Experiment No.

5
TEST OF SMALL STEAM GENERATOR
Course Code: ME 505
Course Title: ME LABORATORY 3
Section: ME51FA1
Panis, Mark Angelo B. (Leader)
Constantino, Aaron M. (Safety Officer)
Aguilar, Jhimson E. (Quality Inspector)
Adduru, Aldrin P. (Member)
Paguia, Jule Renz V. (Member)

Program: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Date Performed: August 5, 2016
Date Submitted: August 31, 2016
Instructor: Engr. Nelson Dela Pea

1. Objective:
The activity aims to demonstrate the operation of steam generator.
2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
The students shall be able to:
2.1 Explain fundamental principles of boiler capacity and its measurement.
2.2 Operate and test the boiler according to prescribed operating and test standards.
2.3 Collect and measure the required data for testing and calculations.
2.4 Use the proper reference materials, tables and charts in making an engineering
representations and diagrams.
2.5 Develop professional work ethics, including precision, neatness, safety and ability to follow
instruction.
3. Discussion:
Steam Generators are used in both fossil-and nuclear-fuel electric generating power plants. The most
modern steam generators produce high-pressure (2400 to 3500 psia, 165 to 240 bar) superheated steam,
the exception being pressurized-water reactor steam generators, which produce lower-pressure (1000 psia,
70 bar) saturated steam. The steam is invariably used in a Rankine cycle. Steam generators represent by
far the greatest energy source for power plants in the world today. Boilers are generally classified as (1)
firetube or (2) watertube, depending on what passes thru the tubes, fire tube if the hot gases pass thru the
tubes and water tube if the water passes thru the tubes.
General Requirements in the operation of the steam generator:
Boiler water-level The first duty when taking over a boiler-room shift is to make certain the pipe, fittings
and valves between the water glass and boiler are free and open by blowing down the water column and
water glass and noting the promptness of the return of water to the glass.

The most important rule The most important rule for the safe operation of boilers is to maintain the
proper water-level at all times, and as constant a level as conditions will permit. If water is not visible in the
water glass, shut the boiler off immediately until a safe water-level has been determined.
Low-water and feedwater controls The low-water cutoff is the most important electrical/mechanical device
on your boiler for maintaining a safe water-level. If a low-water condition develops, it could very well result
in an overheating and explosion of your boiler. The low-water cutoff should be tested at least weekly.
Low-water cutoff, evaporation test (steam boiler) While the boiler is in operation, shut off the feedwater
pump and monitor the boiler water-level. The low-water cutoff should shut down the burner before the water
level goes out of sight low; if the burner does not shut off, restart the feedwater pump before the water level
goes out of sight low and immediately troubleshoot the low-water cutoff to determine the cause of failure.
The boiler must be under constant attendance by a properly licensed engineer at all times during this test.
Low-water cutoff, slow drain test (steam boiler) While the boiler is in operation, shut off the feedwater
pump and slowly open the bottom blow valve to drain the water from the boiler. The low-water cutoff should
shut down the burner before the water level goes out of sight low; if the burner does not shut off, restart the
feedwater pump before the water level goes out of sight low and immediately troubleshoot the low-water
cutoff to determine the cause of failure. The boiler must be under constant attendance by a properly
licensed engineer at all times during this test.
Firing Aside from the standpoint of economy, maintain the fire as uniformly as possible to avoid an
excessive rate of combustion, undesirable variations in temperature and possible explosions. The
destructive force in a boiler explosion is caused by the instant release of energy stored in the water as
heat.
Water gauges Keep all connections and valves clear. Test by blowing down the water glass and water
column regularly. Gauge cocks or tri-cocks should also be blown regularly.
Safety valves The safety valve is the most important valve on the boiler. Safety valves prevent dangerous
over pressurization of the boiler. Safety valves are installed in case there is failure of pressure controls or
other devices designed to control the firing rate. All safety valves should be kept free of debris by testing
the safety valve regularly. This should be done when the steam pressure is at approximately 75 percent of
the safety-valve set pressure. Safety and safety-relief valves on low-pressure boilers should be tested at
least quarterly, this is in accordance with the National Board Inspection Code.
Blow-down valves The concentration of solids in the boiler should be measured and the boiler blowndown
at such intervals as necessary to maintain established limits. Blow-down valves are placed at the lowest
point of the boiler for the purpose of blowing sediment or scale from the boiler. They should be maintained
in good working order and are to be opened and closed carefully when used.

Starting fires in a boiler Before starting fires in a cold boiler or restarting a fire that may have been
accidentally extinguished, the entire fireside of the boiler must be thoroughly ventilated (purged) with the
dampers open to remove unburned gases before attempting to relight the fire. Attempting to start a fire in a
boiler with unburned gases is the most common cause of boiler furnace explosions.
Boiler-room requirement A current proper engineers license and log shall be posted in the boiler room. It
is the responsibility of the owner and the engineer to make sure the boiler is inspected annually.
Hot-water systems These systems are equipped with expansion tanks for the expansion and contraction
of the water as the temperature varies.
Firing cycle, power burners The burner will start when the aquastat or pressuretrol calls for heat. The
breeching damper will open and the draft fan will purge the combustion chamber. The main gas or oil valve
will be energized when the pilot or ignition is proved.
Repairs Any excessive overheating or burning, and any major repairs, must be reported to your boiler
inspector.
Classification of boilers High-pressure boilers are boilers operating at a steam or other vapor pressure in
excess of 15 psig, or a water or other liquid boiler in which the pressure exceeds 160 psig, or has a
temperature greater than 250 degrees Fahrenheit. Others are low-pressure boilers.

Cut-away view of fire- tube boiler

4. Materials and Equipment:

Mini steam boiler

Automation unit
Sling Psychrometer
Digital gas analyzer
Hydrometer
Graduated cylinder, (1000 ml)
Log sheets
Steam tables and charts
Personal protective equipment
Thermometers

5. Procedure:
The object of this test is to determine the efficiency, the evaporation per pound of fuel, and the cost of
evaporation for a steam-boiler unit. The analysis of heat losses, or "heat balance," is also required
(see ASME Test Code, Table S-2-b).
1. Ensure all group members have sufficient knowledge in properly handling and operating the
instruments. Refer to the instructor and/or assigned technician when required.
2. Wear your personal protective equipment at all times.
3. The team leader or test foreman should assign his team members' specific station to log test data
with log sheets on hand and get the test under way as soon as possible. He should pay particular
attention to the conditions prevailing at the beginning of the test and see that the same conditions
prevail at the end of the test. This applies particularly to the fuel bed and fires, the water level, the
rate of feeding water, the rate of steaming, and also to the steam pressure, the draft, and the
temperature conditions.
4. Determine the air properties inside the boiler room at 10-minute intervals. Record and plot the
data.
5. Ensure enough supply of fuel and water supply. Fill the condensate tank by opening the entrance
valve to a level above the minimum. For reference, mark this level on the sight glass.
6. If water is present in the boiler, mark the water level at the boiler sight glass for reference. Start
the feed water pump and fill the boiler to level a little above the minimum on the sight glass (2/3
level is recommended).

7. Record the decrease in water level in the condensate tank sight glass. This will be used in
computing the amount of water charge to the boiler. Record the feed water temperature.

8. When oil or gas fuel is used and the fuel is metered, the temperature and pressure of the fuel at
the meters must be included in the data. Check the fuel oil level in the fuel tank. Mark this level as
reference for fuel consumption.
9. Determine the specific gravity of the fuel and calculate its heating value according to ASME
formula.
10. Prepare and install the automation unit at the steam header. Set the data collection default at 10
minute intervals. Encode the Instructor and technician names as required. Monitor the boiler
pressure closely. Bear in mind to start collecting data as soon as the boiler pressure reaches 40
psig.
11. Set the boiler to 50 psig and 10 psig difference. Open the fuel line and ignite the burner. (Ask for
assistance from instructor or technician in charge). Record the start-up time. Readings are to be
taken at 10 minute intervals except when the instructor directs otherwise. Readings should always
be taken in the same order or sequence, and the order of reading should be indicated on the log
sheet. Each observer will prepare his own log sheet before the test is started, keep it in good form,
sign and hand it to the test foreman at the end of the test.
12. Close the main steam valve to allow the pressure to build up. Closely monitor the pressure
gauge.
13. When the pressure starts to develop, open the steam main valve to check if steam comes out of
the steam line. This must be done for safety. Immediately stop firing the boiler if the steam main
line is clogged and inform the instructor or technician in-charge.
14. Close the steam line valve to allow boiler to develop minimum pressure. Record the steam
pressure and temperature. Mark the level on the fuel tank and record the time.
15. The ASME Test Code recommends that a boiler test should preferably be:
For coal fired - 24 hours long when coal is used, either hand or stoker-fired. Where operating
conditions do not permit a 24-hr test, 10 hours is prescribed as the minimum length of test, or
what the combustion is less than 25 lbs of coal per square foot of grate surface per hour, the
test should be continued until a total of 250 lbs per square foot of grate has been burned.
For pulverized coal - the minimum is reduced to 6 hours and for oil or gas fuel to 4 hours.
Although the present test may not meet the Code requirements as to duration, it should be
made as long as the time will permit. The main difficulties in the way of obtaining accuracy in
short tests are those involved in securing the same fuel-bed conditions and the same water
level and steaming rate at the end as at the beginning of the test.
In a short test, therefore, exceptional care should be exercised in regard to these details
because of the heat-storage capacity of the setting, the boiler should be operated under test

conditions for some time before the test is started. The Code specifies that this preliminary
equalizing period shall be at least 3 hours.
16. Close the fuel oil line and switch off the burner.
17. Allow the steam pressure to drop to zero before closing the steam main valve.
18. Upon completion of data gathering, stop the automation unit, making sure that data collected is
stored in the hard drive. Print a hard copy. Data from the automation unit, when used in
computation and diagram must be marked and cited accordingly.
6. Data and Results:
Form 5a. Steam Boiler Test - Preliminary Data
Location: TIP-Manila Arlegui Campus Room 101
Kind of Boiler: fire tube type
Manufacturer: Enertech Systems Industries Inc.
Number of tubes:

32

Diameter of tubes:

3 in

Length of tubes:

1.14 m

Diameter of Drum:

1.006 m

Length of drum:

1.24 m

Water heating surface:

3.285 m2

3.285 m2

Superheating Surface:
Date of test:

Aug.5, 2016

Kind of fuel:
Duration of test:

Diesel
6:14PM-6:29PM

Form 5b. Fuel Analysis

Baume gravity, deg (liquid fuel)
Heating value at standard conditions
Cost of fuel per kg

42.45
47,103.484 kJ/kg
P33.44

Form 5c. Results of Steam Boiler Test

A. Average Pressure, Temperature
1. Steam Pressure, gage

37.5

7. Feedwater Temperature, C

33.13

2. Barometer, mm-Hg.

746

8. Flue gas Temperature, C

292.5

3. Steam Pressure, abs.

52.2

9. Boiler Room Temperature,

dry bulb, C
10. Boiler Room Temperature,
wet bulb, C
11. Moisture per kg air

31.88

4. Steam Temperature, C

140.03

5. Steam Quality, %

83.96%

6. Degrees Superheat

13.16C

30.38
0.02816
kgv/kga

B. Hourly Quantities
12. Fuel as fired per hour
13. Water evaporated per hour
14. Factor of evaporation

5.1543
kg/hr
68.0175
kg/h

15. Equivalent evaporation per hour

58.94 kg/hr

16. Units of evaporation per hour

177,135.7932
kJ/kg

0.867
C. Horsepower

17. Boiler Horsepower Developed

18. Boiler Rated Horsepower

5 Bo.hp

19. Boiler Efficiency

72.96%

2.99 Bo.hp
D. Evaporation

20. Actual Evaporation per kg fuel

13.1963

21. Equivalent Evaporation per kg

fuel

E. Combustion Data, Flue Gas Analysis, Boiler Outlet

22. CO2, %

24. O2, %

23. CO, %

25. N2, %

11.4412

F. Cost of Evaporation
26. Cost of Fuel for 1000 kg
actual evaporation

P2,534.04

28. Cost of Fuel for 1000 kg

equivalent evaporation

P2,922.77

Useful Terminologies and Table:

1. Heating Surface shall consist of that portion of the surface exposed to both the gases being
cooled and the fluid being heated at the same time, computed on the gas side.
2. Furnace Volume is the cubic space provided for the combustion of fuel before the products of
combustion reach any heating surface.
3. Equivalent Evaporation is the amount of water that would be evaporated from water at 212F to
steam at 212F by the same amount of heat as was actually absorbed by the water and steam
under operating conditions.
4. Factor of Evaporation is the ratio of the heat actually absorbed by 1 lb of water and steam to
970.3 BTU. It is therefore the factor by which actual evaporation is multiplied to obtain "equivalent
evaporation".
5. Boiler Horsepower corresponds to an equivalent evaporation of 34.5 lbs of steam per hour.
6. Rated Horsepower is usually determined on the basis of 10 square ft. of heating surface for watertube boilers and 12 square ft. of heating surface for fire-tube boilers.
7. Water Actually Evaporated is the water fed to the boiler less the water in the steam (corrected foe
leaks and blow down, if any).
8. Unit of Evaporation according to the Code is 1000 BTU absorbed by the steam per hour, and is
therefore thousands of BTU absorbed per hour.
It is to be noted that in accordance with the ASME Code, all calculations involving the fuel are carried out
on the basis of 1 lb of fuel, whether the fuel be solid, liquid, or gas.
Table 5a. Typical Boiler Efficiencies
Type of
Services

Heating
Surface, sq.ft.

Fuel and
Firing

CO2 in flue
gas, %

Heat to Water
and Steam, %

13.5
14.0

Flue Gas
Temperature,
degrees F
375
375

Central station,
with
economizer or
air heater
Isolated
station, large
industrial,
institution, etc.
Small power or

14,000
14,000

Stoker
Pulverized coal

7,500
7,500
7,500
7,500
2,000

Stoker
Pulverized coal
Oil
Natural gas
Stoker

12.0
13.0
11.0
9.0
11.0

500
500
500
500
600

77
80
80
80
73

84
85

heating plant
Heating, large
domestic plant

2,000
2,000
2,000
100
100
100
100

Hand fired
Oil
Natural gas
Stoker
Hand fired
Oil
Natural gas

9.0
10.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
6.0-7.5
4.6-6.0

600
600
600
450
450
350-450
300-450

63
75
75
63
55
75
65

Table 6.1 Pressures and Temperatures

Time

Steam
Pressure

Feedwater
Temp.

Flue gas
Temp.

Steam
Temp.

Wet Bulb
Temp.

Dry Bulb
Temp.

6:14 p.m.

19 psi

32 C

275 C

118.1 C

30 C

31.5 C

6:19 p.m.

35 psi

33 C

290 C

137.2 C

30 C

32 C

6:24 p.m.

46 psi

33.5 C

300 C

149.8 C

30.5 C

32 C

6:29 p.m.

50 psi

34 C

305 C

155 C

31 C

32 C

Average

37.5 psi

33.13 C

292.5 C

140.03 C

30.38 C

31.88 C

Fuel
Level (mm)

Change in
Fuel Level
(mm)

Table 6.2 Sample Fuel and Water Properties

Fuel Temp.
(C)

Mass of
Fuel (g)

Volume of
Fuel (mL)

Mass of
Water (g)

Mass
Flowrate
Of Steam (
kg

hr

Initial=387mm

32.4

60

75

416

69.12

385

34

51

64

400

67.96

383

35

40

50

484

67.43

381

35.3

38

47

442

67.5

7. Computation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data:

Density of Fuel Sample,

m
V

Sample 1

60 g
=0.8 g /mL ; S .G .=0.8
75 mL

Sample 2

51 g
=0.7969 g/mL ; S .G .=0.7969
64 mL

Sample 3

40 g
=0.8 g /mL ; S .G .=0.8
50 mL

Sample 4

38 g
=0.8085 g/mL ; S .G .=0.8085
47 mL

Density Average=

S .G . @15.6 C=

Sample 1
S .G . @15.6 C=

Sample 2
S .G . @15.6 C=

Sample 3
S .G . @15.6 C=

Sample 4

0.8+ 0.7969+0.8+0.8085
=0.8014 g /mL
4

S .G .@ fuel sample
10.0007(Temp . of fuel sample15.6) C

0.8
=0.8095
10.0007(32.415.6) C

0.7969
=0.8073
10.0007(3415.6) C

0.8
=0.8110
10.0007(3515.6) C

379

S .G . @15.6 C=

BAUME=

Sample 1
BAUME=

Sample 2
BAUME=

Sample 3
BAUME=

Sample 4
BAUME=

0.8085
=0.8198
10.0007(35.315.6) C

140
130
S .G .@ 15.6 C

140
130=42.95
0.8095

140
130=43.42
0.8073

140
130=42.66
0.8110

140
130=40.77
0.8198

BAUME Average=

API =

Sample 1
API =

42.95+ 43.42+ 42.66+ 40.77

=42.45
4

141.5
131.5
S . G .@15.6 C

141.5
131.5=43.30
0.8095

Sample 2
API =

Sample 3
API =

Sample 4
API =

141.5
131.5=43.78
0.8073

141.5
131.5=42.98
0.8110

141.5
131.5=41.10
0.8198

API Average=

43.30+43.78+ 42.98+ 41.10

=42.79
4

Heating Value at Standard Conditions(Qv )=41130 +139.6 API , kJ /kg

Sample 1
Qv=41,130+139.6 ( 43.30 )=47,174.68 kJ / kg
Sample 2
Qv=41,130+139.6 ( 43.78 )=47,241.688 kJ /kg
Sample 3
Qv=41,130+139.6 ( 42.98 )=47,130.008 kJ /kg
Sample 4
Qv=41,130+139.6 ( 41.10 )=46,867.56 kJ /kg
Qv Average =

47,174.68+ 47,241.688+ 47,130.008+ 46,867.56

=47,103.484 kJ /kg
4

Cost of Fuel per kg

P26.80/Liter from Aug.1-8, 2016 (source: http://www.globalpetrolprices.com)
Ave density=0.8014 g/mL also equal to 0.8014 kg/L

Cost
P 26.80/ L
=
=P 33.44
kg 0.8014 kg / L

Boiler Efficiency
Trial 1
Steam: P=19 psi=130.9643 kPa, T=118.1 C , superheated
Tsat (interpolated)=107.34C
Using Table 3 hs (interpolated)=2709.5067 kJ/kg
Feedwater: P=4.759 kPa, Tsat=T=32C, saturated liquid
hf=134.15 kJ/kg
2

A=

(0.5842m)
=0.268 m2
4

V=

A h
t

mm1 m
1000 mm
60 min
5 min
1000 L
1 hr
=6.432 L/hr
1 m3

0.268 m22

V=

mf =V

0.8 kg
6.432 L
L
kg
mf =
=5.1456
hr
hr
ms=69.12 kg/hr
e=

ms(hshf )
100
mf (Qv)

69.12 kg
kJ
( 2709.5067134.15 )
hr
kg
e=
100 =73.33
5.1456 kg
kJ
(47,174.68 )
hr
kg

Trial 2
Steam: P=35 psi=241.25 kPa, T=137.2 C , superheated
Tsat (interpolated)=126.27C
Using Table 3 hs (interpolated)=2738.6218 kJ/kg
Feedwater: P=5.034 kPa, Tsat=T=33C, saturated liquid
hf=138.33 kJ/kg
2

(0.5842m)
2
A=
=0.268 m
4

V=

A h
t

mm1 m
1000 mm
60 min
5 min
1000 L
1 hr
=6.432 L/hr
1 m3

0.268 m22

V=

mf =V
0.7969 kg
6.432 L
L
kg
mf =
=5.1257
hr
hr
ms=67.96 kg/hr
e=

ms(hshf )
100
mf (Qv)

67.96 kg
kJ
( 2738.6218138.33 )
hr
kg
e=
100 =72.98
5.1257 kg
kJ
(47,241.688 )
hr
kg

Trial 3
Steam: P=46 psi=317.0714 kPa, T=149.8 C , superheated
Tsat (interpolated)=135.44C
Using Table 3 hs (interpolated)=2759.1989 kJ/kg
Feedwater: P=5.1795 kPa, Tsat=T=33.5C, saturated liquid
hf=140.415kJ/kg
2

A=

(0.5842m)
2
=0.268 m
4

V=

A h
t
mm1 m
1000 mm
60 min
5 min
1000 L
1 hr
=6.432 L/hr
1 m3
2

0.268 m 2

V=

mf =V
0.8 kg
6.432 L
L
kg
mf =
=5.1456
hr
hr
ms=67.43 kg/hr
e=

ms(hshf )
100
mf (Qv)

67.43 kg
kJ
( 2759.1989140.415 )
hr
kg
e=
100 =72.81
5.1456 kg
kJ
(47,130.008 )
hr
kg

Trial 4
Steam: P=50 psi=344.6429 kPa, T=155 C , superheated
Tsat (interpolated)=138.34C
Using Table 3 hs (interpolated)=2768.1902 kJ/kg
Feedwater: P=5.324 kPa, Tsat=T=34C, saturated liquid
hf=142.50 kJ/kg
2

A=

(0.5842m)
2
=0.268 m
4

V=

A h
t
mm1 m
1000 mm
60 min
5 min
1000 L
1 hr
=6.432 L/hr
1 m3

0.268 m22

V=

mf =V
0.8085 kg
6.432 L
L
kg
mf =
=5.2003
hr
hr
ms=67.50 kg/hr
e=

ms(hshf )
100
mf (Qv)

67.50 kg
kJ
( 2768.1902142.50 )
hr
kg
e=
100 =72.72
5.2003 kg
kJ
(46,867.56 )
hr
kg

e average=

73.33 +72.98 +72.81 + 72.72

=72.96
4

Developed Boiler Horsepower

Developed Bo.hp = 5 Bo.hp from the manufacturer's specifications
Rated Boiler Horsepower
Rated Bo . hp=

H . S .m 2
, where H.S.=3.285 m2 from the manufacturer's specifications
1.1

Rated Bo . hp=

3.285 m
=2.99 Bo. hp
1.1

Percent Rating
Rating=

Developed Bo . hp
100 =167.22
Rated Bo. hp

Degrees Superheat
SH=Tsteam Tsat @ Boiler Pressure

Trial 1
SH=(118.1107.43) C=10.67 C
Trial 2

 SH=(137.2126.27) C=10.93 C
Trial 3
SH =(149.8135.44) C=14.36 C
Trial 4
SH=(155138.34) C=16.66 C
SH average=[(10.67+10.93+14.36+16.66) C ]/ 4=13.16 C

No. of Tubes= 32 from the manual and according to the technician

Moisture per kg air
Ave. wet dry bulb= 31.88 C
Ave. dry buld= 30.38 C
From Psychrometric chart dew point = 30.25 C
From steam table P@dry bulb=4.7274 kPa; P@dew point=4.3085 kPa
Barometric pressure=746 mmHg= 99.4585 kPa
Specific Humidity =

mf ave=

0.622 P @ dewpoint
0.6224.3085 kPa
kg v
=
=0.02816
PbarometricPdewpoint ( 99.45854.3085 ) kPa
kg a

5.1456+5.1257+5.1456+ 5.2003
=5.1543 kg/ hr
4

Factor of Evaporation
F . E .=

2257 kJ /kg
hshf

Trial 1
F . E .=

2257 kJ /kg
kJ
( 2709.5067134.15 )
kg

=0.876

Trial 2
F . E .=

2257 kJ /kg

( 2738.6218138.33 )

kJ
kg

=0.868

Trial 3
F . E .=

2257 kJ /kg
kJ
( 2759.1989140.415 )
kg

Trial 4

2257 kJ /kg

F . E .=

( 2768.1902142.50 )
Ave . F . E .=

kJ
kg

=0.862

=0.860

.876+0.868+ 0.862+ 0.860

=0.86 7
4

Equivalent Evaporation
E . E .=msF . E .
Trial 1

E . E= 69.12
Ave . E . E .=

kg
kg
( 0.876 )=60.55
hr
hr

60.55+58.99+58.17+58.05
kg
=58.94
4
hr

Trial 2

kg
kg
( 0.876 )=58.99
hr
hr

kg
kg
( 0.876 )=58.17
hr
hr

E . E= 67.96

Trial 3
E . E= 67.43

Trial 4

E . E= 67.5

kg
kg
( 0.860 )=58.05
hr
hr

Units of Evaporation per Hour

ms ( hshf )
Trial 1
69.12 kg
kJ
kJ

( 2709.5067134.15 ) =178 ,008.6551

hr
kg
hr

Trial 2
67.96 kg
kJ
kJ

( 2738.6218138.33 ) =176,715.8307
hr
kg
hr
Trial 3
67.43 kg
kJ
kJ

( 2759.1989140.415 ) =176,584.5984
hr
kg
hr
Trial 4
67.50 kg
kJ
kJ

( 2768.1902142.50 ) =177,234.0885
hr
kg
hr
Ave=177,135.7932 kJ /kg

Actual Specific Evaporation

Ave ms=68.0175 kg/hr
Ave mf=5.1543 kg/hr
Actual Specific Evaporation=

ms 68.0175 kgsteam /hr

kgsteam
=
=13.1963
mf
5.1543 kgfuel /hr
kgfuel

Equivalent Specific Evaporation

ms
kgsteam
kgsteam
F . E .=13.1963
0.867=11.4412
mf
kgfuel
kgfuel

Cost of Fuel for 1000 kg actual evaporation

steamkg fuel
100 0 kg
=75.7788 kg fuel
13.1963 kg steam
Cost =

P 33.44
75.7788 kg fuel=P2,534.04
kg fuel

Cost of Fuel for 1000 kg equivalent evaporation

steamkg fuel
1000 kg
=87.4034 kg fuel
11.4412 kg steam
Cost =

P 33.44
87.4034 kg fuel=P 2,922.77
kg fuel

Graph 7.1 TS Diagram Trial 1

s1 (interpolated)=7.3260 kJ/kg-K
s1=s2, sg@p2=8.4127 kJ/kg-K, wet mixture
s2=sf+xsfg
7.3260=0.4644 + x (7.9483) , x=86.33

Graph 7.2 TS Diagram Trial 2

s1 (interpolated)=7.1222 kJ/kg-K
s1=s2, sg@p2=8.3927kJ/kg-K, wet mixture
s2=sf+xsfg
7.1222=0.4781+ x (7.9146) , x=83.95

Graph 7.3 TS Diagram Trial 3

s1 (interpolated)=7.0062 kJ/kg-K
s1=s2, sg@p2=8.3828 kJ/kg-K, wet mixture
s2=sf+xsfg

7.0062=0.4849+ x (7.8979) , x=82.57

Graph
Trial 4

7.4 TS Diagram

s1

(interpolated)=7.0326 kJ/kg-K
s1=s2, sg@p2=8.3728 kJ/kg-K, wet mixture
s2=sf+xsfg
7.0326=0.4917+ x (7.8811), x=82.99

ave . quality x=

(86.33+ 83.95+82.57+82.99)
=83.96
4

Pressre Vs Temperature

Temperature, C

325
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0

Saturation Temperature,
C
Steam Temperature, C
Flue Gas Temperature, C
Fuel Temperature, C
Feedwater Temperature, C
Wet Bulb Temperature, C
Dry Bulb Temeprature, C

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Pressure, psi

Graph 7.6 Pressure Vs Various Gathered Temperature

The graph shows the saturation, steam, flue gas, fuel, feed water, wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures
taken at the pressure at every trial. It can be seen that the fuel, feed water, wet bulb and dry bulb
temperatures are almost equal and constant which is perfectly normal because they are not from the inside
of the boiler. The steam temperature is higher than saturation temperature at a given pressure because of
superheating the steam. The flue gas temperature is the highest temperature because it is the aftermath of
combustion.
8. Conclusion and Recommendation:

9. Assessment Rubric:
T I P - V PAA 0 5 4 D
Revision Status/Date:0/2009 September 09

CRITERIA
Laboratory Skills
Manipulative Skills

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

RUBRIC FOR LABORATORY PERFORMANCE
BEGINNER
ACCEPTABLE
PROFICIENT
1
2
3
Members do not
demonstrate needed
skills.

Members
occasionally
demonstrate needed
skills.
Members are able to
set-up the materials
with supervision.

Experimental Set-up

Members are unable

to set-up the
materials.

Process Skills

Members do not
Members
demonstrate targeted occasionally
process skills.
demonstrate
targeted process
skills.
Members do not
Members follow
follow safety
safety precautions
precautions.
most of the time.

Safety Precautions

Work Habits
Time
Members do not
Management/Conduct finish on time with
of Experiment
incomplete data.
Cooperative and
Teamwork

Members do not
know their tasks and
have no defined
responsibilities.
Group conflicts have

Members finish on
time with incomplete
data.
Members have
defined
responsibilities most
of the time. Group
conflicts are

Members always
demonstrate needed
skills.
Members are able to
set-up the material
with minimum
supervision.
Members always
demonstrate
targeted process
skills.
Members follow
safety precautions at
all times.
Members finish
ahead of time with
complete data and
time to revise data.
Members are on
tasks and have
responsibilities at all
times. Group
conflicts are

SCORE

to be settled by the
teacher.
Neatness and
Orderliness

Messy workplace
during and after the
experiment.

Ability to do
independent work

Members require
supervision by the
teacher.

cooperatively
managed most of
the time.
Clean and orderly
workplace with
occasional mess
during and after the
experiment.
Members require
occasional
supervision by the
teacher.

cooperatively
managed at all
times.
Clean and orderly
workplace at all
times during and
after the experiment.
Members do not
need to be
supervised by the
teacher.

Other Comments/Observations:

TOTAL SCORE
RATING=

x
100%