CIVL2611 Introductory Fluid Mechanics

CIVL9611 Introductory Fluid Mechanics

Tutorial 3 Solutions

Question 1:

Hinge

Surface
1m
Water

3m
Gate
Latch

For a semi circle,

yC =

4R
3

where yC is measured from the diameter. From the water surface,

hC = 0.5 + yC = 0.5 +

4 1
= 0.924 m
3

The resultant force is then calculated as

FR = ghC A = 998 9.81 0.924

R2
2

= 14.21 kN

The resultant force acts at

hR = hC +

I xC
hC A

For a semi circle,

I xC = 0.1098R 4 = 0.1098 m 4 .

Thus,

hR = 0.924 +

0.1098
= 1.0 m
0.924 12 2

In an equilibrium state, the sum of moments about the hinge is zero. That is,

Surface
Hinge

hC

hR

yC

yR
R=1m
FR

Latch

FL

M = F

y R FL R = 0

Thus the reaction force from the latch (in the direction shown above) is obtained as

FL =

FR (hR 0.5) 14.21 (1.0 0.5)

=
= 7.1 kN
R
1

The force on the latch is in the opposite direction and of the same magnitude.
Question 2:
Surface

hR
Water

hC

Gate

Gate
0.6 m

1m

Axle

0.4 m

1m

(a) The resultant force on the gate is calculated as

FR = ghC A

where
0.6 + 0.4
= h + 0.5
2
A = 11 = 1 m 2

hC = h +

Thus,
FR = 998 9.81 (h + 0.5) 1 = 9790 (h + 0.5) N

The force acts at

2

hR = hC +

I xC
hC A

where
I xc =

1 4
1 3 1
m
ba = 1 13 =
12
12
12

Therefore,
hR = (h + 0.5) +

1 12
1
= (h + 0.5) +
(h + 0.5) 1
12(h + 0.5)

The gate will open if

hR < h + 0.6
That is,

(h + 0.5) +

1
< h + 0.6
12(h + 0.5)

From the above we have

h > 0.333 m

(b) When h = 0,

Surface
Axle
hR

hC

0.6 m
0.4 m

FR

FS

FR = 9790 (0 + 0.5) = 4895 N

The force acts at

hR = (0 + 0.5) +

1
= 0.6667 m
12(0 + 0.5)

The balance of moments about the axle is given as

M = F (h
R

0.6 ) FS 0.4 = 0

Thus,

FR (hR 0.6 ) 4895 (0.6667 0.6 )

=
= 816 N
0.4
0.4
The force on the stop is in the opposite direction to FS but of the same magnitude.
FS =

Question 3:

Cable

1.5 m

Gate

Water

60o
Hinge
The width of the gate is 1 m.

sin 60 o =

1.5

= 1.7321 m

Pressure force is calculated from

FR = ghC A

where hC is the vertical depth to the centroid of the submerged part of the gate. Since the
water depth is 1.5 m,
hC = 0.75 m

The submerged surface area is A = l w = 1.7321 m2. Thus,

FR = 998 9.81 0.75 1.7321 = 12.7 kN

The resultant force acts at
y R = yC +

I xC
yC A

where yR and yC are measured along the gate from the water surface (see the sketch below).
T
hC
yC

FR

yR
Hinge

Mg

2m

Since
sin 60 o =

hC
yC

yC =
4

0.75
= 0.866 m
sin 60 o

For the rectangular submerged surface,

I xC =

1
1
w 3 = 1 1.73213 = 0.4315 m 4 .
12
12

Thus,
y R = yC +

I xC
0.4315
= 0.866 +
= 1.154 m
yC A
0.866 1.7321

In an equilibrium state, the sum of moments about the hinge is zero. That is,

M = T 2 sin 60

Mg 1 cos 60 o FR ( y R ) = 0

From the above equation, the tension in the cable is obtained as

T=

300 9.81 1 cos 60 o + 12.7 103 (1.7321 1.154 )

= 5.09 kN
2 sin 60 o

Question 4:
O
Oil

Water

h1 = 1 m

FR1
FR2

h2 = 2 m

FR3
4m

Consider the right side wall of the tank. Three pressure prisms can be drawn as shown above:
(1) A triangle (the upper one) due to hydrostatic pressure of the oil layer. The resultant
force is FR1.
(2) A rectangle (lower right) due to hydrostatic pressure of the oil layer acting over the
water layer. The resultant force is FR2.
(3) A triangle (lower left) due to hydrostatic pressure of the water layer. The resultant
force is FR3.
The components of the resultant force are calculated from the pressure prisms as follows:

FR 2

1
( oil h1 )A1 = 1 0.8 9.81 103 1 (1 2) = 7.85 kN
2
2
= ( oil h1 )A2 = 0.8 9.81 103 1 (2 2 ) = 31.39 kN

FR1 =

FR 3 =

1
( water h2 )A2 = 1 9.81 103 2 (2 2) = 39.24 kN
2
2

Thus, the total resultant force acting on the side wall is

5

FR = FR1 + FR 2 + FR 3 = 7.85 + 31.39 + 39.24 = 78.48 kN

To locate FR, sum moments about the axis through O so that

FR d R = FR1d1 + FR 2 d 2 + FR 3 d 3

where dR, d1, d2 and d3 are the distances to the respective resultant forces measured from O.
Since FR1, FR2 and FR3 act through the centroids of their respective pressure prisms, it follows
that

d1 =

2
7
m, d 2 = 2 m, d 3 = m
3
3

From the above equation of moment balance we have

F d + FR 2 d 2 + FR 3 d 3
d R = R1 1
FR
2
7
+ 31.39 2 + 39.24
3
3 = 2.033 m
=
78.48
That is, the resultant force FR = 78.48 kN acts at 2.033 m below the oil free surface.
7.85