Content

LawsofIndices
SomePropertiesofIndices
DefinitionofLogarithms
SomePropertiesofLogarithms

MathematicsAbility

QuadraticEquations
QuadraticFormula
GeometricalInterpretation

CHENGKaiMing
DepartmentofPhysics,CUHK
TimeAllocation:6hours

Sequences
ArithmeticSequence
GeometricSequence
1

ProbabilityandStatistics

Appendix

MeasurementsofProbability
AdditionRuleofProbability
MultiplicationRuleofProbability
MeasureofCentralTendencies
MeasureofDeviations

FunctionsandInverseFunctions

LogisticFunction
SurfaceArea&VolumeofSolids

SimpleGeometry
EquationofStraightLine
EquationofParabola

SimpleTrigonometry
3

LawsofIndices
a p a q =a p + q

( ab )

a p a q = a p q

( a b )

(a ) = a
p

SomePropertiesofIndices

= a p b p

a 0 =1

a p =1 a p

= a p b p

a1 q = a
q

pq

a p q = a p
q

Proofoftheproperties

Proofoftheproperties
Toprove: a p = 1 a p

Toprove: a 0 = 1

Let a p = d .

Let a 0 = c.
Then

a p c = a p a 0 =a p

Then

a 0 =1.

a p d = a p a p = a 0 =1
a p =1 a p .

Proofoftheproperties

Proofoftheproperties

Toprove: a1 q = q a

Toprove: a p q = q a p

Let a1 q = f .
Then

a p q = ( a p ) = a p.
1 q

f q = (a

) = a

1 q q

=a

a1q = a .
q

DefinitionofLogarithms

10

ParticularCases:
log a 1 = ?

Thelogofxtothebase a,writtenaslogaxisthe
value y suchthat ay= x,i.e.,

log a 1 = 0

log a ( a m )=?

loga ( a m )=m

log a x = y a =x,
y

and

a logab =?
a logab = b

CommonLogarithm(a=10):

log10 x orsimply log x

wherea>0and a 1,
x >0.

NaturalLogarithm(a=e=2.71828):
11

loge x orsimply ln x

12

SomePropertiesofLogarithms

Toprove: log a xy = log a x +loga y

log a xy = log a x + loga y

log a ( x y )= log a x loga y

Let loga x =u and loga y =v

log a x =n loga x
n

loga x=

Proofoftheproperties

u
v
Then a = x and a = y

logb x
logb a

xy = au a v =au + v

log a xy = log a a u + v = u + v = log a x + loga y

13

Proofoftheproperties

14

Proofoftheproperties
Toprove: log a ( x y )= log a x loga y

Toprove: log a x n = n loga x

Let loga x =u

log a ( x y ) = log a x + log a (1 y )= log a x + loga y1

= log a x loga y

u
Then a = x

x n = ( a u ) =a nu
n

log a x n = log a a nu = nu =n loga x

15

16

Proofoftheproperties
Toprove: loga x=

Exercises
1.If log 212 =3.58 ,thenwhatis log2

logb x
logb a

Let loga x =u
2.Compute

u
Then a = x

1
?
24

log 51000
.
log 5100

log b a u =logb x
u log b a = logb x u =

logb x
logb a

17

18

Example(Applications)

Example(Applications)

Aradioactivesourcehashalfofitsradioactiveelements
remainedafterevery5years.Afterhowmany
yearswilltheradioactive sourcehasonetenth ofitsradioactive
elementsremained?
Let N0 betheamountofradioactiveelementsatthebeginning.
n

1
1 1
1
N 0 = N0
=
10
10 2
2
1
1
log10
= n log10 1 = 0.301n
10
2

log 5 ( D ) = 0.85 + 1.23 log5 (CX )

n =3.322

Soittakes5n =16.6yearstoremainonetenth ofitsradioactive

elements.

Foracertainchemicalreaction,oneusesagraphto
recordthedatawhereyaxisshowslog5(D)whereD isthereaction
ratewhilexaxisshowslog5(CX )whereCX isthe
concentration ofthereactantXandtheresultantgraphisa
straightline.Fromthelineonecalculatesthattheslopeofit
equalsto1.23andtheyinterceptequalsto0.85.Derivean
equationdescribing therelationship betweenthereactionrateD and
theconcentrationCX .

19

Applications

0.85+1.23log 5 ( C X )

D =5

D =0.25(C X )

1.23log5(CX )

D= 50.85 5

1.23

Slope independentofthebaseused!

20

QuadraticEquations

Logarithmisusedinthefollowingmeasurements:

Consideraquestion:

1 Strengthofearthquakes(Ritcherscale )

Thereisarectangular playground.Theperimeterofthe
playgroundis28mandtheareaofitis48m2.Whatisthedimension
(lengthandwidth)ofthisplayground?

2 Loudnessofsound(Decibel)

Letthelengthoftheplaygroundbexm.Thewidthoftheplayground
is(14x)m andtheareaofitisx(14 x)m2,whichmeans

3 Brightnessofastar(Apparentmagnitude ).
Intheabove,wearemeasuringtheintensityofthe
waves .

x (14 x)= 48

QuadraticEquation

21

QuadraticEquations

22

Exercises

Nowconsiderthequadraticequation:

Findtherootsofthefollowingquadraticequations:

x 2 14 x + 48 =0.
WecanfactorizetheLHSas

x 2 14 x + 48 = 0.

1. x2 +2x15=0
Factorization

x 2 14 x + 48 = ( x 6 )( x 8 ).

2. 9x2 6x +1=0
3. 2x2 +3x 4=0.

Therefore,x=6orx =8.Whatshouldthetruevalueof
x be?
6and8arerootsofthequadraticequation
23

24

Quadraticformula

Natureofrootsofquadraticequations

Therootsofthequadraticequationax2 + bx+ c =0
(a 0)aregivenby

Considerthequadraticequationax2 +bx + c=0

andlet = b2 4ac.

b b 2 4ac
.
2a

1. When >0,therewillbetworealroots.
2. When =0,therewillbetworepeatedrealroots
.

If b=2d,theformulareducesto

d d 2 ac
,
a

3. When <0,therewillbenorealroots.

whichisusefulespeciallywhenb isanevennumber.

25

Geometricalinterpretation

Exercises

Consider:y=ax2 +bx+c,wehavethefollowing

Findtherootsofthefollowingquadraticequations:

geometricpicturesfordifferentvaluesof :
y

26

1.2x2 +3x 4=0

2. x2 8x+16=0
O

Tworealroots(y=0)

Onerealroots(y=0)

>0

=0

3. 9x2 x+1=0.

Norealroots(y =0)

<0
27

Sequences

28

ArithmeticSequence

Whatshouldthevaluesx beinthefollowing?

Definition: Asequenceofnumbersx1, x2,..., xn issaid

tobean arithmeticsequence if

1. 20,25,30,35, x,...

x2 x1 = x3 x2 =...=xn xn1 =d .

2. 100,81, x,43,24,....
Itiseasytoseethattherearecommondifferences
betweenthesuccessivetermsinbothsequences.Forsequence1,
thecommondifferenceis5 andhencex=40.Forsequence2,the
commondifferenceis19andhencex =62.
29

1. Thevalue discalledthe commondifference ofthe

arithmeticsequence.
2. Thesequencecanthenregardedas x1,x1 + d,x1 +2d,....
30

Sequences

GeometricSequence

Whatshouldthevaluesy beinthefollowing?

Definition: Asequenceofnumbersy1, y2,..., yn issaid

tobea geometricsequence if

1. 16,24,36,54, y,...

y2 y3
y
=
= L= n = r.
y1 y2
yn1

2. 64,32, y,8,4,....
Itiseasytoseethattherearecommonratiosbetween the
successivetermsinbothsequences.Forsequence1,thecommon
ratiois3/2andhencey =81.Forsequence2,thecommonratiois
1/2 andhencey=16.

1. Thevalue r iscalledthe commonratio ofthegeometric

sequence.
2. Thesequencecanthenregardedas y1,y1r, y1r2,....

31

ButNOTeverysequenceiseither
arithmeticorgeometric!

(x =36)

2) 10,17,31, x,115...

(x =59)

3) 1,3,4,7,11,18, x,47,...

(x =29)

Probability
TheprobabilityofaneventEdescribesthelikelihoodthat
theeventwilloccur,itisanumber(denotedbyP(E))
between0and1inclusivelysuchthat

Whatshouldthevaluesx beinthefollowing?
1) 4,9,16,25, x,...

32

1. P(E)=0ifEisimpossibletooccur
2. P(E)=1ifEalwaysoccurs
3. whenP(E1)>P(E2),E1ismorelikelytooccurthanE2.

4) 8,2,24,6,40,x,56,14,... (x =10)
33

Measurementsofprobability

34

Examples

Theoreticalprobabilityofanevent
isthenumberofwaysthattheeventcanoccur,
dividedbythetotalnumberofoutcomes.
Empiricalprobability is
anestimatethataneventwillhappenbasedonhow
oftentheeventoccursaftercollectingdataor
runninganexperiment(inalargenumberoftrials).

1. Studentswhostudiedbeforeexaminationhavetheir
examinationspassedwithprobability7/8.
2. Apregnantwomangivesbirthtoaboywitha
probabilityof1/2.
3. Tothrowadice,thenumber1isfacedupwitha
probabilityof1/6.
4. P(thesunrisesfromtheeast)=1.

35

36

Additionruleofprobability

Additionruleofprobability

Therearetwoevents,withprobabilitiesp1 and p2
respectively,thatCANNOThappentogether.The
probabilitythateitherofthetwoeventshappenis p1+ p2.

Definition:Twoeventsaresaidtobe exclusiveif
thetwoeventsCANNOThappentogether.
Whichofthefollowingeventsareexclusive?

Whenthrowingadice,theprobabilityofhaving3 or
havinga rednumber is1/6+1/3=1/2.
Whathappensiftheabovequestionaskstheprobabilityof
having 4orhavingarednumber?

1. Throwadice:theeventofhavinga rednumber andthe

eventofhavinganevennumber.
2. Chooseacardfromadeck:theeventofgettingaheart
andtheeventofgettinga queen.
3. Theeventofthe sunrises andtheeventofmoonrises.

37

Multiplicationruleofprobability

38

Multiplicationruleofprobability

Therearetwoevents,withprobabilitiesp1 and p2
respectively,thattheoccurrence ofthesecondeventdoes
notdependontheoccurrenceofthefirstone.The
probabilitythatthefirsteventoccursandisfollowedby
thesecondeventis p1p2.

Definition:Twoeventsaresaidtobe independent
iftheoccurrence ofthefirsteventdoesnotaffectthe
probabilityofoccurrenceofthesecondevent,andviceversa.

Thereare3redballs,5blueballsand2purpleballsina
box.Nowagirldrawsaballfromthebox,recordsthe
colourandputtingbacktheballintothebox,anddrawsa
ballagain.Theprobabilitythatshefirstdrawsa redball
andthenablueone is 3/101/2=3/20.

1. Throwtwodiceseparately,thefirstdicegives5while
theseconddicegivesablacknumber.
2. Theeventthattodayiscloudy andtheeventthattoday
is rainy.
3. Amarriedcouplefirstgivesbirthtoa boyandthena
girl.
40

39

Measureofcentraltendencies
Givenasetofnumbersx1, x2,...,xn.Wewanttousea
value x tocharacterize"orrepresent"thesenumbers.
Thefollowingsgivedifferentwaystomeasurethecentral
tendency"ofasetofdata.
1. Mean: (x1 +x2 +...+xn)/n.
2. Median:
x
If nisodd,thenmedian: n2+1

1
If niseven,thenmedian: x n + x n
+1
2 2
2
3. Mode: thevalue(s)thatoccur(s)mostin x1,x2,..., 41
xn.

Whichofthefollowingeventsareindependent?

Measureofdeviations
Givenasetofnumbersx1, x2,...,xn.Let x bethemean
ofthenumbers.Thestandarddeviation
measurestheaveragedifferences" betweenthenumbers
andthemean.
Let s = ( x x1 ) + ( x x2) + K+ ( x xn ).
2

Then =

s
.
n
42

Measureofdeviations

SimpleGeometry

Thefollowingsgiveotherwaystomeasuretheaverage
differences(deviation)"ofasetofdata.

1. Meandeviation:

Anypointonthe2dimensioal
planecanbe
labeledby2realnumbersas(x,
y).Theorderedpair
(x,y)arethecoordinates
ofthepointinthegiven
Cartesiancoordinates
O
.

x x1 + x x2 + K+ x xn
n
2. nthtile(Supposethereare100valuesx1, x2,..., x100
inascending/descending order):
Quartile(Qm):Q1 =x25(?),
Q2=median,Q3 =x75(?)
Percentile(Pn):P10 = x10,P25 =x25 =Q1,
3. Variance: 2.

P(x,y)

43

44

EquationofStraightLine
Theequationofastraightline y
onthe2dimensioalplaneis
givenby:

EquationofParabola
y

(0, a)

m= tan =

y =mx + a
Where aisthe yintercepty
asshownand misthe
slopeoftheline.

a
b

(b,0)

y = ax 2, a >0.

y = ax 2, a < 0.

x
45

46

EquationofParabola

EquationofParabola
y

Foraparabolawithvertex
atpoint(, ):

x = by 2, b >0.

( y ) = a ( x )

x = by 2, b < 0.

( , )

y = a ( x 2 2 x+ 2)

y = ax 2 2a x + a 2 + .

Note:Theequationofatiltedparabolaismorecomplicated.
47

48

SimpleTrigonometry
Considertherightangle
triangle
ABCasshown(angle
C =90).

TrigonometricFunctions

Definitions:

a
b
, sin B = , sin C =1.
c
c
b
a a
cos A = , cos B = , cos C =0.
c
c
sin A =

Since A+ B+ C =180,
both Aand B<90.

sinA a
= , L.
cos
A b

tan A=

49

50

Appendix

Animportantidentity

FunctionsandInverseFunctions

cos 2 + sin 2 1

51

Exponential(ex)and
NaturalLogarithm(lnx)
y=ex

52

Sine(sinx)andArcsin(sin1x)

y=lnx
y=sin1x

y=sinx

/2

53

/2

54

Cosine(cosx)andArccosine
(cos1x)

Tangent(tanx)andArctangent
(tan1x)
y=tan1x

y=tanx
y=cos1x

y=cosx

/2
2

55

56

LogisticFunction

SurfaceArea&VolumeofSolids
Area=4r2

N (t)=

M rt
1 1
e
N 0

Volume=(4r3)/3

Area=2r2+2rh
N

Volume= r2h

Sphere

Area= r2+ rl

withM>N0 andr>0.

Cylinder

Volume=(r2h)/3

PopulationGrowth
57

Cone

58