pair of corresponding angles is equal,

(ii) each pair of alternate interior angles is equal,
(iii) each pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is supplementary.
4. If a transversal intersects two lines such that, either
(i) any one pair of corresponding angles is equal, or
(ii) any one pair of alternate interior angles is equal, or
(iii) any one pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is supplementary, then
the lines are parallel.
5. Lines which are parallel to a given line are parallel to each other.
6. The sum of the three angles of a triangle is 180.
7. If a side of a triangle is produced, the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of the
two interior opposite angles.

Questions:
1. In the figure given below, lines AB and CD intersect at O. If AOC + BOE = 70 and BOD
= 40, and BOE and reflex COE.

2. In the figure given below, find the values of x and y and then show that AB || CD.

3. In the figure given below, X = 62, XYZ = 54. If YO and ZO are the bisectors of XYZ and
XZY respectively of XYZ, find OZY and YOZ.

CHAPTER 7 - Triangles
Summary
1. Two figures are congruent, if they are of the same shape and of the same size.
2. Two circles of the same radii are congruent.
3. Two squares of the same sides are congruent.
4. If two triangles ABC and PQR are congruent under the correspondence A P, B Q and
C R, then symbolically, it is expressed as ABC PQR.
5. If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to two sides and the included
angle of the other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent (SAS Congruence Rule).
6. If two angles and the included side of one triangle are equal to two angles and the included
side of the other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent (ASA Congruence Rule).
7. If two angles and one side of one triangle are equal to two angles and the corresponding
side of the other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent (AAS Congruence Rule).
8. Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal.
9. Sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal.

10. Each angle of an equilateral triangle is of 60.

11. If three sides of one triangle are equal to three sides of the other triangle, then the two
triangles are congruent (SSS Congruence Rule).
12. If in two right triangles, hypotenuse and one side of a triangle are equal to the hypotenuse
and one side of other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent (RHS Congruence Rule).
13. In a triangle, angle opposite to the longer side is larger (greater).
14. In a triangle, side opposite to the larger (greater) angle is longer.
15. Sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.

Questions:
1. In quadrilateral ACBD, AC = AD and AB bisects A. Show that ABC = ABD. What can you
say about BC and BD?

2. Show that the angles of an equilateral triangle are 60 each.

3. AD is an altitude of an isosceles triangle ABC in which AB = AC. Show that
(i) AD bisects BC

(ii) AD bisects A

4. Show that in a right angled triangle, the hypotenuse is the longest side.
5. ABC is a triangle. Locate a point in the interior of ABC which is equidistant from all the
vertices of ABC.

CHAPTER 8 - Quadrilaterals
Summary
1. Sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360.
2. A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles.
3. In a parallelogram,
(i) opposite sides are equal

(ii) opposite angles are equal

(iii) diagonals bisect each other

4. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram, if
(i) opposite sides are equal or
(ii) opposite angles are equal or
each other or
(iv)a pair of opposite sides is equal and parallel

(iii) diagonals bisect

5. Diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other and are equal and vice-versa.
6. Diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles and vice-versa.
7. Diagonals of a square bisect each other at right angles and are equal, and vice-versa.
8. The line-segment joining the mid-points of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third
side and is half of it.
9. A line through the mid-point of a side of a triangle parallel to another side bisects the third
side.
10. The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of a quadrilateral, in order,
is a parallelogram.
Questions:
1. The angles of quadrilateral are in the ratio 3 : 5 : 9 : 13. Find all the angles of the
quadrilateral.
2. Show that the line segments joining the mid-points of the opposite sides of a quadrilateral
bisect each other.

CHAPTER 9 - Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles

Summary
1. Area of a figure is a number (in some unit) associated with the part of the plane enclosed by
that figure.
2. Two congruent figures have equal areas but the converse need not be true.
3. If a planar region formed by a figure T is made up of two non-overlapping planar regions
formed by figures P and Q, then ar (T) = ar (P) + ar (Q), where ar (X) denotes the area of figure
X.
4. Two figures are said to be on the same base and between the same parallels, if they have a
common base (side) and the vertices, (or the vertex) opposite to the common base of each
figure lie on a line parallel to the base.
5. Parallelograms on the same base (or equal bases) and between the same parallels are equal
in area.
6. Area of a parallelogram is the product of its base and the corresponding altitude.
7. Parallelograms on the same base (or equal bases) and having equal areas lie between the
same parallels.
8. If a parallelogram and a triangle are on the same base and between the same parallels, then
area of the triangle is half the area of the parallelogram.
9. Triangles on the same base (or equal bases) and between the same parallels are equal in
area.
10. Area of a triangle is half the product of its base and the corresponding altitude.
11. Triangles on the same base (or equal bases) and having equal areas lie between the same
parallels.
12. A median of a triangle divides it into two triangles of equal areas.
Questions:
1. Which of the following figures lie on the same base and between the same parallels. In such
a case, write the common base and the two parallels.

2. P and Q are any two points lying on the sides DC and AD respectively of a parallelogram
ABCD. Show that ar (APB) = ar (BQC).
3. A villager Itwaari has a plot of land of the shape of a quadrilateral. The Gram Panchayat of
the village decided to take over some portion of his plot from one of the corners to construct
a Health Centre. Itwaari agrees to the above proposal with the condition that he should be
given equal amount of land in lieu of his land adjoining his plot so as to form a triangular plot.
Explain how this proposal will be implemented.
4. Parallelogram ABCD and rectangle ABEF are on the same base AB and have equal areas.
Show that the perimeter of the parallelogram is greater than that of the rectangle.

CHAPTER 10 - Circles
Summary
1. A circle is the collection of all points in a plane, which are equidistant from a fixed point in
the plane.
2. Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) subtend equal angles at the centre.
3. If the angles subtended by two chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) at the centre
(corresponding centres) are equal, the chords are equal.
4. The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
5. The line drawn through the centre of a circle to bisect a chord is perpendicular to the
chord.
6. There is one and only one circle passing through three non-collinear points.

7. Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) are equidistant from the centre (or
corresponding centres).
8. Chords equidistant from the centre (or corresponding centres) of a circle (or of congruent
circles) are equal.
9. If two arcs of a circle are congruent, then their corresponding chords are equal and
conversely if two chords of a circle are equal, then their corresponding arcs (minor, major) are
congruent.
10. Congruent arcs of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre.
11. The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is double the angle subtended by it at any
point on the remaining part of the circle.
12. Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
13. Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
14. If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two other points lying on the
same side of the line containing the line segment, the four points lie on a circle.
15. The sum of either pair of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 1800.
16. If sum of a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is 1800, the quadrilateral is cyclic
Questions:
1. Fill in the blanks:
(i) The centre of a circle lies in of the circle. (exterior/ interior)
(ii) A point, whose distance from the centre of a circle is greater than its radius lies in of the
circle. (exterior/ interior)
(iii) The longest chord of a circle is a of the circle.
(iv) An arc is a when its ends are the ends of a diameter.
(v) Segment of a circle is the region between an arc and of the circle.
(vi) A circle divides the plane, on which it lies, in parts.
2. Prove that if chords of congruent circles subtend equal angles at their centres, then the
chords are equal.

3. Draw different pairs of circles. How many points does each pair have in common? What is
the maximum number of common point?
4. Two circles of radii 5 cm and 3 cm intersect at two points and the distance between their
centres is 4 cm. Find the length of the common chord.
5. A chord of a circle is equal to the radius of the circle. Find the angle subtended by the chord
at a point on the minor arc and also at a point on the major arc.
6. Prove that the line of centres of two intersecting circles subtends equal angles at the two
points of intersection.

CHAPTER 11 - Constructions
Summary
1. To bisect a given angle.
2. To draw the perpendicular bisector of a given line segment.
3. To construct an angle of 60 etc.
4. To construct a triangle given its base, a base angle and the sum of the other two sides.
5. To construct a triangle given its base, a base angle and the difference of the other two
sides.
6. To construct a triangle given its perimeter and its two base angles.
Questions:
1. Construct an equilateral triangle, given its side and justify the construction.
2. Construct a triangle XYZ in which Y = 30, Z = 90 and XY + YZ + ZX = 11 cm.

CHAPTER 12 - Heron's Formula

Summary
1. Area of a triangle with its sides as a, b and c is calculated by using Herons formula, stated
as

Area of triangle = ( )( )( ) where, s =

++
2

2. Area of a quadrilateral whose sides and one diagonal are given, can be calculated by
dividing the quadrilateral into two triangles and using the Herons formula.
Questions:
1. A traffic signal board, indicating SCHOOL AHEAD, is an equilateral triangle with side a.
Find the area of the signal board, using Herons formula. If its perimeter is 180 cm, what will
be the area of the signal board?
2. A rhombus shaped field has green grass for 18 cows to graze. If each side of the rhombus is
30 m and its longer diagonal is 48 m, how much area of grass field will each cow be getting?

CHAPTER 13 - Surface areas and volumes

Summary
1. Surface area of a cuboid = 2 (lb + bh + hl)
2. Surface area of a cube = 6a2
3. Curved surface area of a cylinder = 2rh
4. Total surface area of a cylinder = 2r(r + h)
5. Curved surface area of a cone = rl
6. Total surface area of a right circular cone = rl + r2 , i.e., r (l + r)
7. Surface area of a sphere of radius r = 4 r2
8. Curved surface area of a hemisphere = 2r2
9. Total surface area of a hemisphere = 3r2
10. Volume of a cuboid = l b h
11. Volume of a cube = a3
12. Volume of a cylinder = r2h

13. Volume of a cone = 1/3r2h

14. Volume of a sphere of radius r = 4/3r3
15. Volume of a hemisphere = 2/3 r3
[Here, letters l, b, h, a, r, etc. have been used in their usual meaning, depending on the
context.]

Questions:
1. A plastic box 1.5 m long, 1.25 m wide and 65 cm deep is to be made. It is opened at the top.
Ignoring the thickness of the plastic sheet, determine:
(i) The area of the sheet required for making the box.
(ii) The cost of sheet for it, if a sheet measuring 1m 2 costs Rs 20
2. It is required to make a closed cylindrical tank of height 1 m and base diameter 140 cm from
a metal sheet. How many square metres of the sheet are required for the same?
3. Find the total surface area of a cone, if its slant height is 21 m and diameter of its base is 24
m
4. The radius of a spherical balloon increases from 7 cm to 14 cm as air is being pumped into it.
Find the ratio of surface areas of the balloon in the two cases.
5. A river 3 m deep and 40 m wide is flowing at the rate of 2 km per hour. How much water will
fall into the sea in a minute?
6. The inner diameter of a cylindrical wooden pipe is 24 cm and its outer diameter is 28 cm.
The length of the pipe is 35 cm. Find the mass of the pipe, if 1 cm 3 of wood has a mass of 0.6 g.
7. A heap of wheat is in the form of a cone whose diameter is 10.5 m and height is 3 m. Find its
volume. The heap is to be covered by canvas to protect it from rain. Find the area of the
canvas required.
8. Twenty seven solid iron spheres, each of radius r and surface area S are melted to form a
sphere with surface area S. Find the
(i) radius r of the new sphere,

(ii) ratio of S and S

9. The diameter of a sphere is decreased by 25%. By what per cent does its curved surface area
decrease?

CHAPTER 14 - STATISTICS

Summary
1. Facts or figures, collected with a definite purpose, are called data.
2. Statistics is the area of study dealing with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of
data.
3. How data can be presented graphically in the form of bar graphs, histograms and frequency
polygons.
4. The three measures of central tendency for ungrouped data are:
(i) Mean : It is found by adding all the values of the observations and dividing it by the total
number of observations. It is denoted by .

So, =

=1

. For an ungrouped frequency distribution, it is =

(ii) Median : It is the value of the middle-most observation (s).

If n is an odd number, the median = value of the (

+1 th
)
2

observation.

If n is an even number, median = Mean of the values of the (n/2) th and (2 +1)th observations.
(iii) Mode : The mode is the most frequently occurring observation.
Questions:
1. Give five examples of data that you can collect from your day-to-day life.

2. Three coins were tossed 30 times simultaneously. Each time the number of heads occurring
was noted down as follows:
0

1
2
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
2
0
1
2
1
3
0
0
1
1
2
3
2
2
0
Prepare a frequency distribution table for the data given above.

3. The following table gives the life times of 400 neon lamps:
(i) Represent the given information with the help of a histogram.
(ii) How many lamps have a life time of more than 700 hours?
Life time (In hrs)
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000

Number of Lamps
14
56
60
86
74
62
48

4. In a mathematics test given to 15 students, the following marks (out of 100) are recorded:
41, 39, 48, 52, 46, 62, 54, 40, 96, 52, 98, 40, 42, 52, 60
Find the mean, median and mode of this data.

CHAPTER 15 - Probability
Summary:
1. An event for an experiment is the collection of some outcomes of the experiment.
2. The empirical (or experimental) probability P(E) of an event E is given by
P(E) =

Number of trials in which E has happened

Total number of trials

3. The Probability of an event lies between 0 and 1 (0 and 1 inclusive)

Questions:

1. 1500 families with 2 children were selected randomly, and the following data were
recorded:
Compute the probability of a family, chosen at random, having
(i) 2 girls

(ii) 1 girl

(iii) No girl