Lecture10 All

IFB
Composites modelling:
Classical Laminate Analysis (CLT)
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart
Laminate analysis: Simple and Classical

Laminate Analysis
Simplified laminate analysis and examples
Ply mechanics
Classical Laminate Analysis (CLA or CLT)
Examples using hand calculations and the LAP software
o
A simple laminate for stiffness analysis
A complex laminate for stiffness and failure
A beam example for deflection analysis
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Full 3D and simplified 2D representations for plies (or laminates)

Basis of Laminate Analysis: Uses a simplified 2D state
of material stress (really only valid for thin composite
plies)
Plies are thin and
through thickness
stresses can be ignored
F ll 3D state off material

Full
i l stress
F1, F2 and F6 is usually

used to denote failure
stresses
2
For two-dimensional state of stress (plane stress) the

components used are:
1
: Longitudinal stress in the 1 direction
2
: Transverse stress in the 2 direction
12 : Intra-ply shear stress in the 1-2 plane
And the strains are represented as:
1
: Longitudinal strain in the 1 direction
2
: Transverse strain in the 2 direction
12
: Intra-ply shear strain in the 1-2 plane
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Coordinate systems for the plies

1
Co-ordinate system 1-2-3 defines the Local fiber

orientation axis. Within the laminate each ply will
have its own local fiber frame:
o 1 is the fibre direction
o 2 is normal to the fibre in the ply plane
o 3 is normal to the ply (cross product of 1-2)
Co-ordinate system x-y-z defines the Global
structural axis system. Usually loading and
boundary conditions are applied in this frame (or
can be transformed to this frame)
The mechanical properties of the ply (or lamina) vary with angle
3
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Typical laminate properties: See

manf. datasheets or literature
Typical
(Vf)
NB V(f) depends on the manufacturing process

Ca. 70% of Aluminium and 25% of Steel
Beware dont trust all numbers in books!
Mechanical data
(g/cm^3) E1 (GPa) E2 (GPa) G12 (GPa)
Failure data
(v12)
F1t (MPa) F2t (MPa) F6 (MPa) F1c (MPa) F2c (MPa)
from: Enginnering Mechanics of composite Materials (Isaac M. Daniel and Ori Ishai)
E-glass
Epoxy
UD
8.6
3.8
0.28
1080
89
620
128
S-glass
Epoxy
UD
0.5
43
8.9
4.5
0.27
1280
49
69
690
158
E-glass
Epoxy
Woven (7781/5245C)
0.45
2.2
29.7
29.7
5.3
0.17
367
367
97.1
549
549
Kevlar (149)
Epoxy
UD
0.6
1.38
87
5.5
2.2
0.34
1280
30
49
335
158
Carbon
Epoxy
UD (AS4/3501-6)
142
10.3
0.27
2280
71
1440
Carbon
Epoxy
UD (IM6/SC1081)
0.65
1.6
177
10.8
7.6
0.27
2860
49
83
1875
246
Graphite
Epoxy
(GY-70/934)
0.57
1.59
249
6.4
4.9
0.23
589
29.4
49.1
491
98.1
Boron
Epoxy
(B4/5505)
0.5
2.03
201
21.7
5.4
0.17
1380
56
62
1600
125
2.8
73
73
26.6
0.33
414
414
248
217
217
Aluminum
0.55
0.63
2024-T3
2.1
1.58
39
7.2
39
57
228
from: Principles of Composite Material Mechanics (R. F. Gibson)
T300 Carbon
934 Epoxy
UD
0.65
131
10.3
6.9
0.22
1448
44.8
1448
248
62.1
AS Carbon
3501 Epoxy
UD
0.65
138
6.9
0.3
1448
48.3
1172
248
62.1
p-100 carbon
Kevlar 49
ERL 1962
UD pitch graphite/epoxy
0.62
468.9
934 Epoxy
UD
0.65
75.8
5.5
2.3
0.34
1379
27.6
276
64.8
60
0.5
204
18.5
5.59
0.23
1586
62.7
2482
241
82.7
0.65
30.7
3.52
1.45
0.32
Boron
5505 Epoxy
Spectra 900
826 epoxy
polyethelene/epoxy
6.2
5.58
0.31
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Simplified (UD) ply formulae (for quick estimates only)

To estimate modulus and failure stress variation with rotation for UD plies
Uni-directional Lamina:
Elasticity modulus C3000 UD Carbon/Epoxy
For = 0 45
120
E E1 E1 E2 sin 2
F F1 F1 F2 sin 2
E E2
F F2
80
2: Tranverse
E (GPa)
For = 45 90
E1 = 103.4
100
Simplified
empirical
formulae only
60
1:
40
20
E2=8.27
where:
E1 = Longitudinal modulus
E2 = Transverse modulus
E = Modulus in arbitrary load direction
Note: Use values for any UD composite
F1 = Longitudinal failure stress
from tables (or test) for E1 and
F2 = Transverse failure stress
E2 and the above formulae for E
F = Failure stress in arbitrary load direction
= Angle between the longitudinal fibres and direction of interest
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
angle (deg)
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Simplified formulae: Modulus variation for a bi-directional (balanced) ply

Simplified empirical formulae only
For = 0o 90o
E1 E1 * 0 .74 E1 E1 * 0 .74
cos 4 *
2
2
F1 F1 * 0 .74 F1 F1 * 0 . 74
cos 4 *
2
2
Elastic modulus for T300 woven carbon/Epoxy
60
50
E is the varying inplane off-axis modulus.
40
E (GPa)
E1, E2 (= E1) are the

principle fiber direction
moduli.
30
2: Tranverse
20
1: Longitudinal
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
angle (deg.)
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Beware: True formulae for off-axis laminate properties are slightly different
Note the previous formulae are simplified formulae for hand calculations. We shall derive
the true formulae (given below) later:
E
1 2 12
1
1
1
Cos 2 Sin 2
Sin 4
Cos 4
E x E1
E1
E2
G12
E1 = 103.4
E2
Ey
Ex
Ex,
E2=8.27
Ey
True
Simplified
1 2 12
1
1
1
Cos 2 Sin 2
Sin 4
Cos 4
E y E1
G
E
E
1
2
12
=0
=45
=90
E1
Similar expressions are available for shear Gxy and Poissons ratio xy. These formula are
derived from the orthotropic elasticity matrix for a ply and necessary transformations to
convert from the 1,2 frame to the x,y frame.
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Other useful relations: Summation of ply modulii

The stiffness of a laminate can be determined by summing the products of each ply modulus
and its thickness, divided by the total thickness of the laminate: Provided the summations are
made in a common frame (e.g. in the global x,y system or at a common angle to the x,y
axis)
Modulii MUST be
transformed to a
common frame
k=3
y
1
(e.g. x,y or ) and
k=2
1
then added
x
1
k=1
n
Elasticity modulus C3000 UD Carbon/Epoxy

120
100
E
k 1
t
k 1
E (GPa)
80
2:
60
1:
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
where:
k =
n =
Ek =
tk =
tk
Ply thickness acts

as a weighting
factor
= Total (laminate)
thickness
ply number in sequence

total number of plies
elastic modulus in the desired direction
ply thickness
angle (deg)
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

IFB
Example: Compute laminate stiffness and failure loads in the 0 direction

A symmetric laminate has five layers M21 UD IM7-12k Carbon plies and four layers M21
(Twill) AS4C-6k Carbon plies. Orientations and lay-up are shown below; apply the simplified
equations to determine effective laminate modulus and failure loads in direction 0.
Hexcel manufacturers datasheet for composites in this exercise:
Resin type
http://www.hexcel.com/NR/rdonlyres/CC25911F-A376-403D-A6B5Fabric architecture
FCF10EF1DB49/0/HEXPLYM21.pdf
Fibre type
No Fibres per yarn
Orientations
For this example all necessary data
can be found from the
1. M21 (UD) IM7-12k
0
manufacturers datasheets.
2. M21 (UD) IM7-12k
3. M21 (Twill) AS4C-6k
- 15
+ 45
5. M21 (UD) IM7-12k
90
- 45
+ 15
8. M21 (UD) IM7-12k
9. M21 (UD) IM7-12k
Ply thicknesses:
o These are pre-preg materials so
ply thicknesses can reliably be
used from manufacturers
datasheets.
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o For infusion composites thickness

should be measured, or
estimated from weights, densities
and law of mixtures formulae.
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

M21
1 Uni-directional
M21
1 Woven (Twill)
Extracts from the Hexcel datasheets
10
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example: Calculation of laminate modulus

UD Composites
For = 0 45
E E1 E1 E2 sin 2
For = 45 90
E E2
Layer
Ply
Orientation
Ek(in
dir 0)
GPa
1 (UD)
160.0
2 (UD)
160.0
3 (Woven)
-15
63.5
Woven Composites
E1 E1 * 0 . 74 E1 E1 * 0 .74
2
2
cos 4 *
Note for the UD composite E2 is not provided. It could be

estimated from law of mixtures. Assume:
E2f (IM7 carbon fibre) = 20 GPa (estimated)
Em (M21 resin)
Vf
= 0.592 (provided datasheet)
Vf
V
1
m
E 2 E2 f E m
n
ELa min ate

11
= 4 GPa (estimated)
E
k 1
tk
E2 = 7.6 GPa
4 (Woven)
45
50.3
5 (UD)
90
7.6
6 ((Woven))
-45
7 (Woven)
15
63.5
8 (UD)
160.0
9 (UD)
160.0
50.3
(4) 160.0 * 0.184 (2) * 50.3 * 0.285 (2) * 63.5 * 0.285 7.6 * 0.184 89.3 GPa
5 * 0.184 4 * 0.285
k 1
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example continued: To predict laminate failure loads

For loading in the 0 direction the likely ply failure modes are:
1. Longitudinal (0) fibre failure in the outer M21 UD plies. When this
occurs it would (probably) represent the maximum laminate load.
2. Transverse (90) matrix failure in the central M21 UD ply. This is a
weak direction and load will be redistributed to other plies.
3. The off-axis woven plies will have lower fibre strains in their fibre
directions and are unlikely to fail first. These plies fail when the limit
fibre or matrix shear strains/stresses are reached.
Failure loads are estimated for the M21 UD plies
The failure data is:
F1t = 2860 MPa (fibre failure on 0 UD plies from datasheet)
F2t = ?? MPa (unfortunately this is not given in the datasheet)
F2t Could be estimated from micro-mechanics which considers fibre
volume ratio and failure data for the matrix. We shall assume for
now that micro-mechanics gives,
F2t = 70 MPa
0
Area = Thk * 1mm
= 2.06mm2
12
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example continued for laminate failure loads

Failure for ply 5 (we shall see this represents the first ply failure load)
Failure strain of ply 5 = Failure stress / Modulus = 0.070 / 7.6 = 0.00921
(F1t)ply 5 = Elaminate* 0.00921 = 0.8224 kN/mm2 Nx = 0.8224 * 2.06 = 1.69 kN/mm
Failure for plies 1,2,8,9 (we shall see this represents the ultimate laminate failure load)
Failure strain of plies 1,2,8,9 = Failure stress / Modulus = 2.86 / 160 = 0.0178
(F1t)plies 1,2,8,9 = Elaminate*0.0178 = 1.59 kN/mm2 Nx= 1.59 * (2.06-0.0184) = 2.98 kN/mm
Elaminate = 89.3 GPa; really for this second calculation a new Elaminate should be computed
that ignores the failed ply 5
Plies 1,2,8,9 failure
= ultimate laminate load (2.89 kN/mm)
Ply 5 failure = first
ply - matrix failure
(1.69 kN/mm)
Plies 3,7 failure (fibre-shear failure)
Should really
be checked
Plies 4,6 failure

(shear failure)
13
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example continued for laminate failure

Plies 1,2,8,9 failure
= ultimate laminate load (2.89 kN/mm)
Ply 5 failure = first
ply - matrix failure
(1 69 kN/
(1.69
kN/mm))
Plies 3,7 failure (fibre-shear failure)

Plies 4,6 failure
(shear failure)
Note:
The reduced laminate stiffness after each ply failure could be recomputed using the
previous expression excluding any failed plies.
The failure of plies 3,4,6,7 would require knowledge of shear failure data and the
mixed
i d normal-shear
l h
stresses in
i the
h plies.
li
Check
Ch k for
f fibre
fib (tension)
(
i ) and
d shear
h
failure.
f il
Including ply 5 for this loading case may not seem to make much sense, but:
14
Although it cracks early it is still active in the 90 direction.
Even if loading was only in the 0 direction this ply is may be wise to include; it
prevents transverse cracks in the 0 UD.
If the loading was compression (0 direction) other modulus and failure data should
be used as given in the datasheets (or estimated from micro-mechanics).
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Using LAP: Materials M21 - UD
Estimated
othe sources
other
so ces
15
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Using LAP: Materials M21 Twill woven
Estimated
othe sources
other
so ces
16
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Using LAP: Layup
17
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Using LAP: Results
See Results > General
18
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example: Analytical solution for deflection of a simple sandwich beam
O tli off problem:

Outline
bl
Description, dimensions and loading
Composite and honeycomb material properties
Computation of bending rigidity and shear rigidity
Computation of deflection (classical approach)
Results and comparison with an FE solution
19
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example: The composite honeycomb structure

The following gives an indication of the calculations to determine deflection for the 200N
central imposed load. The ends are assumed to be simply supported.
Note a full design would also have to check other load cases and material stresses, strains
and failure criteria. Including possible core crushing.
The overall beam dimensions are:
d
Simply-supported sandwich beam:

Overall
O
ll depth
d h (h) = 22 mm
Core thickness (c) = 18 mm
Face thickness (t) = 2 mm
Width (b)
= 150 mm
Length (L)
= 900 mm
d
20
h c 22 18
20 mm
2
2
10
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Core material (honeycomb 2.3-3/8-15(3003))
EZ = 240 N/mm2 (modulus in stabilised compression)

EL = 190 N/mm2 (modulus in the ribbon direction ' L ' )
EW = 90 N/mm2 (modulus in the direction of expansion ' W ' )
GC = 111 N/mm2
/
((shear modulus))
The lower modulus ('W' direction) is considered for the analysis of the structure
2.3 3 8 15 3003
Honeycomb material
(Aluminium 3003)
Nominal foil thickness (inches x 10-4)

Cell size (inches)
Density (lb/ft3)
Facing composite material

EF = 80000 N/mm2 (assumed modulus in elasticity in the span direction)
21
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Typical formulae for deflections in a beam due to bending and shear

contributions
For a derivation see, for example: Mechanics
of materials, by Timoshenko and Gere.
Shear part (second component)
Bending part (first component)
22
Therefore we need equivalent E,

I, G and A for the sandwich beam.
11
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

IFB
Formulae for bending rigidity (D = E*I)

Simple isotropic beam
D = E*I = E * (bd3 / 12)
d
t
Sandwich beam
D = (E * I) for the different parts
d
= EF* (2* bt3 / 12) + EF* (2* bt*(d/2)2) + EC* (bc3 / 12)
Facing material
about own axis
Facing material
about centroid
Core material
about centroid
Dominant term for

beams with thin
facings and a weak
core
Formulae for shear stiffness (=G*A)
The facings are thin and cannot carry significant shear. It is reasonable to consider that
only the core carries shear
G*A = GC * AREA = GC * b * c
23
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

(conservative estimate)
Performing the calculations
EZ = 240 N/mm2 (modulus in stabilised compression)

EL = 190 N/mm2
/
((modulus in the ribbon direction ' L ' )
EW = 90 N/mm2 (modulus in the direction of expansion ' W ' )
GC = 111. N/mm2 (shear modulus) [Hexcel datasheets]
B S
P L3
PL
0.63 0.12 0.75 mm

48 D 4 A G
24
12
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Sandwich honeycomb panel analysed as an FE problem

Shells are used for skins and solids for the core: These are attached by common nodes.
This is a coarse mesh but suitable for simple bending.
Only one symmetric half is analysed (apply half load!).
Load = 100N
Symmetry
supports
200N
L OA D CA S E =
1
L oa dcase 1
RE S UL T S FILE =
1
DIS P L A CE M E NT
CO NT O URS O F RS L T
Core - Solid
elements
Skin - Shell
elements
0
0.0 471 75 5
0.0 943 51
0.1 415 27
0.1 887 02
0 2 358 78
0.2
0.2 830 53
0.3 302 29
0.3 774 04
0.4 245 8
0.4 717 55
0.5 189 31
0.5 661 06
0.6 132 82
0.6 604 57
0.7 076 33
Z
Y
Simple
supports
M ax 0.76 76 a t No de 1 45
M in 0 .128 1E -0 1 at Nod e 32 1
Maximum displacement = 0.76mm

(cf classical solution = 0.75mm)
25
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Z
Y
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Ply constitutive laws
Outline of lecture
Isotropic and Orthotropic elasticity laws
The ply off-axis Stiffness matrix: The [Qbar] matrix
The ply off-axis Compliance matrix: The [Sbar] matrix
Putting plies together for the laminate extension matrix [A]
Example comparing:
1. Hand calculations
2. The software packages LAP and CADEC
26
13
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Isotropic and Orthotropic elasticity
1D Isotropic material (Hookes law)
2D plane stress: Isotropic material
1 Q11 Q12

2 Q21 Q22
0
0
12
0 1

0 2
Q66 12
Q or
where:
Q22
{} : Column matrix of stress

[Q] : Stiffness matrix
{} : Column matrix of strain
(loadings in the orthotropic frame)
Isotropic Case
Q12 Q21
2D plane stress: Orthotropic material
1 1
2
Q66 G
E1
Q11
1 12 21
Q22
1 12 21
Orthotropic Case
E2
Q12 Q21
21 E1
12 E2
1 12 21 1 12 21
Q66 G12
27
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Q11
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Various forms for the [Q] matrix
Qmodelling:
1 QComposites
11 Q12
16 1
The general 2D Classical

Laminate Analysis
(CLT)
2 Q21 Q22 Q26 2
stress-strain
Q Q Q
relationship
12
Isotropic:
Same properties in all directions (e.g. simple metals, glass).
There are an infinite number of planes of symmetry.
The stiffness terms Q11, Q12 are described by two constants (i.e.
modulus
d l E and
dP
Poissons
i
ratio
ti ).
) Coupling
C
li tterms are zero.
No coupling of normal and shear (i.e. normal loading does not
cause shear deformations and vice versa for shear loading).
Orthotropic:
Has 2 symmetry planes; e.g. a UD composite ply, a woven fabric...
The stiffness terms Q11, Q12 are defined by 5 material constants
(E1, E2, 12, 21, G12). Coupling terms are zero.
Loading in the principle (fiber) frame does not cause coupling of
normal and shear (i.e. a normal loading does not cause shear
deformations and ditto for shear loading)
loading).
Anisotropic:
Mechanical properties vary with orientation e.g. rolled and extruded
metals and composites (e.g. loaded in a non-orthogonal axis frame).
There are (usually) no planes of symmetry.
9 material constants (E1, E2, 12, 21, G12 plus shear coupling terms)
are required for the elasticity law; the coupling terms are non-zero.
In plane loading causes shearing and shearing causes in plane
28
deformations.
61
62
66
12
Q11 Q12
Q
21 Q22
0
0
0
0
Q66
Q11 Q12
Q
21 Q22
0
0
0
0
Q66
Q11 Q12
Q
21 Q22
Q61 Q62
Q16
Q26
Q66
14
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

The compliance matrix [S] relating strains to stresses
(Hookes law in 1D)

(Hookes
(H
k llaw in
i 2D
- plane stress case)
1 S11

2 S 21
0
12
or
or
E 1 S
0 1

0 2
S 66 12
S12
S 22
0
(lamina coord system 1,2,3)
where:
[S] : Compliance matrix = [Q]-1
S11 = 1/E1
S22 = 1/E2
S12 = S21 = -12 /E1 = - 21 /E2
S66 = 1/G12
Also an important
relationship
29
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Analysis of laminates: Transformation of stresses and strains

First, it is necessary to know the stiffness matrix that relates stress to strain in the ply in
the Global co-ordinate system; this requires a transformation of stiffness from the ply 1, 2,
3 frame to the global x, y, z loading frame.
x
1

2 T y

12
xy

1
x
2 T y
xy
12
2
2
Transformation
of stresses
Transformation
of strains
where:
[T] : Transformation matrix

[[T]] 1 : Inverse of [[T]] matrix
c2 s2
2cs
2
2
T s c 2cs
cs cs c 2 s 2
30
where:
c = cos
s = sin
12
12
12
2
Note: For the strain transformation, we work with tensor

strain (12 = 12 /2) and not engineering strain (12 ).
15
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Strain transformations
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Analysis of laminates: Derivation of the off-axis ply stiffness matrix [Qbar]

x
1

y
2

12
xy
Apply the transformation matrix (its inverse) to transform

the fiber frame stresses to the global frame stresses.
Use 2D Hookes law to convert fiber frame strains

to g
global frame stresses.

x
1

1
y T Q 2
12

xy
2
Finally, the fiber frame strains are transformed

to global frame strains.
x
x

1
y T Q T y

xy
xy
2
x
x

y
y

xy
xy
Q11 Q11c 4 Q22 s 4 2Q12 2Q66 s 2 c 2
Q22 Q11s 4 Q22 c 4 2Q12 2Q66 s 2 c 2
Q12 Q11 Q22 4Q66 s 2 c 2 Q12 c 4 s 4
axis) stiffness matrix for a ply
Q26 Q11 Q12 2Q66 cs Q22 Q12 2Q66 c s

3
32Q66
factor on shear
strains is brought into
the Q terms.
Q is the important transformed (off-
Q16 Q11 Q12 2Q66 c 3 s Q22 Q12 2Q66 cs 3

Q11 Q22 2Q12 2Q66 s c Q66 s c
2 2
Relationship between
global stresses and
global strains; NB the
Q T
Q11
Q T Q16
Q16
Q12
Q22
Q26
Q16
Q26
Q66
16
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Analysis of laminates: Inverse of the off-axis [Qbar] matrix for an offaxis strain-stress relationship
From
x Q11

y Q12
Q
xy 16
Q16 x

Q26 y
Q66 xy
Q12
Q22
Q26
x S11

y S12
S
xy 16
By inversion the offaxis strain-stress

relations in the global
frame are
where
S Q
S16 x

S 26 y
S 66 xy
S12
S 22
S 26
is the off-axis compliance matrix
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Derivation of Laminate moduli

The following information can be combined to give the elastic properties for the laminate
for any off-axis direction (we showed these formulae previously).
Q11 Q11c 4 Q22 s 4 2Q12 2Q66 s 2 c 2
where:
Q22 Q11s 4 Q22 c 4 2Q12 2Q66 s 2 c 2
Q12 Q11 Q22 4Q66 s c Q12 c s

2 2
[S] iis th
the compliance
li
matrix
t i = [Q]-11
S11 = 1/E1
Q16 Q11 Q12 2Q66 c s Q22 Q12 2Q66 cs

3
Q26 Q11 Q12 2Q66 cs 3 Q22 Q12 2Q66 c 3 s
Q66 Q11 Q22 2Q12 2Q66 s 2 c 2 Q66 s 4 c 4
S22 = 1/E2
S12 = S21 = -12 /E1 = - 21 /E2
S66 = 1/G12
E2
E1
Ey
i
inversion
i
x S11

y S12
S
xy 16
34
S12
S 22
S 26
S16 x

S 26 y
S 66 xy
Ex
1 2 12
1
1
1
Cos 2 Sin 2
Cos 4
Sin 4
E x E1
G
E
E
1
2
12
1 2 12
1
1
1
Cos 2 Sin 2
Sin 4
Cos 4
E y E1
E1
E2
G12
17
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example
35
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Analysis of laminates: Adding ply contributions to get

extension matrix [A]
x Q11

The individual off-axis stress-strain relation of
y Q12
individual plies is given by
Q
xy 16
For a symmetric laminates under in-plane
loads, the off-axis stiffness matrix of the plies
[Qbar] can be grouped together to give the
laminate extension matrix [A], where:
N x A11

N y A12
N A
xy 16
A12
A22
A26
e.g.
A16 x

A26 y
A66 xy
k 1
Q12
Q22
Q26
Q16 x

Q26 y
Q66 xy
0
90
90
0
Plane of
symmetry
where:
Aij Qij t k
the laminate
n = total number of plies

k = ply number
tk = thickness of ply k
Nx, Ny and Nxy are defined in N/mm
36
18
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Laminate analysis
In general a laminate will be subject to 3
in plane normal/shear loads (Nx, Ny, Nxy)
and three moments/twists (Mx, My, Mxy)
which cause six corresponding strains
and curvatures.
The relationship of these forces and moments, and the corresponding strains and curvatures
is given by the laminate stiffness matrix. This matrix is 6*6 and termed the [A B D] matrix,
Part [A] relates in plane forces to
in-plane strains
Part [D] relates moments to
curvatures
Part [B] relates:
o in-plane forces to curvatures
o and moments to in-plane strains
N x A11
N
y A12
N xy A16
M x B11
M y B12

M xy B16
A12
A22
A16
A26
B11
B12
B12
B22
A26
B12
B22
B26
A66
B16
B26
B66
B16
D11
D12
D16
B26
D12
D22
D26
B16 xo

B26 yo
B66 xyo

D16 x
D26 y

D66 xy
Note matrix [ABD] is symmetric

We shall look at this part first
37
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example: A simple laminate analysis

To demonstrate the use of these equations we calculate the strains created in a single four
ply laminate subjected to loads NX (longitudinal load), NY (transverse load), and NXY (shear
load) as shown below.
The layers of T500 UD Carbon/Epoxy are 50 mm long and 50 mm wide and the symmetric
lay-up sequence is -45/+45/ +45 / -45
Proposed layup:
Ply 1 : T-500
Ply 2 : T-500
Ply 3 : T-500
Ply 4 : T-500
38
12k/976
12k/976
12k/976
12k/976
UD
UD
UD
UD
at
at
at
at
Mechanical data for each ply:

E1 = 151.7 GPa
E2 = 8.96
8 96 GPa
G12 = 5.0 GPa
V12 = 0.27
V21 = 0.016
Thk = 0.14mm
Loads:
Fx = 3000 N
Note:
Fy = 500 N
Fxy = 75 N
-45o
+45o
+45o
-45o
Ny
NYX
NXY
NX
These are total loads on each of the 50mm long sides

(N = Load / Width carrying the applied load)
19
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example: LAP input for thicknesses, layup, loading and material data
Starting LAP:
1. Start the LAP software in the CIP pool
2. As usual click on File and then New
39
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example: Enter ply mechanical data

Enter Materials: Open a new materials window (right click on materials tab and add a
material). Give the ply a sensible title and enter the data as shown.
Note:
The units kN and mm are chosen for all data in this exercise (loads, lengths, ).
The outputs (e.g. stress ) will be in the same units.
Note any other set of consistent units could be used for input and output.
40
20
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example: Enter Lay-up sequence

Enter the Lay-up: Open a Lay-ups window (right click on Lay-ups tab and then Add a
Lay-up). Give the sensible Lay-up title and enter the stacking sequence; this is done via the
Layer(s) tab and add above or add below. Note the new materials, ply thickness and
angles are given; use us made of the symmetry option to reduce input.
41
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example: Enter applied loadings

Enter Loadings: Open a new Loadings window (right click on Loadings tab and add the
loads). Give the ply a sensible title and enter the data as shown below. Note loads are kN
per mm run.
Make sure the lay-up and
applied loads are active
With Auto-Solve the problem is

automatically run once all data is set
42
21
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example: Output results
Activating the Results tab allows

various results to be studied.
For example under General we can
get the so-called [ABD] matrix.
For now we shall just look more closely
at the [A] part of this [ABD] matrix
(below)
43
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Hand calculations: Computation of ply fibre [Q] and global [Qbar] matrices
Material properties
E long (E1)
E trans (E2)
G shear modulus (G12)
Poisson's ratio (v12)
Poisson's ratio (v21)
151,7
8,96
5
0,27
0,016
GPa
GPa
GPa
Stiffness matrix (fibre coord. system)
E1
Q11
1 12 21
Q22
1 12 21
E2
Q12 Q21
21 E1
12 E2
2,43
9,00
0,002
0,00
0,00
5,00
2
1 12 21 1 12 21
Q66 G12
(Eq. 5.2 & 5.3)
Q11
Q12
0
Q12
Q22
0
0
0
Q66
4
152,36
2,43
0,00
Q11 Q11c Q22 s 4 2Q12 2Q66 s c
Q22 Q11s 4 Q22 c 4 2Q12 2Q66 s 2 c 2
Stiffness matrix (global coord. system) (Eq. 5.14 & 5.15)

Q12 Q11 Q22
degree
rad
angle
-0,785
-45
QT11 QT12 QT16
cos
0,71
QT12 QT22 QT26
sin
-0,71
QT16 QT26 QT66
4Q66 s 2 c 2 Q12 c 4 s 4 ..
46,55 36,55 -35,84
36,55 46,55 -35,84
-35,84 -35,84 39,12
44
22
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014
IFB Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Example: Computation of the laminate extension matrix (laminate
stiffness matrix) [A] from assembly of the [Qbar] matricies
Aij Qij t k
n
k 1
A11 Q11 1 t1 Q11 2 t 2 Q11 3 t 3 Q11 4 t 4

A11 46.55 0.14 46.55 0.14 46.55 0.14 46.55 0.14 26.068
A22 26.068
A12 20.468
0
26.068 20.458
A 20.458 26.068
0
0
0
21.907
A16 0
A26 0
A66 21.907
LAP results for the [A] matrix
45
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Computation of laminate strains from the applied loading

From this expression we can derive laminate
strains
a given
applied loading
From for
Equation
(5.21)
0.1
a A1 0.078
0.078
0. 1
0 Mm/N
0.046
From Eq. (5.20)
x a11

y a21
a
xy 61
a12
a22
a62
N x A11

N y A12
N A
xy 16
A12
A22
A26
A16 x

A26 y
A66 xy
Note: Symmetric balanced laminates have

uncoupled in plane and shear behaviour
as demonstrated by the zero terms in the
[A] and [a] matrices
0.078
0 0.060 5.208
a16 N x 0.1

3

0. 1
0 0.010 3.704 10
a26 N y 0.078
0
0.046 0.0015 0.068
a66 N xy 0
The strain of the laminate for the load case is:
Original shape
LAP results
x = 5.203 x 10-3 mm/mm

y = -3.704 x 10-3 mm/mm
xy = 0.68 x 10-3 rad
46
Deformed shape
23
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Using the TU Dresden software: Online tool
Definition of laminate:
Stacking sequence
Mechanical properties
Fibre directions
Various ply results
47
IFB
http://tudresden.de/die_tu_dresden/fakultaeten
/fakultaet_maschinenwesen/ilr/aero/do
wnload/laminatetheory/index_html
Laminate results:
ABD matrix
Ply stresses and strains
Laminate stiffness's
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

The same operations can

be done with the CADEC
software: Free academic
code off the web (but 32
bit versions only!)
Panel 1 input
Important loads are
total/length (ie loads
per unit length)
NOTE: use a common

unit system eg KN, mm,
Panel 2 input
NB. G23 and G13 are
irrelevant for this
loading
For failure analysis
and temperature
analysis only
48
24
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014
IFB Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart

Example: The following give
example of ply stress and
strain results from the
CADEC software
E.G. global strains

for each ply
Note stresses and strains can
be computed in either the
local or global frames.
The strains in each ply must
be the same (unless it
breaks!).
The stresses in each ply are
usually
u
ua y different
d
(unless
(u
the
plies are the same (or w.r.t
loading as in this case).
Failure criteria is computed in
local (fibre) frame NOT these.
E.G. global stresses
for each ply
49
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Classical Laminate Theory (CLT)

Outline of lecture
Assembling
g the [Qbar] matrices for each ply
p y to give
g
the global
g
laminate [A, B,
D] matrix:
Brief theory for derivation of the [A,B,D] matrix
Characteristics of the [A,B,D] matrix for practical laminates
Example computations of laminates using the LAP software for:

1. The [A,B,D] matrix.
2 Laminate deformations.
2.
deformations
3. Stresses, strains and failure.
50
25
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Classical Laminate Analysis (CLA)

CLA assembles the individual ply [Qbar] matrices for each ply in the laminate to obtain the [A,
B, D] and [H] matrices:
1. Extensional stiffness [A] - relates in plane forces to in plane strains (mid-plane)
2. Coupling stiffness [B]
- coupling of forces to extensions and moments to curvatures
3. Bending stiffness [D]
- relates moments to curvatures
4. Shear stiffness [H]
- relates transverse shear forces to shear strains (this

part is decoupled and treated as a separate problem)
N x A11
N
y A12
N xy A16
M x B11
M y B12

M xy B16
A12
A22
A16
A26
B11
B12
B12
B22
A26
B12
B22
B26
A66
B16
B26
B66
B16
D11
D12
D16
B26
D12
D22
D26
B16 xo

B26 yo
B66 xyo

D16 x
D26 y

D66 xy
51
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Classical Laminate Analysis: Strain distribution through the laminate

Assuming Kirchoff deformation hypothesis the strain-displacement relations for in-plane
strains at a distance z from the Neutral Axis are:
u
xo z x
x
v
y
yo z y
y
u
v
xy
xyo z xy
y
x
where:
ox : extensional strain x in the mid-plane
mid plane
oy : extensional strain y in the mid-plane
oxy : shear strain xy on the mid-plane
x : bending curvature about the mid-plane (xz plane)
y : bending curvature about the mid-plane (yz plane)
xy : twisting curvature due to mid-plane out-ofplane twisting
xo
x
x
52
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Classical Laminate Theory: Relating ply

stresses to strains for plates with in plane
and bending/twisting loads
u
xo z x
x
v
y
yo z y
y
u
v
xy
xyo z
y
x
xy
x Q11 Q12

y Q16 Q22
Q
xy 16 Q26
Plane stress case (in plane loads only)

orthotropic material in global frame
Classical Laminate Theory
x Q11

y Q12
Q
xy 16
General case for:

Sym. And Nonsym. laminates
Laminate bending and twisting
53
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Q16 x

Q26 y
Q66 xy
Q16 xo z x

Q26 yo z y
Q66 xyo z xy
Q12
Q22
Q26
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

The [ABD] matrix for the laminate

For each ply of the laminate
x Q11

y Q12
Q
xy 16
Q12
Q22
Q26
Q16 xo z x

Q26 yo z y
Q66 xyo z xy
The laminas stiffness matrices can be

grouped together in a laminate stiffness
matrix [ABD] as:
Laminate plate geometry and ply

numbering system
Laminate extensional stiffness
Aij Qij ( z k z k 1 ) Qij t k

N
N x A11

N y A12
N xy A16
M x B11
M y B12

M xy B16
54
A12
A16
B11
B12
A22
A26
B12
A26
A66
B16
B12
B16
D11
B22
B26
D12
B22
B26
B26
B66
D12
D16
D22
D26
B16 xo

B26 yo
B66 xyo

D16 x
D26 y

D66 xy
k 1
k 1
Laminate coupling stiffness
Bij Qij t k z k
N
k 1
Laminate bending stiffness
Dij Qij (t k z 2 k
N
k 1
tk
)
12
27
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

The D (bending) part of the [ABD] matrix
tk
zk
For just one ply (k) the inertia about its base (=
neutral axis) is
zk
z k 1
D E.I E.b
IFB
Dij
1 N
Qij (zk3 zk31 )
3 k 1
k
Dij
1 N
t3
Qij (zk3 zk31 ) Qij t k zk2 k
3 k 1
12
k 1
k
k
55
d3
3
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Features of the [ABD] matrix for a laminate

N x A11
N
y A12
N xy A16
M x B11
M y B12

M xy B16
A12
A22
A16
A26
B11
B12
B12
B22
A26
B12
A66
B16
B16
D11
B26
D12
B22
B26
B26
B66
D12
D16
D22
D26
B16 xo

B26 yo
B66 xyo

D16 x
D26 y

D66 xy
In
N A B o
partitioned
M B D
form
We can see that:

The extensional stiffness matrix [A] relates in-plane forces {N} to midplane strains
{o}
The bending stiffness matrix [D] relates moments {M} to curvatures {}

The coupling stiffness matrix [B] couples in-plane forces {N} with curvatures {} and
also moments {M} with the midplane strains {o}
The strains and curvatures can be expressed in terms of moments and forces by:
56
o a

b
b N
d M
where:
a
b
b A B 1
d B D
28
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

The structure of the ABD matrix determines how the laminate behaves
under loading (and curing/thermal expansion/shrinkage!!)
E.G. for some cases the bending-extension coupling matrix [B] may NOT be zero:
a) Bending extension: e.g. a [0/90] laminate.
b) Thermal expansion of a [0/90] laminate results

in a saddle shape (curing shrinkage causes the
reverse there is shrinkage in all directions).
c) Two layers at result in torsion- extension

coupling.
d) All layers at an angle result shear- extension

coupling.
57
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Symmetric Laminates
Laminates are symmetric if both geometry (ply thicknesses) and material properties (ply
mechanical properties and fibre orientations) are symmetric about the mid-plane.
E.g. a [30/0/0/30]
a [30/-30/-30/30]
laminate is symmetric but not balanced

laminate is both symmetric and balanced
Consequences: For Symmetric laminates the

bending-extension matrix [B] = 0
See later
xy
Easier to analyse no coupling terms between

forces and moments.
Nx
Ny
No twisting due to contraction from curing or

thermal expansion etc.
Nxy
This construction is much preferred to the nonsymmetric layup laminate.
xy
Mx
My
Mxy
Anti-symmetric Laminates
A [30/-30/30/-30] laminate is anti-symmetric. It has bending-extension coupling and is
58
not very useful for design.
29
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Angle Ply Laminates

Requirement: Off axis fibres in any layer of
the laminate give non-zero values of Q16
and Q26 for that layer; leading to non zero
values of A16 and A26. The presence of an equal
quantity of off axis fibres can cancel this effect;
giving an angle ply laminate.
xy
Nx
xy
Ny
Nxy
Mx
My
Symmetric angle-Ply Laminates
Mxy
A symmetric (desirable) angle ply laminate

[/-/-/] does have some coupling
between bending and twist. But for a large
number of p
plies the effect is small.
xy
xy
Nx
Ny
Mx
My
Mxy
-
-
Nxy
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Cross-ply Laminates
These consist of plies orientated at only 0 and
90. An advantage is that coupling between
bending and twisting is avoided.
Nx
Ny
Nxy
If the cross ply laminate also has symmetry about

the mid-plane then the bending-extension coupling
is eliminated. Again this is very desirable.
0
90
90
0
Mx
My
Mxy
Symmetric cross-ply Laminates
xy
Mx
My
Nx
Ny
Nxy
Mxy
xy
xy
xy
60
30
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

IFB
Balanced Laminates
Definition: For every + there is another with
the same material and thickness; and similarly for
xy
Nx
xy
Ny
each 0 there is a 90 layer.
Nxy
A Balanced laminate always has A16=A26=0.

=0
Mx
My
Mxy
xy
xy
Mx
My
Mxy
A balanced laminate may be unsymmetric or

symmetric. As usual only the symmetric case
has zero bending-extension coupling.
Nx
Balanced laminates always have identical moduli
Ny
in the two direction Ex and Ey.
Ey
Nxy
0
-
+
90
Ex
Example of a non-symmetric balanced laminate:

a further 4 plies mirrored (top or bottom) would
give a symmetric balanced laminate
61
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Exercises
Specify the laminate type for each of the following and state the abbreviate form for the
laminate description (if possible).
Is the extension-coupling matrix zero or non zero for each? What other characteristics
will the [A], [B] and [D] matrix have?
Check your results with CADEC.
1.
[0] or any other angle
2.
[0/90]
3.
[0/90/90/0]
4.
[0/90/0/90]
5.
[0/90/0/90/0]
< example input and answer shown on next 2 slides
6
6.
[ 45/30/45/ 30]
[-45/30/45/-30]
7.
[-45/30/30/-45]
8.
[-30/90/30/30/0/-30]
9.
[90/0/45]
10. [90/0/45/ 45/0/90]
Defines a +45 layer

followed by a 45 layer
62
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

CADEC Input layup for

Qu. 3 (previous slide)
[0/90/90/0] cross-ply
Use any thickness (equal
values) the same material
values),
and specify the angles. No
loading is needed for the
[A,B,D] matricies.
I have used the UD ply

values from the latest
examples as input. Note
that the failure data is
CADEC default numbers
which are not used for this
exercise.
63
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

CADEC Input layup for Qu. 3 [0/90/90/0] - it is a balanced symmetric cross-ply

The following gives the CADEC output. Note that:
The extension-bending matrix [B] is zero; there will be no coupling between:

1. moments/inplane strains
2. inplane forces/curvatures
T
Terms
A16
A16, A26 are zero ((very smallll d
due tto round
d off);
ff) th
there will
ill be
b no coupling
li between:
b t
1. Inplane forces/inplane shear strain
2. Inplane shear force/inplane normal strains
The same arguments as above apply to curvatures and terms D16, D26
Effectively
zero
Zero terms
Diagonal no
transverse shear
coupling
64
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Examples
Specify the laminate type for each of the following and state the abbreviate form for
the laminate description (if possible).
Is the extension-coupling matrix zero or non zero for each? What other characteristics
will the [A],
[A] [B] and [D] matrix have?
Check your results with CADEC.

1.
[0] or any other angle
2.
[0/90]
3.
[0/90/90/0]
4.
[0/90/0/90]
5.
[0/90/0/90/0]
6.
[-45/30/45/-30]
7.
[-45/30/30/-45]
8.
[-30/90/30/30/0/-30]
9.
[90/0/45]
10. [90/0/45/ 45/0/90]
balanced symmetric
balanced cross-ply
balanced, symmetric cross-ply
balanced, antisymmetric cross-ply
unbalanced cross-ply
t i angle
l ply
l
non-symmetric
symmetric angle ply
balanced, nonsymmetric angle ply
non-symmetric quasi-isotropic
symmetric quasi-isotropic
65
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Effective Laminate Engineering Constants

For a symmetric laminate under in-plane loads ([B]=0 and [D0] is not required) the ADB
matrix can be reduce to:
N x A11

N y A12
N 0
xy
A12
A22
0
0 xo

0 oy
o
A66 xy

xo a11
o
y a12
o 0
xy
a12
a22
0
0 Nx
0 N y
a 66 N xy
Using concepts similar to rule of mixture (but for the laminate) effective laminates
engineering constants can be derived:
1
a11 H
Effective extensional modulus in the x direction
1
Ey
a22 H
Effective extensional modulus in the y direction
Ex
G xy
66
(H= total laminate thickness)
1
a66 H
Effective shear modulus in the xy plane
a12
a11
Effective laminate longitudinal Poissons
xy
33
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example:
Compute the plate stiffness equations for a two-layered plate with 1=30 and 2=30, t1 = t2 = 0.25mm having the following material properties:
+30
-30
y
Step 1: Compute the Inplane reduced stiffness
matrix (each ply has the same [Q] matrix)
Q11
Q22
Q12
Q66
Q44
Q55
= 1- 12 21 =
= E1 /
= E2 /
= Q21 = 12 E2 /
= G12
= G23
= G13
1
=
=
=
=
=
=
- 0.25 * 0.017 = 0.996

145.6 GPa
10.04 GPa
2.51 GPa
4.8 GPa
3.8 GPa
4.8 GPa
E1
145.0 GPa
E2
10.0 GPa
12
0.25
21
12 (E2/ E1)
=0.017
G12=G13
4.8 GPa
G23=Gm
3.8 GPa
145.6 2.51 0
Q 2.51 10.04 0
0
0
4.8
67
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Step 2: Compute the transformed reduced stiffness matricies using the [Q]
matrix and the fibre angles
Q11 Q12 Q13
Q Q12 Q22 Q23

Q13 Q23 Q33

1.
2.
68
Compute by hand
Check using CADEC
Use
U =30
30 and
d the
th
previous [Q] values
Use =-30 and the

previous [Q] values
(1)
( 2)
87.08 27.16 43.58

27.16 19.29 15.12 GPa
43.58 15.12 29.44
87.08 27.16 43.58
27.16 19.29 15.12 GPa

43.58 15.12 29.44
34
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Step 3: Compute the [A], [B], [D] and [H] matrices for the laminate using:
1) hand calculations
2) CADEC
N
Aij Qij
k 1
For the ply [A], [B], [D]

and
transverse shear [H]
matrices use:
k 1
Bij Qij t k z k
N
k 1
zk 1 Qij tk
N
i, j 1,2,6
i, j 1,2,6
t3
Dij Qij t k z k2 k i, j 1,2,6
12
k 1
k
H ij
5 N
Qij
4 k 1
4
t2
2 tk3
tk z k
12
i, j 4,5
69
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Step 4: Results
Using CADEC (and by hand calculations) you should get:
70
35
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example:
Compute the stresses in the lower face of a single ply plate subject to a moment Mx=1
(Nx=Ny=Nxy=My=Mxy=0).
The ply properties are given below and the plate thickness is 0.25mm. The fibre
direction corresponds with the global x-direction.
E1
145.0 GPa
E2
10.0 GPa
12
0.25
12
12 (E2/ E1)
=0.017
G12=G13
4.8 GPa
G23=Gm
3.8 GPa
Mx=1
Mx=1
z
x
From the previous

computations
145.6
Q 2.51
0
2.51 0
10.04 0 GPa
0
4.8
S
Step
1
1: Compute
C
the
h [D] matrix.
i N
Note:
The [H] matrix not required (in this case shear forces are zero).
The [B] matrix is zero (single symmetric ply).
The [A] matrix is not required (bending only loading).
71
IFB
Compute the [D]

matrix using
t3
Dij Qij t k z k2 k i, j 1,2,6
12
k 1
k
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

OR, use CADEC to do the work

[A] matrix = not required
[D] matrix (GPa mm3) = required

72
[B] matrix = 0
[H] matrix = no shear forces therefore

not required
36
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Step 2: Compute the curvature from the inverse of the [D] matrix
From
earlier
M x D11

M y D12
M D
xy 16
By
inversion
xo D11
o
y D12
o D
xy 16
NB for the inversion

(since D16=D26=0)
D12
D22
D26
D12
D22
D26
a
A 11
a21
D16 xo 0.1896 0.00327

0 xo

D26 yo 0.00327 0.0131
0 yo
D66 xyo 0
0
0.00625 xyo
D16
D26
D66
M x 11 12 16 M x

M y 12 22 26 M y
xy 16 26 66 M xy
a12
1 a22 a12
, A1
and a33 1 / a33

a22
Det a21 a11
Det 0.1896 * 0.0131 (0.00327) 2 0.0025
Giving:
11 D22 / Det 0.0131 / 0.0025
5.34 (GPa mm3 ) 1
22 D11 / Det 0.1896 / 0.0025
75.84 (GPa mm3 ) 1
12 D12 / Det 0.00327 / 0.0025 1.308 (GPa mm3 ) 1

66 1 / D66
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IFB
160.0 (GPa mm3 ) 1
1 / 0.00625
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

The curvatures are:
xo
o
y
o
xy
0 1 5.34
1.308
5.34

1.308 75.84
0 0 1.308
0
0
160.0 0 0
Step 3: Compute the strains and stresses on the lower face

Note: if we had inplane forces the [A] matrix would be required and these terms 0. But
in this case they are zero. Continue the calculation for stresses and strains.
Use
x xo xo
o o
y y z y
o o
xy xy xy
and
x Q11 Q12

y Q12 Q22

xy Q13 Q26
Q16 x

Q26 y
Q66 xy
=-0.25/2
x 0
5.34

y 0 (0.25 / 2) 1.308
0
0
xy
x 145.6 2.51 0 0.6675 97.6
y 2.51 10.04 0 0.1635 3.31

0
0
4.8 0 0
xy
74
37
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Review of Computations and calculation of stresses
x xo x
o
y y z y
o
xyy xyy xyy
1
Compute the [A], [B],
[D] and [H] matrices
Done at the
ply level
x Q11 Q12

y Q12 Q22
Q
xy 16 Q26
2
Compute the mid-surface
strains for a given set of
applied stress resultants
Continuous
(function of z)
yz Q44

xz Q45
k
Q16
Q26
Q66
x

y

xy
Q45 yz

Q55 xz Discontinuous
k
(depends on E)
From the mid-surface

mid surface
strains the strains at any
point may be found
4
Stress
dist.
From the strains at any

point the corresponding
stresses may be found
75
IFB
Laminate
Strain dist.
Moduli dist.
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Practice examples using CADEC

Using the previous example and material data
Mx=1
Mx=1
Nx=1
1
Nx=1
E1
145.0 GPa
E2
10.0 GPa
12
0.25
21
12 (E2/ E1)
=0.017
G12=G13
4.8 GPa
G23=Gm
3.8 GPa
Try the following load cases with CADEC they represent simple axial, pure bending
and combined axial/bending. The combination of the first and second case to give the
third should be clear.
Results obtained
Nx
Ny
Nxy
Mx
My
Mz
using CADEC
+4
+4
check you also
-96
+96
-92
+100
can get these.
76
38

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IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Laminate analysis: Simple and Classical

A simple laminate for stiffness analysis

A complex laminate for stiffness and failure

A beam example for deflection analysis

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Full 3D and simplified 2D representations for plies (or laminates)

F ll 3D state off material

F1, F2 and F6 is usually

For two-dimensional state of stress (plane stress) the

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Coordinate systems for the plies

Co-ordinate system 1-2-3 defines the Local fiber

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Typical laminate properties: See

NB V(f) depends on the manufacturing process

(g/cm^3) E1 (GPa) E2 (GPa) G12 (GPa)

F1t (MPa) F2t (MPa) F6 (MPa) F1c (MPa) F2c (MPa)

from: Principles of Composite Material Mechanics (R. F. Gibson)

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Simplified (UD) ply formulae (for quick estimates only)

Elasticity modulus C3000 UD Carbon/Epoxy

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Simplified formulae: Modulus variation for a bi-directional (balanced) ply

Elastic modulus for T300 woven carbon/Epoxy

E is the varying inplane off-axis modulus.

E1, E2 (= E1) are the

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Other useful relations: Summation of ply modulii

Elasticity modulus C3000 UD Carbon/Epoxy

Ply thickness acts

ply number in sequence

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example: Compute laminate stiffness and failure loads in the 0 direction

3. M21 (Twill) AS4C-6k

4. M21 (Twill) AS4C-6k

5. M21 (UD) IM7-12k

6. M21 (Twill) AS4C-6k

7. M21 (Twill) AS4C-6k

8. M21 (UD) IM7-12k

9. M21 (UD) IM7-12k

o For infusion composites thickness

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Extracts from the Hexcel datasheets

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example: Calculation of laminate modulus

Note for the UD composite E2 is not provided. It could be

= 0.592 (provided datasheet)

ELa min ate

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example continued: To predict laminate failure loads

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example continued for laminate failure loads

Plies 3,7 failure (fibre-shear failure)

Plies 4,6 failure

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example continued for laminate failure

Plies 3,7 failure (fibre-shear failure)

Although it cracks early it is still active in the 90 direction.

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Using LAP: Materials M21 - UD

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

D = EI = E (bd3 / 12)