National Junior College Mathematics Department 2016

National Junior College

2016 2017 H2 Mathematics
Power Series

Tutorial Solutions

Basic Mastery Questions

2 3 2 x 2 2 2 3 4 2 x 2 3 ...
1
(1 2 x 2 ) 2 1 2 2 x 2


2 2
2!
3!
1(a) (1 2 x )
1 4 x 2 12 x 4 32 x 6 (ascending powers of x)
2

2x2 1 x

1
2

For the expansion to be valid,

(Note:
1
1
2
2

x
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2 x 2 1 2
2 2
(1 2 x )
2x

x2 x x2

2 3 1
2 3 4 1
1
2 x 1 2

2
2
2
2! 2 x
3!
2x
2x

1
1
3
1
x 4 x 6 x 8 x 10 (descending powers of x)
4
4
16
8
2 2

...

1
1
1
2
1 x x2
2
2
2
For the expansion to be valid, 2 x
1
1
2
2
x
or x
x
or x
2
2
2
2

1(b)

1
x

(2) 3 1
3
( x 2)
2

3 4 x 3 4 5 x

x
1 3

2!
3!
2

2
2

3
3
5
1
1 x x 2 x3
2
2
4
8
1 3
3
5
x x 2 x3 (ascending powers of x)
8 16
16
32

1

8

For the expansion to be valid,

Power Series

...

x
1 x 2
2
, [or 2 x 2 ].

National Junior College Mathematics Department 2016

1
2
3
x 1
3
( x 2)
x

3 4 5 2

2 3 4 2
1 3

2!
3!
x

x
x

6 24 80
1

3 1 2
x x x3
x
1 6 24 80
3 4 5 6 (descending powers of x)
x
x
x
x
1
3
x

...

2
1 x 2
For the expansion to be valid, x
, [or x 2 or x 2 ].
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.

x 2 x3
...
2 3
(a) Given that
,
2
By substituting x with 2x , we get:
ln 1 x x

2 x

2 2

ln 1 2 x 2 2 x 2

1 2 x 2 1

(b) f(x) =

L 2 x 2 2 x 4

1
1
x
2
2

ln 1 2x 2

1
4 x
4 x 1 2 x 2
2
f' (x) = 1 2 x
1
2
1
2
2
4 1 2 x 2 4 x 1 1 2 x 2 4 1 2 x 2 16 x 2 1 2 x 2

f'' (x) =
f''' (x)

4 1 2x2

4 x 32 x 1 2 x 2

48 x 1 2 x 2

128 x 3 1 2 x 2

16 x 2 2 4 x 1 2 x 2

f 4 x 48 1 2 x 2

48 x 2 4 x 1 2 x 2

= 48 1 2 x 2

768 x 2 1 2 x 2

384 x 2 1 2 x 2

1536 x 4 1 2 x 2

128 x 3 3 4 x 1 2 x 2

f4 0
f(0) = 0, f' (0) = 0, f'' (0) = 4 , f''' (0) = 0, = 48

ln 1 2x 2

4 x 2 48 x 4 2 x 2 2 x 4
2

4!

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Power Series

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3.

Since x is small,
x sin x
cos 2 x
(a)
x x

2x

x 1 2 x2
2

x 2 1 1 2 x 2
x 2 1 2 x 2
x2

3.

(b)

3 is NOT small.

Note that

x tan x
3

tan x tan 3
x

1 tan x tan
3

tan x 3
x

1 3 tan x

x tan x 3x 1 3 tan x
x x 3x 1 3 x
x 2 3x 1 3x 3 x 2

3x 4 x 2

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Practice Questions
Power Series

National Junior College Mathematics Department 2016

1.

1
1

1 y 2
1 y

1
3

1
2
2
y
2
2!

1
3
5
1 y y 2 y3
2
8
16

2
2

2
3!

5
2

...

1
3
5
1 ( x x 2 ) ( x x 2 )2 ( x x 2 )3 ...
2
8
16
1 x x2
1
1
3
3
5
1 x x 2 x 2 x3 x3 ...
2
2
8
4
16
1
1
7
1 x x 2 x3
(Shown)
2
8
16
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
2 2

2.

3 x

x 2 2
(3) 1
3

1
2

3 1

1
1
1

2
2 2

1
x
2
2 x 2

2 3
2! 3

1

2
3!

2 x2

3

...

1 3
2 2 2 1 3
3

3

3!

3 432

Coefficient of x6 =
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------x3 x 1
x2

( x 2 1)( x 1)
( x 1)( x 1) 2
3.
x2
A
B
C

2
x 1 x 1 ( x 1) 2
Let ( x 1)( x 1)
1
1
1
1
A

2
(1 1)
4
1 1
2
By cover-up rule,

1
1
x 2 ( x 1) 2 B( x 1)( x 1) ( x 1)
4
2
Thus,
1
3
B 1 B
4
Comparing coefficients, 4

x3 x 1
1
3
1
1

2
( x 1)( x 1)
4( x 1) 4( x 1) 2( x 1) 2

Power Series

National Junior College Mathematics Department 2016

f x

x3 x 1
x 2 1 x 1

1
3
1
1 (1 x ) 1 (1 x ) 1 (1 x) -2
4
4
2
1
3
1 1 x x 2 x3 ... 1 x x 2 x 3 ...
4
4
1
(2)(3) 2 ( 2)( 3)( 4) 3
1 2x
( x)
( x) ...
2
2!
3!

1
3
1
1 1 x x 2 x3 ... 1 x x 2 x 3 ... 1 2 x 3 x 2 4 x 3 ...
4
4
2
2
3
1 x x
2005
Term containing x
1 2005 3
1
1 3

x x 2005 2006 x 2005 1003 x 2005 1002 x 2005

4
2
4 4

= 4

Coefficient of x 2005 1002

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4(i) 8 x

1
3

1
3

x 3
8 1
8

1 1

1 x
1 x
2 1 3 3

3 8
2!
8

1
1 2

2 1 x
x L
24
576

1
1 2
2 x
x
12
288

The expansion is valid for 8 x 8 .

1

1
1
2
1 1 L
12
288
599

288

(ii) 8 1 3 2
1

9 3
1

27 3 599

288
3
3 599

3
3 288
864
3
3
599

1
(iii) The substitution x 5 will not give a better approximation since
is less than 5.

Power Series

National Junior College Mathematics Department 2016

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 x2
1
1 x2 1 4x 2
1 4x
5(i)

1 x

1 4x
1
2

12 32

1 x2 1 2 x 6 x2 K

2!

4 x 2 K

1 2x 6x2 x2 K
1 2x 7x2

5(ii)
5(iii)

4x 1 x

1
1
1
x
4
4
4.

For the expansion to be valid,

1 x2
y
1 2 x 7 x2 K
1 4x
dy
2 14 x K
dx
dy
2 14 0 K 2
When x = 0, dx
(All other terms contain x, and hence will be 0.)
y=1
Thus, y 1 = 2(x 0) y = 1 2x

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.

(i)

f(x) = ecos x,
f' (x) = (sin x) ecos x
f'' (x) = cos x ecos x + (sin x)2 ecos x
f(0) = e, f' (0) = 0, f'' (0) = e

(ii)

e
e
f(x) = ecos x e + 0x + 2 x2 = e 2 x2
1
1
1
b 2
b 2

1
a 1 x
1 x
a
a = a
a bx 2 =

1
a

b 2
1 2 x

a
b 2

1 1 x
...

2!
a

1 b 2
2 x ...
a
a
=

Power Series

National Junior College Mathematics Department 2016

1
b
e
1
1
2
Comparing a = e and a = 2 . Hence a = e , b = 2e

7.

1
y e x sin x cos x e x sin 2 x
2
Differentiate w.r.t x ,
dy 1 x
e sin 2 x e x cos 2 x y e x cos 2 x
dx 2

--- (1)

Differentiate (1) w.r.t x ,

d 2 y dy x

e cos 2 x 2e x sin 2 x
2
dx
dx

d 2 y dy dy
dy

y 4 y 2
5y
2
dx dx
dx
dx
(shown)

d3 y
d2 y
dy

2
5
3
2
dx
dx
Differentiate w.r.t x , dx

dy
1
When x 0 , y 0 , dx
,
2
3
d y
d y
2
1
2
3
dx
, dx
,
e x sin x cos x 0 x

From (1),

2 2 1 3
x
x L
2!
3!

x x2

d
1 3
dy
2
y
x x x
6
dx
= dx
1
1 2x x2 x x2
2
3 2
1 x x
2

e x cos 2 x

1 3
x
6

x x 2

1 3
x
6

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.

(i)

y ln 1 sin x

e y 1 sin x

Diff wrt x, we have

(ii)

Power Series

ey

dy
cos x
dx

Diff wrt x again, we have

National Junior College Mathematics Department 2016

2

d2 y
dy
e e y 2 sin x
dx
dx
Diff wrt x again, we have
3
2
2
3
d y d y y dy d y
y dy
y d y
e 2e y

e
cos x

2
2
dx 3
dx
d x dx dx d x
3
2
2
3
dy
y d y d y y dy d y
y dy
y d y
e 2e
e
e
e y
2
2
3
dx
dx
dx
d x dx dx d x
y

d 2 y dy d y
d3 y
dy

3
0

3
2
dx
dx
dx dx d x
When x = 0,
dy
d2 y
d3 y
y 0,
1,

1,
1
dx
dx 2
dx 3
1
1
y 0 1x x 2 x3 L
2!
3!
1
1
y x x 2 x3 L
2
6
1
1
ln(1 sin x) x x 2 x 3
2
6
i.e.

[Hence]
Diff wrt to x, we have
cos x
1
1 x x2 L
1 sin x
2

x2
cos x
x 2
1
1
1 1 x 1 1 x x 2 L 1 x x 2
1 sin x
2
2

2
[Otherwise]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9(a).

sin x 1
sin x 1

1
1

cos x
sin x
cos x
4
2
2

Power Series

National Junior College Mathematics Department 2016

2 sin x 1
cos x sin x

2 sin x 1 cos x sin x

x 2
2 x 1 1 x
2

3 x 2
2 x 1 1 x
2

3 x 2
2 x x2 1 x
2

5 x 2
2 1 2 x
2

9(b)

1 sin

(shown)

2 x cos 3x

1 2x 1

3x

9 x 2
1 4 x2 1

9x2
1
4x2
2
17
1 x2
2

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
(1st
par
t)

f ( x) e x

1 2x

1 1

1 1 3

1
2 2
2 2 2
1 x 2 L 1 (2 x)
(2 x) 2
(2 x)3 L
2
2!
2!

1
1

1 x 2 L 1 x x 2 x3 L
2
2

1
1

1 x x 2 x3 L x 2 x 3 L
2
2

1
3
1 x x 2 x3
2
2

Power Series

National Junior College Mathematics Department 2016

10(
a)

1
x ,
3
When
1

e3

1 1 1 3 1
1
1 2 1
3 2 3 2 3
3
1

e9
1

135e 9 9

5
1 1
1
3
3 2

1
3 1

3
2 3

13
9

5 19
13
e 9 13
3
9

10(b)

Alternative method:

9 2
x L
2
9
f ' x 1 x x 2 L ,
2
Using
2
ex
x2
f ( x ) 2 xe 1 2 x
1 2x
f ' x 1 x

ex
1 2x
ex

f ( x ) 2 x f ( x )

1 2x 1 2x

1
3

1 x x2 x3 L 1 2x 4x 2 L
2
2

1
1 2 x 4 x2 x 2 x2 x2
2
5
1 x x2
2

ex
1 2x

ex
1 2x
f ( x) 2 x f ( x)

d
1 2 3 3

1 x x x L
dx
2
2

1
3

2 x 1 x x 2 x 3 L
2
2

1 x x2 L 2x 2x2 L
2

5
1 x x2
2

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Further Practice Questions

1.

y e2 x cos x

Power Series

10

National Junior College Mathematics Department 2016

dy
e 2 x sin x 2e 2 x cos x
dx
2 y e2 x sin x
d2 y
dy
2 e 2 x cos x 2e 2 x sin x
2
dx
dx
dy
2 y 2e 2 x sin x
dx
dy
=2 y 2e 2 x sin x 4 y 4 y
dx
dy
4 5 y shown
dx

d3 y
d2 y
dy

4
5
3
2
dx
dx
dx
When x 0,

y 1
dy
2
dx
d2 y
3
dx 2
d3 y
2
dx 3
By Maclaurins Expansion,
3
2
y 1 2 x x 2 x3 L
2!
3!
3 2 1 3
1 2x x x L
2
3
3 1

3
2
1 kx 1 kx 2 2 kx L
2
2!
3
3 2 2
1 kx k x L
2
8
Since the third terms are both equal,
3
2

Power Series

11

National Junior College Mathematics Department 2016

3 3 2
k
2 8
k2 4
k 2
k 2 since k 0
3

f x 1 2x 2
1
3
2 1 2x 2
2
3 1 2x

f x

0 for all x
Since

1
2

f x 0 for all x

1
2,

1
2.
f is strictly increasing for all
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------x

2. Since

0 x 1

1
1
x2

1
x2

1
1 x2
2
x

1
1
2 2
1 x
x

1 1

1 2
2
2
1 x
x
2
2

1 x x3
...
x 2 8
1

Putting

1
6 ,

Q 0 x 1

2 2
x

...

1 1

x2 x

1 36 6

1
6 6

...

6.083 (3 d.p.)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3(i)
Power Series

12

National Junior College Mathematics Department 2016

R ABC
3
3
Using Sine rule,
1
BC

2

sin
sin
3
3
2
sin
3
BC

sin

3
2
sin
3

cos cos sin

3
3
3
2

3
1
cos sin
2
2
3

[Shown]
3 cos sin
sin

3(ii)

Power Series

13

National Junior College Mathematics Department 2016

Since is a sufficiently small angle,

BC

3
2
1
2

3
3 2
3

2

3 2
3

2

2
1

3 2

2
1

3 2

2
1 2 2
1 1

2!
3 2
3 2

......

2
2
1

......
3 2
3 2
2 2
1
......
3
3 2
5 2
1
,
3 6
5
where p
6
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4(i)

Power Series

14

National Junior College Mathematics Department 2016

Method 1

y ln sin x
4

e y sin x
4
Differentiate wrt x,
d
y

cos x
dx
4
Differentiate wrt x,

ey

d2 y
y
d

e
e y sin

x e y
2
dx
d
x
4

2
d 2 y dy

ey

1
0

dx 2 dx

d 2 y dy
2 1 0 Q e y 0 (shown)
dx dx
Method 2

y ln sin x
4

cos x
d
y
4 cot x

dx

4
sin x
4
d2 y

cosec 2 x
2
dx
4

1 cot 2 x
4

dy
1
dx
2

d 2 y dy
2 1 0 (shown)
dx dx

4(ii)

Power Series

15

National Junior College Mathematics Department 2016

Differentiate wrt x,
d3 y
dy
2
3
dx
dx
When x 0,

d 2 y
0

2
dx

1
1

y ln sin ln
ln 2

2
4
2

1 dy
1
dy

1
dx
2 dx
2
d2 y
d2 y
2

dx 2
dx 2
d3 y
d3 y

2
1

4

dx 3
dx 3
1
x2
x3
y ln 2 x 2
4 ...
2
2
3!
1
2
ln 2 x x 2 x3 ... ---(a)
2
3
4(iii)
Method 1
1 ax n
ln

1
ln 2 n ln 1 ax
2
2

ax

1
ln 2 n ax
...

2
2

1
a2n 2
ln 2 anx
x ... ---(b)
2
2
Compare coefficients of series (a) & (b),
an 1
--- (1)
a2n

1 --- (2)
2
Substitute (1) into (2),

a
1
2

a2 & n

1
2

Method 2
Power Series

16

National Junior College Mathematics Department 2016

1 ax n
ln

1
n
ln 2 ln 1 ax
2
1
n(n 1)
2

ln 2 ln 1 nax
ax ...
2
2

nax

n(n 1)
2
ax
2
...
2

1
n(n 1)
2
ln 2 nax
ax
2
2
1
n(n 1)a 2 2 n 2 a 2 2
ln 2 nax
x
x ...
2
2
2

---(b)

Compare coefficients of series (a) & (b),

an 1

--- (1)

n(n 1) a 2 n 2 a 2

1
2
2
a2n

=1 --- (2)
2
Substitute (1) into (2),
a
1
2
a2 & n

1
2

4(iv)
d
2
d 1

ln sin x ln 2 x x 2 x 3 ...

dx
d x 2
3
4

cot x 1 2 x 2 x 2 ...
4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Challenging Questions

Power Series

17

National Junior College Mathematics Department 2016

1.

a b

1
2

a b

1
2

1
2

b 2 12
b
a 1 a 1
a

1
2

1 1

1 1 3


2
3

1 b 2 2 b
2 2 2 b K
a 1

2a
2 a
3!
a

1 1
1 1 3

2
1

1 b
2 2
2 2 2 b
b

2
a 1


2 a
2
3!
a
a

1
b b3
a 2 3
(shown)
a 8a
1
2

We note that

1
5 3
5 3

2
5 3
5 3
1

Let a 4, b 1 , we have

1
1
129

3
4
8

4
512

5 3 42

129
129
1
5 3
512

2
2
512
5 3
2

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.

f(x) = e

sin x

x3
...
3!

x3
x3
x 3
x

3!
3!
3!

x 3

1 x

3!
2!
3!
4!

x3 1
2 x 4
x3 x 4
1 x x 2 ...
6 2
6
6 24
1 x

...

x2 x4

2 8

esin( x ) esin x cos cos x sin e sin x esin( x )

x2 x4
1 x
2 8 [Replace x by x]

Power Series

18

National Junior College Mathematics Department 2016

dy
2
y 1
(i) dx
Differentiating with respect to x,
4

d2 y
dy
2( y 1)
2
dx
dx

d2 y
dy
( y 1) (1)
2
dx
dx
2

d3 y
d 2 y dy dy
d 2 y dy
2 3 ( y 1) 2
( y 1) 2 (2)
dx
dx
dx dx
dx
dx
Sub x = 0, y 1 ,
d 4 y dy d 2 y
d3 y
dy d 2 y
2 4

(
y

1)

2
dx
dx dx 2
dx 3
dx dx 2
dy
dy
2
4 1 1
1
dx
dx
d2 y
d2 y
2 2 (1 1)1 2 2 1
dx
dx
3
d y
d3 y 3
2 3 (1 1)1 12 3
dx
dx
2
4
4
d y
3
d y
2 4 1 (1 1) 2 4 3
dx
2
dx
Using the Maclaurin Theorem,
x 2 3 x3 3x 4
x2 x3 x 4
1 x

... 1 x ...
2! 2 3! 4!
2 4 8
g(x) =
=

x2 x3 x4
x2 x4
g( x ) f ( x ) 1 x ... 1 x ...

2
4
8
2
8

x3 x4

(ii)

(iii)

x3 x 4
0
4
As x 0 ,
.
y

g(
x) is close to the graph of y f ( x) OR the
When x is close 0, the graph of
graph of y= g( x) is a good approximation to the graph of y= f ( x) .
g( x) f ( x)

k
k

1 x 4 x 5
x3 x 4
dx

4
5
4 4

k5

10

k
Estimated error =
k5
102
5
1
10
k 10 k 0.631 0 k 0.631 .

Power Series

19

National Junior College Mathematics Department 2016

Power Series

20