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ROM A N S
AUTHOR: All critical schools agree on the Pauline authorship of this foundational book.
The vocabulary, style, logic, and theological development are consistent with Pauls
other epistles. He wrote Romans in a.d. 57, near the end of his third missionary journey,
evidently during his three-month stay in Greece (Acts 20:36), more specifically, in
Corinth. The church in Rome was well known (Rom. 1:8), and it had been established
for several years by the time of this letter. The believers were probably numerous, and
evidently they met in several places (16:116). The historian Tacitus even referred to the
Christians who were persecuted there under Nero in a.d. 64 as an immense multitude,
as the gospel filled the gap left by the practically defunct polytheism of Roman religion.
TIME: c. a.d. 57 KEY VERSES: Rom. 1:1617
THEME: Most scholars think that Paul probably wrote this letter from Corinth, shortly
before going to Jerusalem with the relief funds for the believers there. At this point in
his life and ministry, his theology has been fully developed through years of study and
interaction with people as he preached the gospel. Romans systematically explains what
Christ did, why He did it, and what has happened as a result. It speaks to what we are
as humans and how God has interacted with us through Christ. It lays out Gods plan
for the world, clarifying what has happened and is still happening in biblical history. In
this way, Paul forces us to deal with all the false versions of reality inspired by our fallen
human nature as opposed to Gods gracious, sustaining plan.
Greeting
Paul, a bondservant of Jesus Christ,
called to be an apostle, separated to
the gospel of God 2 which He promised
before through His prophets in the Holy
Scriptures, 3concerning His Son Jesus
Christ our Lord, who was born of the
seed of David according to the flesh,
4 and declared to be the Son of God with
power according to the Spirit of holi
ness, by the resurrection from the dead.
5T hrough Him we have received grace
and apostleship for obedience to the
faith among all nations for His name,
6among whom you also are the called of
Jesus Christ;
7To all who are in Rome, beloved of
God, called to be saints:
Grace to you and peace from God our
Father and the Lord J esus Christ.
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Romans 1, 2
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Romans 1, 2
1:29aNUText omits sexual immorality. 1:31aNUText omits unforgiving. 2:6aPsalm 62:12; Proverbs 24:12
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Romans 2, 3
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Romans 2, 3
2:17aNUText reads But if. 2:24aIsaiah 52:5; Ezekiel 36:22 3:4aPsalm 51:4 3:12aPsalms 14:13; 53:13;
Ecclesiastes 7:20 3:13aPsalm 5:9 bPsalm 140:3 3:14aPsalm 10:7 3:17aIsaiah 59:7, 8 3:18aPsalm 36:1
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Romans 3, 4
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Romans 3, 4
tified in His sight, for by the law is the his faith is accounted for righteousness,
6 just as David also describes the bless
knowledge of sin.
edness of the man to whom God imputes
Gods Righteousness Through Faith
righteousness apart from works:
21But now the righteousness of God
7 Blessed are those whose lawless
apart from the law is revealed, being
deeds are forgiven,
witnessed by the Law and the Proph
And whose sins are covered;
22
ets, even the righteousness of God, 8 Blessed is the man to whom the Lord
through faith in J esus Christ, to all and
shall not impute sin.a
on alla who believe. For there is no differ
ence; 23for all have sinned and fall short Abraham Justified Before
of the glory of God, 24being justified Circumcision
freely by His grace through the redemp
9Does this blessedness then come
tion that is in Christ Jesus, 25 whom God upon the circumcised only, or upon the
set forth as a propitiation by His blood, uncircumcised also? For we say that
through faith, to demonstrate His righ faith was accounted to Abraham for righ
teousness, because in His forbearance teousness. 10How then was it accounted?
God had passed over the sins that were While he was circumcised, or uncircum
previously committed, 26to demonstrate cised? Not while circumcised, but while
at the present time His righteousness, uncircumcised. 11 And he received the
that He might be just and the justifier of sign of circumcision, a seal of the righ
the one who has faith in Jesus.
teousness of the faith which he had while
still uncircumcised, that he might be the
Boasting Excluded
father of all those who believe, though
27W here is boasting then? It is exclud
they are uncircumcised, that righteous
ed. By what law? Of works? No, but by the ness might be imputed to them also,
law of faith. 28Therefore we conclude that 12and the father of circumcision to those
a man is justified by faith apart from the who not only are of the circumcision, but
deeds of the law. 29Or is He the God of the who also walk in the steps of the faith
Jews only? Is He not also the God of the which our father Abraham had while still
Gentiles? Yes, of the Gentiles also, 30since uncircumcised.
there is one God who will justify the cir
cumcised by faith and the uncircum ThePromise Granted Through Faith
13For the promise that he would be
cised through faith. 31Do we then make
void the law through faith? Certainly not! the heir of the world was not to Abra
On the contrary, we establish the law.
ham or to his seed through the law, but
through the righteousness of faith. 14For
Abraham Justified by Faith
if those who are of the law are heirs, faith
W hat then shall we say that Abraham is made void and the promise made of
our father has found according to the no effect, 15because the law brings about
flesh?a 2For if Abraham was justified by wrath; for where there is no law there is
works, he has something to boast about, no transgression.
16T herefore it is of faith that it might
but not before God. 3For what does the
Scripture say? Abraham believed God, be according to grace, so that the prom
and it was accounted to him for righ ise might be sure to all the seed, not only
teousness.a 4 Now to him who works, to those who are of the law, but also to
the wages are not counted as grace but those who are of the faith of Abraham,
as debt.
who is the father of us all 17(as it is writ
ten, I have made you a father of many
David Celebrates theSame Truth
nationsa) in the presence of Him whom
5But to him who does not work but be he believedG od, who gives life to the
lieves on Him who justifies the ungodly, dead and calls those things which do not
3:22aNUText omits and on all. 4:1aOr Abraham our (fore)father according to the flesh has found?
4:3aGenesis 15:6 4:8aPsalm 32:1, 2 4:17aGenesis 17:5
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Romans 46
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Romans 46
4:18aGenesis 15:5 4:22aGenesis 15:6 5:1aAnother ancient reading is, let us have peace.
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Romans 6, 7
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3Or
Romans 6, 7
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Romans 7, 8
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9I
Romans 7, 8
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Romans 8, 9
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Romans 8, 9
8:26aNUText omits for us. 8:36aPsalm 44:22 9:3aOr relatives 9:7aGenesis 21:12 9:9aGenesis 18:10, 14
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Romans 9, 10
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Romans 9, 10
27Isaiah
10
9:12aGenesis 25:23 9:13aMalachi 1:2, 3 9:15aExodus 33:19 9:17aExodus 9:16 9:25aHosea 2:23
9:26aHosea 1:10 9:27aIsaiah 10:22, 23 9:28aNUText reads For the Lord will finish the work and cut it
short upon the earth. 9:29aLiterally, in Hebrew, Hosts bIsaiah 1:9 9:31aNUText omits of righteousness.
9:32aNUText reads by works. 9:33aIsaiah 8:14; 28:16 10:1aNUText reads them. 10:5aLeviticus 18:5
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Romans 10, 11
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Romans 10, 11
20But Isaiah is very bold and says:
11
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Romans 11, 12
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Romans 11, 12
12
11:22aNUText adds of God. 11:26aOr delivered 11:27aIsaiah 59:20, 21 11:34aIsaiah 40:13; Jeremiah
23:18
11:35aJob 41:11
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Romans 1214
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Romans 1214
Submit to Government
Let every soul be subject to the gov
erning authorities. For there is no TheLaw ofLiberty
authority except from God, and the au
Receive one who is weak in the
thorities that exist are appointed by God.
faith, but not to disputes over
2T herefore whoever resists the authority doubtful things. 2 For one believes he
resists the ordinance of God, and those may eat all things, but he who is weak
13
14
12:19aDeuteronomy 32:35 12:20aProverbs 25:21, 22 13:9aNUText omits You shall not bear false
witness. bExodus 20:1315, 17; Deuteronomy 5:1719, 21 cLeviticus 19:18
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Romans 14, 15
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3Let
Romans 14, 15
15
14:6aNUText omits the rest of this sentence. 14:9aNUText omits and rose. 14:10aNUText reads of
God. 14:11aIsaiah 45:23 14:18aNUText reads this. 14:21aNUText omits or is offended or is made
weak. 14:22aNUText reads The faith which you havehave. 14:23aMText puts Romans 16:2527 here.
15:3aPsalm 69:9 1
5:7aNUText and MText read you. 15:9a2Samuel 22:50; Psalm 18:49
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Romans 15, 16
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Romans 15, 16
23 But
16
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Romans 16
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Romans 16
16:5aNUText reads Asia. 16:11aOr relative 16:16aNUText reads All the churches. 16:18aNUText and
MText omit Jesus. 16:24aNUText omits this verse. 16:27aMText puts Romans 16:2527 after Romans
14:23.
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