Chapter-1: Dept of Ece, Mist

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Thecommunicationscapabilityofdevicesandcontinuous transparentinformationroutesare
indispensablecomponentsoffutureorientedautomationconcepts.Communicationisincreasing
rapidlyinindustrialenvironmentevenatfieldlevel.
Inanyindustrytheprocesscanberealizedthroughsensorsandcanbecontrolledthrough
actuators.Theprocessismonitoredonthecentralcontrolroombygettingsignalsthroughapair
of wires from each field device in Distributed Control Systems (DCS). With advent in
networkingconcept,thecostofwiringissavedbynetworkingthefielddevices.Butthelatest
trendiseliminationofwiresi.e.,wirelessnetworks.
Wireless sensor networks networks of small devices equipped with sensors,
microprocessorandwirelesscommunicationinterfaces.
In1994,EricssonMobilecommunications,theglobaltelecommunicationcompanybased
in Sweden, initiated a study to investigate, the feasibility of a low power, low cost ratio
interface,andtofindawaytoeliminatecablesbetweendevices.Finally,theengineersatthe
EricssonnamedthenewwirelesstechnologyasBlue toothtohonourthe10thcenturykingif
Denmark,HaraldBluetooth(940to985A.D).
The goals of blue tooth are unification and harmony as well, specifically enabling
different devices to communicate through a commonly accepted standard for wire less
connectivity.
The communications capability of devices and continuous transparent information routes
are indispensable components of future oriented automation concepts. Communication is
increasing rapidly in industrial environment even at field level. In any industry the process can
be realized through sensors and can be controlled through actuators. The process is monitored on
the central control room by getting signals through a pair of wires from each field device in
Distributed Control Systems (DCS). With advent in networking concept, the cost of wiring is
saved by networking the field devices. But the latest trend is elimination of wires i.e., wireless
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networks. Wireless sensor networks - networks of small devices equipped with sensors,
microprocessor and wireless communication interfaces .
In the vision of ubiquitous computing, every-day objects are augmented with

computation and communication
artifacts retain their
capabilities in order to
make them smart. While such
original use and appearance, their augmentation can seamlessly enhance
and extend their usage, opening up novel interaction patterns and applications. The goal of
the Smart-Its project is to add smartness to real-world objects in a post-hoc fashion by
attaching small, unobtrusive computing devices, so-called Smart-Its, to them. While a single
Smart-It is able to perceive context information from its integrated sensors, a federation of ad
hoc connected Smart-Its can gain collective awareness by sharing this information.
Sharing information requires a suitable communication technology, which preferrably
should be wireless in order to be in line with the unobtrusive nature of the devices. Since there is
no central authority in a Smart-Its sensor network, nodes within the network must also be able to
communicate in an ad hoc fashion, i.e., without a priori knowledge of each other, and without the
help of a background infrastructure (though they may utilize services when available). Moreover,
the communication technology must be robust, scale well, and must efficiently use the limited
energy of the autonomous device. Finally, the communication technology employed should
adhere to a broadly-used standard to leverage from existing communication services in the
environment. These needs have prompted a search for a suitable communication technology for
the Smart-Its sensor network. After a brief survey of the existing technology, we decided to take
a closer look at the emerging Bluetooth standard as a potential candidate.
Bluetooth is an emerging communication standard that provides ad hoc configuration
of master/slave piconets including eight active units at most. It supports spontaneous
connections between devices without requiring a priori knowledge of each other. Bluetooth
allows data transfers between units over distances of nominally up to 10 meters. The gross data
rates of 1 Mbps is shared among all participants of a piconet. Bluetooth operates in the license
free 2.4 GHz ISM spectrum (2.4002.484 GHz) and uses frequency hopping spread spectrum
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(FHSS) to minimize interference problems. The technology is geared toward low energy
consumption, and targets the consumer mass market with world-wide availability and low price.
In order to explore the practical use of this communication technology, and to evaluate
its suitability for ubiquitous computing in general and the Smart-Its project in particular, we have
built a small number of Smart-Its prototypes with Bluetooth communications. While the
functional prototype allowed us to get a good first look at using Bluetooth in custom-built
devices, the lack of support for many of the core features in our pre-series Bluetooth modules
did not allow us to arrive at final results regarding its suitability. Instead, we are planning to
conduct further experiments in the future, preferrably with more mature modules from a number
of different vendors.
Section 2 below describes our first Smart-Its prototypes and lists its design considerations
and technology options. It also gives an overview of the board layout and its
system software. In section 3 we then discuss the Bluetooth standard in view of its projected use
in the project, and report the initial experiences gained with our prototypes. Section 4 introduces
related work and briefly describes other possible communication technologies, while section 5
summarizes our experiences and outlines possible future work.
In , a vision, called ubiquitous computing, of the world where humans and computers
were seamlessly united is described. The essence of the vision was the creation of environments
saturated with computing and communication in an unobtrusive way. Recently, WWRF (Wireless
WorldResearch Forum) and ISTAG (IST Advisory Group) released their visions of the future
communication networks .Both institutions envisage a vast number of variousintelligent devices,
embedded in the environment, sensing, monitoring and actuating the physical world,
communicatingwith each other and humans.Today, we are witnessing a rapid proliferation of
variouswireless devices with considerable computing power andfairly small size. These devices
are still not, to paraphraseMarc Weiser , indistinguishable from the fabric ofeveryday life, but are
becoming a part of that fabric (Bluetooth headset built as a part of jewellery for
example).Various sensors are already in a broad use today as part of different devices
(temperature sensors in home or car heating system, smoke alarms, etc.) or as standalone
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devicesconnected to a network, usually to monitor industrial processes, equipment or
installations.
The advancements in MEMS (micro-electrical-mechanical systems) technology, wireless
communications and electric components have enabled development of small, low-power
and low-cost devices, called smart sensor nodes, capable of performing various sensing tasks,
processing data and communicating over wireless connections. Such devices,when organized
into a network, present a powerful platform that can be used in many interesting applicationslike
health monitoring, security systems, detection of chemical agents in air and water etc. During the
last few years significant research efforts were focused on development of required
hardware resources
and efficient communication protocols ,to enable networking and
collaboration of smart sensornodes.In the next section the main principles of wireless
sensornetworks are given and research issues are explained. Section3 presents Bluetooth issues
related to its use in sensornetworks. An implementation of a Bluetooth based sensornetwork is
described in section 4 along with some of the implementation issues and solutions. Section 5
concludes the paper.
1.1 Wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks comprise number of small devices equipped with a sensing unit,
microprocessor, wireless communication interface and power source. In contrast to the
traditional sensor networks that are carefully planned and deployed to the predetermined
positions, wireless sensor networks can be deployed in an ad-hoc manner. Of course, such
deployment requires adequate communication protocols that are able to organize the network
automatically, without the need for human intervention.Beside self-organization capability,
another important feature of wireless sensor networks is collaboration of network nodes during
the task execution. In contrast to the traditional sensor networks where all sensor data is gathered
at a server and then analysed and fused, data processing and fusion is now performed by smart
nodes themselves. Each node processes raw measurement data in order to decrease amount of
data sent over wireless links and forwards only relevant parts to nodes responsible for data
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fusion. Data-centric nature of the network is yet another specific characteristic of wireless sensor
networks. As deployment of smart sensor nodes is not planned in advance and positions of
nodes in the field are not determined, it could happen that some sensor nodes end in such
positions that they either cannot perform required measurement or the
error probability
is high. That is why a redundant number of smart nodes observing the same phenomenon is
deployed in the field. These nodes then communicate, collaborate and share data,thus ensuring
better results (each sensor has its own view of the phenomenon when these views are combined
a better picture of the phenomenon is obtained). Having this in mind, it is more reasonable for a
user to send a data request to all sensors monitoring the phenomenon than to send it to one
specific sensor node. Using a multicast routing protocol to send messages to all relevant nodes
would require unique addressing scheme in the network. However, due to the sheer number of
sensors and user requirements (user needs information about the phenomenon, does not need
information about the phenomenon from a particular sensor), data-centric approach is used
where sensors are designated using description of data they can provide instead of using
unique IDs. Messages are directed to nodes using routing protocols that can find the route based
on the data description contained in the message. Power efficiency is one of the main
requirements for allprotocols and algorithms used in these networks. As power resources of each
node are limited and required lifetime for many scenarios is measured in months and even years,
it is of paramount importance to design system in such a way to ensure power savings whenever
possible.
FIG:1.1 BASIC WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
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Wireless
sensor
networks
(WSNs)
are
becoming
ubiquitous
technology resulting from

development of low cost and low power wireless technology. WSNs are a
group of spatially
distributed sensing nodes with low maintenance requirements, which can
automatically
monitor environmental parameters and cooperatively transfer the data
through a gateway to a
main database using wireless networking . There are a multitude of
applications for WSN
ranging from environmental monitoring to health care.
Civil engineering is one area in which WSNs are having a significant
impact with the
development of smart infrastructure. One application for WSNs is the
monitoring of noise
levels around construction sites to determine the noise pollution levels for
surrounding
residents, businesses and amenities. Such technology is currently required at
London Bridge
Station (Figure 1) which is undergoing significant renovation involving
considerable
construction activity . This station has been identified as one of the busiest
stations in the
UK and provides an intersection between the rail and tube networks. The
construction
company requires a systematic solution to remotely monitor noise levels to
determine if any
changes in noise pollution are related to the construction activities.
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Typically, noise levels below 80 dB are acceptable, but levels exceeding
90 dB become hard
for people to tolerate for long periods of time. Sound measurements at the
London Bridge
Station redevelopment site indicated that construction noises from sources
such as excavators
and concrete mixers contributed to noise levels up to 86 dB / However, the
highest noise
levels were found in areas subject to the noise from the railway, construction
trucks and other
vehicles, resulting in noise levels exceeding 100 dB (the red blocks in figure
1). As such,
vehicle noise must be monitored closely as it contributes to the most harmful
noise levels.
Ideally, WSN technology would allow the identification and triangulation of
vehicle noise,
allowing the source of the noise to be determined.
This paper investigates the development of WSN systems for monitoring noise levels and
environmental conditions for civil engineering applications, in particular investigating if WSNs
can be used to identify and locate noise from vehicles. This requires a high sampling rate, whilst
still maintaining low power consumption; a dynamic sensing challenge. The WSN developed
uses Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), the application of which is novel for noise monitoring
applications.
Three prototypes nodes are presented and compared with consideration of power
consumption, range and data rates, and their functionality demonstrated in data logging
experiments. It is shown that a key advantage of BLE WSNs, is their low power consumption,
which opens up the potential to integrate energy harvesting technology such as solar cells [6] and
vibration energy harvesters [7] to extend the lifetime of the platform. Finally, early-stage vehicle
identification experiments and sound location using triangulation demonstrations are presented.
WSN consists of number of small devices equipped with a sensing unit, microprocessor,
wireless communication interface and power source.
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Two main operation performed by WSN are;
QUERING- Queries are used when user requires only the current value of the
observation
TASKING- More complex operation Used when a phenomenon has to be
observed over a large period of time.
PRESSURE SENSOR;
The Bluetooth based Pressure Sensor is use sense the pressure through
Bluetooth.Thegoalsofbluetoothareunificationandharmonyaswell,specificallyenabling
different devices to communicate through a commonly accepted standard for wire less
connectivity.
FIG:1.2 PRESSURE SENSOR
1.2 BLUETOOTH:
In 1994, a study was conducted to investigate, the feasibility of a low power, low cost ratio
interface and to find a way to eliminate cables between devices. Finally, it was named the new
wireless technology as "Blue tooth" to honor the 10th century king if Denmark, Harald Blue
tooth (940 to 985 A.D). The goals of blue tooth are unification and harmony as well, specifically
enabling different devices to communicate through a commonly accepted standard for wireless
connectivity .
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Blue tooth operates in the unlicensed ISM band at 2.4 GHZ frequency band and use
frequency hopping spread spectrum technique. A typical Blue tooth device has a range of about
10 meters and can be extended to 100meters. Communication channels support total bandwidth
of 1 Mb / sec. A single connection supports a maximum asymmetric data transfer rate of 721
KBPS maximum of three channels.
The seemingly endless entanglement of data wires connecting todays electronic devices
has become slightly less jumbled with the introduction of Bluetooth technology and the creation
of a wireless data link. This article delves into the implementation and architecture of Bluetooth.
It also describes the functional overview and applications of Bluetooth. It gives significant
advantages of Bluetooth over other data transfer technologies such as IrDA and Home RF. It
illustrates how a connection is made in Bluetooth between two environments. It mainly
emphasizes the architecture of Bluetooth. It gives over all Bluetooth packet structure and
different communication and data information protocols such as WAP, UDP, IP, TCP,
RFCOMM, and L2CAP etc. It also explains Link Security by Data Encryption. Finally it
narrates how Bluetooth will bring a new level of connectivity and convenience when operating
electronic devices. These details in the article establish the growing need for Bluetooth
technology.
Bluetooth is a method for data communication that uses short-range radio links to replace
cables between computers and their connected units. Bluetooth is a radio frequency technology
utilizing the unlicensed 2.5GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band. Bluetooth is an
open standard for wireless connectivity with supporters mostly from the PC and cell phone
industries. Not surprisingly, its primary market is for data and voice transfer between
communication devices and L.M.Ericson of Sweden invented PCs. Bluetooth in 1994. The
standard is named after Harald Blaatand"Bluetooth"2nd,king of Denmark.
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FIG:1.3 BASIC BLUETOOTH DONGLE
WHY BLUETOOTH?
Bluetooth attempts to provide significant advantages over other data transfer technologies
such as IrDA and HomeRF. IrDA is already popular in PC to peripherals,but is severely limited
by the short connection distance of 1m and the line of sight requirement for communication. Due
to its RF nature bluetooth is not subjected to such limitations. In addition to wireless device
connections up to 10-100m, devices need not be within line of sight. Also it is designed to be low
cost i.e under $10/unit.
The name "Bluetooth" is an Anglicised version of the Scandinavian Bltand/Bltann (Old
Norse bltnn), the epithet of the tenth-century king Harald Bluetooth who united dissonant
Danish tribes into a single kingdom and, according to legend, introduced Christianity as well.
The idea of this name was proposed in 1997 by Jim Kardach who developed a system that would
allow mobile phones to communicate with computers. At the time of this proposal he was
reading Frans G. Bengtsson's historical novel The Long Ships about Vikings and King Harald
Bluetooth.[10][11] The implication is that Bluetooth does the same with communications protocols,
uniting them into one universal standard.
The Bluetooth logo is a bind rune merging the Younger Futhark runes
(Bjarkan) (), Harald's initials.
(Hagall) () and
Bluetooth operates at frequencies between 2402 and 2480 MHz, or 2400 and
2483.5 MHz including guard bands 2 MHz wide at the bottom end and 3.5 MHz wide at the
top.This is in the globally unlicensed (but not unregulated) Industrial, Scientific and Medical
(ISM) 2.4 GHz short-range radio frequency band. Bluetooth uses a radio technology
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called frequency-hopping spread spectrum. Bluetooth divides transmitted data into packets, and
transmits each packet on one of 79 designated Bluetooth channels. Each channel has a bandwidth
of 1 MHz. It usually performs 800 hops per second, with Adaptive Frequency-Hopping (AFH)
enabled. Bluetooth low energy uses 2 MHz spacing, which accommodates 40 channels.
Originally, Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK) modulation was the only modulation
scheme available. Since the introduction of Bluetooth 2.0+EDR, /4-DQPSK (Differential
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) and 8DPSK modulation may also be used between compatible
devices. Devices functioning with GFSK are said to be operating in basic rate (BR) mode where
an instantaneous data rate of 1 Mbit/s is possible. The term Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) is used to
describe /4-DPSK and 8DPSK schemes, each giving 2 and 3 Mbit/s respectively. The
combination of these (BR and EDR) modes in Bluetooth radio technology is classified as a
"BR/EDR radio".
Bluetooth is a packet-based protocol with a master-slave structure. One master may
communicate with up to seven slaves in a piconet. All devices share the master's clock. Packet
exchange is based on the basic clock, defined by the master, which ticks at 312.5 s intervals.
Two clock ticks make up a slot of 625 s, and two slots make up a slot pair of 1250 s. In the
simple case of single-slot packets the master transmits in even slots and receives in odd slots.
The slave, conversely, receives in even slots and transmits in odd slots. Packets may be 1, 3 or 5
slots long, but in all cases the master's transmission begins in even slots and the slave's in odd
slots.
The above is valid for "classic" BT. Bluetooth Low Energy, introduced in the 4.0
specification, uses the same spectrum but somewhat differently; see Bluetooth low energy Radio
interface.
1.3 Communication and connection

A master Bluetooth device can communicate with a maximum of seven devices in a piconet
(an ad-hoc computer network using Bluetooth technology), though not all devices reach this
maximum. The devices can switch roles, by agreement, and the slave can become the master (for
example, a headset initiating a connection to a phone necessarily begins as masteras initiator
of the connectionbut may subsequently operate as slave).
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The Bluetooth Core Specification provides for the connection of two or more piconets to form
a scatternet, in which certain devices simultaneously play the master role in one piconet and the
slave role in another.
At any given time, data can be transferred between the master and one other device
(except for the little-used broadcast mode.) The master chooses which slave device to address;
typically, it switches rapidly from one device to another in a round-robin fashion. Since it is the
master that chooses which slave to address, whereas a slave is (in theory) supposed to listen in
each receive slot, being a master is a lighter burden than being a slave. Being a master of seven
slaves is possible; being a slave of more than one master is difficult.The specification is vague as
to required behavior in scatternets.
The effective range varies due to propagation conditions, material coverage, production
sample variations, antenna configurations and battery conditions. Most Bluetooth applications
are for indoor conditions, where attenuation of walls and signal fading due to signal reflections
make the range far lower than specified line-of-sight ranges of the Bluetooth products. Most
Bluetooth applications are battery powered Class 2 devices, with little difference in range
whether the other end of the link is a Class 1 or Class 2 device as the lower powered device tends
to set the range limit. In some cases the effective range of the data link can be extended when a
Class 2 device is connecting to a Class 1 transceiver with both higher sensitivity and
transmission power than a typical Class 2 device.Mostly, however, the Class 1 devices have a
similar sensitivity to Class 2 devices. Connecting two Class 1 devices with both high sensitivity
and high power can allow ranges far in excess of the typical 100m, depending on the throughput
required by the application. Some such devices allow open field ranges of up to 1 km and beyond
between two similar devices without exceeding legal emission limits. The Bluetooth Core
Specification mandates a range of not less than 10 metres (33 ft), but there is no upper limit on
actual range. Manufacturers' implementations can be tuned to provide the range needed for each
case.
To use Bluetooth wireless technology, a device must be able to interpret certain Bluetooth
profiles, which are definitions of possible applications and specify general behaviours that
Bluetooth-enabled devices use to communicate with other Bluetooth devices. These profiles
include settings to parametrize and to control the communication from start. Adherence to
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profiles saves the time for transmitting the parameters anew before the bi-directional link
becomes effective. There are a wide range of Bluetooth profiles that describe many different
types of applications or use cases for devices.
At any given time, data can be transferred between the master and one other device (except
for the little-used broadcast mode.) The master chooses which slave device to address; typically,
it switches rapidly from one device to another in a round-robin fashion. Since it is the master that
chooses which slave to address, whereas a slave is (in theory) supposed to listen in each receive
slot, being a master is a lighter burden than being a slave. Being a master of seven slaves is
possible; being a slave of more than one master is difficult. The specification is vague as to
required behavior in scatternets.
Devices
Fig 1.4: Basic Bluetooth USB

A Bluetooth USB dongle with a 100 m range.
Bluetooth exists in many products, such as telephones, tablets, media players, robotics systems,
handheld, laptops and console gaming equipment, and some high definition headsets, modems,
and watches. The technology is useful when transferring information between two or more
devices that are near each other in low-bandwidth situations. Bluetooth is commonly used to
transfer sound data with telephones (i.e., with a Bluetooth headset) or byte data with hand-held
computers (transferring files).
Bluetooth protocols simplify the discovery and setup of services between devices. [Bluetooth
devices can advertise all of the services they provide.This makes using services easier, because
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more of the security, network address and permission configuration can be automated than with
many other network types.
FIG:1.5 SIMPLIFIED BLUETOOTH PROTOCOL

BLUETOOTH
IS A WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY STANDARD FOR EXCHANGING DATA OVER
SHORT DISTANCES (USING SHORT-WAVELENGTH RADIO TRANSMISSIONS IN THE
24002480 MHZ)
ISM
BAND FROM
FROM FIXED AND MOBILE DEVICES, CREATING PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS
(PANS) WITH HIGH LEVELS OF SECURITY

1) Piconet: Devices connected in an ad hoc fashion, that is, not requiring predefinition and
planning, as with a standard network it is a peer network, that is, once connected, each device
has equal access to the others.
2) Scatternet:Several piconets may form a larger scatternet, with each piconet maintaining
independence.
3) Master unit: The master in a piconet whose clock and hopping sequence synchronizes the
other devices.
4) Slave unit: Devices in a piconet that are not the master.
5) MAC address: Three bit address that distinguishes each unit in a piconet.
6) Parked units: Piconet devices that are synchronized but don't have MAC addresses
7) Sniff and hold mode: Power-saving mode of a piconet device.
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Such Definitions being available in Bluetooth technology will provide highly efficient
performance standards.
Blue tooth operates in the unlicensed ISM band at 2.4 GHZ frequency band
and use frequency hopping spread spectrum technique. A typical Blue tooth device
has a range of about 10 meters and can be extended to 100meters. Communication
channels supports total bandwidth of 1 Mb / sec. A single connection supports a
maximum asymmetric data transfer rate of 721 KBPS maximum of three channels
CHAPTER-2
OVERVIEW OF BLUETOOTH BASED SMART NETWORKS
2.1 BLUETOOTH TOPOLOGY

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Depending on the type of connections established between various Bluetooth device, 2 main
topologies such as :
1. PICONET TOPOLOGY
2. SCATTERNET TOPOLOGY
\
To any techno, there are two prime components:
1. MASTER device
2. SLAVE device
2.2 PICONET TOPOLOGY:

Inbluetooth,aPiconetisacollectionofupto8devices thatfrequencyhoptogether.Each
PiconethasonemasterusuallyadevicethatinitiatedestablishmentofthePiconet,andupto7
slave devices. Masters Blue tooth address is used for definition of the frequency hopping
sequence.Slavedevicesusethemastersclocktosynchronizetheirclockstobeabletohop
simultaneously
A piconet consists of upto 8BWT-enabled device.
When piconet is established , one device sets up frequency hopping pattern and other
devices synchronize there signal to same pattern
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MastersBluetoothaddressisusedfordefinitionofthefrequencyhoppingsequence.
Slavedevices usethemasters clocktosynchronizetheirclockstobeabletohop
simultaneously
Primary devices: Those device which set the frequency hopping pattern.
Secondary devices: Those device which gets synchronised.
Each piconet has a different frequency-hopping pattern.
When more than 7 device need to communicate, then one or more devices are put in
park state.
3 Bluetooth low power mode are:SNIFF,HOLD AND PARK
Park Mode : A device disassociate from piconet when in a park mode.
The master consistendly sends warnings to invite a slave to rejoin the piconet.
The slaves can rejoin only if there a less than 7 slaves
If not so,the master has to park one of active slaves
FIG:2.1 PICONET TOPOLOGY
2.3 SCATTERNET TOPOLOGY
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Scatternet consist of several piconets connected by devices participating in

multiple piconet.
Here,device can be slaves in all piconets or master in one piconet and slave in
other piconets.
There is a BRIDGE connecting 2 piconets which is also a slave in individual

piconet.
FIG 2.2 SCATTERNET TOPOLOGY
2.3.1ADVANTAGES OF SCATTERNET:
Higher throughput
Multi-hop connections between device in different piconets.
The technology of Bluetooth centres around 9mm x 9mm microchip, which functions as a low
cost and short range radio link. Bluetooth Technology provides a 10 meter personal bubble that
support simultaneous transmission of both voice and data for multiple devices. Up to 7 devices
can be connected in a piconet, and up to 10 piconets can exist within the 10 meter bubble. In
Bluetooth the transceiver transmits and receives in a previously unused frequency band of 2.45
GHz that is available globally. Each device has a unique 48-bit address from the IEEE 802
standard. Connections can be point-to-point or multipoint. The maximum range is 10-100 meters.
Data can be exchanged at a rate of 1 megabit per second.
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Inbluetooth,aPiconetisacollectionofupto8devicesthatfrequencyhoptogether.Each
PiconethasonemasterusuallyadevicethatinitiatedestablishmentofthePiconet,andupto7
slave devices. Masters Blue tooth address is used for definition of the frequency hopping
sequence.Slavedevicesusethemastersclocktosynchronizetheirclockstobeabletohop
simultaneously.
2.4APiconet
FIG:2.3 PICONET
WhenadevicewantstoestablishaPiconetithastoperforminquirytodiscover
otherBluetoothdevicesintherange.Inquiryprocedureisdefinedinsuchawaytoensurethat
twodeviceswillaftersometime,visitthesamefrequencysametimewhenthathappensrequired
informationisexchangedanddevicescanusepagingproceduretoestablishconnection.
Whenmorethan7devicesneedstocommunicate,therearetwooptions.Thefirstoneis
toputoneormoredevicesintotheparkstate.Bluetoothdefinesthreelowpowermodessniff,
holdandpark.WhenadeviceisintheparkmodethenitdisassociatesfromandPiconet,but
stillmaintainstimingsynchronizationwithit.ThemasterofthePiconetperiodicallybroadcasts
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beacons(Warning)toinvitetheslavetorejointhePiconetortoallowtheslavetorequestto
rejoin.TheslavecanrejointhePiconetonlyiftherearelessthansevenslavesalreadyinthe
Piconet.Ifnotso,themasterhastoparkoneoftheactiveslavesfirst.Alltheseactionscause
delayandforsomeapplicationsitcanbeunacceptableforeg:processcontrolapplications,that
requiresimmediateresponsefromthecommandcentre(centralcontrolroom).
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CHAPTER-3
BLUETOOTH NETWORK MANAGEMENT
3.1 BLUETOOTH NETWORK ARRANGEMENT
Bluetooth network arrangements (topology) can be either point-to-point or pointto-multipoint. Any unit in a piconet can establish a connection to another piconet to form a
scatter net.
FIG:3.1 SCATTERNET
See
the
figure,
TOPOLOGY
In
whichscatternetis
shown
having piconet A, (consists of four
units), and connected to
piconet B, (consisting of two
units).
Note
that
the
master unit of A is 1,whereas 2,3,4 will acts as slaves. But, In unit B master/slave can be either
1 / 2.
ScatternetconsistsofseveralPiconetsconnectedbydevicesparticipatinginmultiple
Piconet.ThesedevicescanbeslavesinallPiconetsormasterinonePiconetandslaveinother
Piconets.Usingscatternetshigherthroughputisavailableandmultihopconnectionsbetween
devicesindifferentPiconetsarepossible.i.e.,TheunitcancommunicateinonePiconetattime
sotheyjumpfrompioneertoanotherdependinguponthechannelparameter.
3.2 SENSOR
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A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can
be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, a mercury thermometer converts the
measured temperature into the expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a
calibrated glass tube.
3.2.1 SENSOR DEVICES

There are lots of sensensing device such as
PRESSURE SENSOR
TEMPERATURE SENSOR
SOUND SENSOR
WIND SENSOR
MOTION SENSOR
LIGHT SENSOR etc.
3.3 BLUETOOTH BASED SENSOR

In the current days the Technology become well developing in the world. One of
recent technology is Bluetooth based sensor. which is very useful and get great benefit for
universe, mankind etc.
3.3.1 BLUETOOTH BASED SENSOR NETWORKS

ThemainchallengeinfrontofBluetoothdevelopersnowistoproveinteroperabilitybetween
differentmanufacturesdevicesandtoprovidenumerousinterestingapplications.Oneofsuch
applicationsiswirelesssensornetworks.
Wirelesssensornetworkscomprisenumberofsmalldevicesequippedwithasensing
unit,microprocessors,andwirelesscommunicationinterfaceandpowersource.
1. Animportantfeatureofwirelesssensornetworks is collaborationofnetworknodes
duringthetaskexecution.
2. AnotherspecificcharacteristicsofwirelesssensornetworkisDatacentricnature.
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Asdeploymentofsmartsensornodesisnotplannedinadvanceandpositionsofnodesin
thefieldarenotdetermined,itcouldhappenthatsomesensornodesendinsuchpositionsthat
theyeithercannotperformrequiredmeasurementortheerrorprobabilityishigh. Forthata
redundantnumber ofsmartnodes is deployedinthis field. Thesenodes then communicate,
collaborateandsharedata,thusensuringbetterresults.
Bluetooth is a low-cost, short-range wireless technology with small footprint, small
power consumption, reasonable throughput and hence suitable for various small, batterydriven
devices like mobile phones, PDAs, cameras, laptops etc. Development of the Bluetooth started
several years ago with the intention to replace all sorts of cables used to connect different
devices. In meantime the idea has evolved and Bluetooth is now developing not just as a pointto-point,but as a network technology as well.
Bluetooth has gone through periods of big hype when it was
considered as the best short-range technology as well as through periods when it was considered
a failure. However, the last year could be seen as the turning point year for Bluetooth. A lot of
various Bluetooth devices and accessories appeared on the market, broad range of users is able to
use it and first experiences are generally positive. The main challenge in front of Bluetooth
developers now is to prove interoperability between different manufacturers devices and
to provide numerous interesting applications. An example of such applications are wireless
sensor networks. Low-cost (target price below 5EUR), low-power Bluetooth modules seem to
meet the requirements of wireless sensor networks well. Ad-hoc connection establishment
capability, reasonable throughput (up to 721kbit/s in uplink and 56kbit/s downlink), usage of
frequency-hopping scheme with TDD (time division duplex) to minimize the impact of
interference in the ISM band (2.4 GHz), existence of different power saving modes along with its
availability and standardized specification are the main advantages of Bluetooth over other
wireless technologies. However, there are several issues, like connection establishment delay and
networking functionality, that have to be solved before Bluetooth can be deployed in large sensor
networks. In the following paragraphs, an initial implementation of a simple Bluetooth based
sensor network is described. The main issues experienced during the implementation and
solutions proposed are presented.
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Smartsensornodesscatteredinthefield,collectdataandsendittousersviagateway
usingmultiplehoproutes.
Challenge; it is to ensure interoperability among various Bluetooth manufacture device
and to provide numerous application.

One such application is; WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK(WSN).
Important features of WSN; Collaboration of network nodes during and Data Centric
nature.
Many smart sensor nodes scattered in the field collect data and send it to users via
gateway using multi-hop routes.
3.4 System software

The system software is implemented in C, providing lowlevel drivers, a simple scheduler
(which supports eventdriven scheduling of application tasks) and the host portion of the
Bluetooth protocol stack. There are system dependent drivers for both UART ports, analog to
digital converters, general purpose IO, random number generator, system clock, and sensors.
At the time of the project start (January 2001), one open source and several commercial
implementations of the host portion of the Bluetooth stack are available. The commercially
available software stacks posed very high requirements on the system, both in terms of required
operating system features (particularly multi-threading) as well as program and data memory
provisions. The open source implementation was targeted toward Linux environments and also
did not take microcontroller requirements into account. However, previous experiences with the
software had shown that about 2 Kbytes of data memory would suffice for a minimal
implementation, most of which is used as buffer space. Since all alternatives were equally
suitable (or rather unsuitable) we decided to use the open source implementation, last not least
due to its immediate availability.
CHAPTER-4
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
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4.1 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS(WSN)

WSN consists of number of small devices equipped with a sensing unit, microprocessor,
wireless communication interface and power source.
Two main operation performed by WSN are;
QUERING- Queries are used when user requires only the current value of the
observation
TASKING- More complex operation Used when a phenomenon has to be
observed over a large period of time.
AWIRELESSSENSORNETWORK
sensor network
Short range wireless interface Public network

Gate way logic
interface
Internet
Users
FIG 4.1: WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

Themainfunctionsofagatewayare
CommunicationwithsensorNetworks
Shortagewirelesscommunicationisused.
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It provides functions like discovery of smart sensor nodes, generic
methodsofsendingandreceivingdatatoandfromsensors,routing.
Gatewaylogic
Itcontrolsgatewayinterfacesanddataflowtoandfromsensornetwork.
Itprovidesanabstractionlevelthatdescribestheexistingsensorsandtheir
characteristics.
Itprovidesfunctionsforuniformaccesstosensorsregardlessoftheirtype,
locationorN/Wtopology,injectqueriesandtasksandcollectreplies.
CommunicationWithUsers
Gatewaycommunicationswithusersorothersensornetworksoverthe
Internet,WAN,Satelliteorsomeshortagecommunicationtechnology.
Fromtheuserpointofview,queringandtaskingaretwomainservicesprovidedbywireless
sensornetworks.Queriesareusedwhenuserrequiresonlythecurrentvalueoftheobserved
phenomenon.Taskingisamorecomplexoperationandisusedwhenaphenomenonhastobe
observed over a large period of time.Both queries and tasks of time to the network by the
gatewaywhichalsocollectsrepliesandforwardsthemtousers.
Wireless sensor networks comprise number of small devices equipped with a sensing
unit, microprocessor, wireless communication interface and power source. In contrast to the
traditional sensor networks that are carefully planned and deployed to the predetermined
positions, wireless sensor networks can be deployed in an ad-hoc manner.
Of course, such deployment requires adequate communication protocols that are able to
organize the network automatically, without the need for human intervention.
Beside self-organization capability, another important feature of wireless sensor networks
is collaboration of network nodes during the task execution. In contrast to the traditional sensor
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networks where all sensor data is gathered at a server and then analysed and fused, data
processing and fusion is now performed by smart nodes themselves. Each node processes
raw measurement data in order to decrease amount of data sent over wireless links and forwards
only relevant parts to nodes responsible for data fusion.
Data-centric nature of the network is yet another specific characteristic of wireless sensor
networks. As deployment of smart sensor nodes is not planned in advance and positions of nodes
in the field are not determined, it could happen that some sensor nodes end in such positions that
they either cannot perform required measurement or the error probability
is high. That is why a redundant number of smart nodes observing the same phenomenon is
deployed in the field. These nodes then communicate, collaborate and share data,
thus ensuring better results (each sensor has its own view of the phenomenon when these views
are combined a better picture of the phenomenon is obtained). Having this in mind, it is more
reasonable for a user to send a data request to all sensors monitoring the phenomenon than to
send it to one specific sensor node. Using a multicast routing protocol to send messages to all
relevant nodes would require unique addressing scheme in the network. However, due to the
sheer number of sensors and user requirements (user needs information about the phenomenon,
does not need information about the phenomenon from a particular sensor),
data-centric approach is used where sensors are designatedusing description of data they can
provide instead of usingunique IDs. Messages are directed to nodes using routingprotocols that
can find the route based on the data description contained in the message. Power efficiency is
one of the main requirements for allprotocols and algorithms used in these networks. As power
resources of each node are limited and required lifetime for many scenarios is measured in
months and even years, it is of paramount importance to design system in such a way to
ensure power savings whenever possible.
4.2 Querying and tasking

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From the user point of view, querying and tasking are two main services provided by
wireless sensor networks . Queries are used when user requires only the current value of
the observed phenomenon. As wireless sensor networks are data-centric networks, the user does
not query a specific node for the information it might provide, but defines data (type, location,
accuracy, time, etc.) he/she is interested in and requests it from all nodes that can provide the
answer. For example, user can look for temperature in the north region of the observed area or
for location of all sensors where chemical agents are present and their level is above the
threshold.
Tasking is a more complex operation and is used when a phenomenon has to be observed
over a longer period of time. For example, a user can ask a sensor network to detect a
specific type of vehicle in the area and to monitor its movement. In order to execute the task,
different types of sensors have to collaborate: seismic to detect motion, video and audio to detect
type of vehicle etc. Information about the vehicle trajectory is forwarded to the user.
Both queries and tasks are injected to the network by the gateway which also collects replies and
forwards.them to users.
4.3 Gateway functionality

Smart sensor nodes scattered in the field collect data and send it to users via gateway
using multiple hop routes.
The main functions of a gateway are the following:
Communication with sensor network - Short-range wireless communication is used
(Bluetooth, UWB, RF, IR, etc.). Provides functions like discovery of smart sensor nodes, generic
methods for sending and receiving data to and from sensors, routing, etc.;
Gateway logic Controls gateway interfaces and data flow to and from sensor network.
It provides an abstraction level with API that describes the existing sensors and their
characteristics; provides functions foruniform access to sensors regardless of their type,
location or network topology, inject queries and tasks and collect replies;
Communication with users Gateway communicates with users or other sensor
networks over the Internet,wide area networks (GPRS, UMTS), satellite or some short-range
communication technology.
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It is possible to build a hierarchy of gateways, i.e. to connect gateways described above to
a backbone and then to provide a higher-level gateway that is used as a bridge to other networks
and users.
4.3.1 PRESSURE SENSOR;
The Bluetooth based Pressure Sensor is use sense the pressure through Bluetooth.
For implementation of Pressure Sensor as Bluetooth Node, following components are
important;
Bluetooth Device
Sensors
Microcontroller
TEDS-Transducer Electronic Data Sheet
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CHAPTER5
SENSORNETWORKIMPLEMENTATION
Themaingoalofourimplementationwastobuildahardwareplatformandgenericsoftware
solutionsthatcanserveasthebasisandatestbedfortheresearchofwirelesssensornetwork
protocols.
Implementedsensornetworkconsistsofseveralsmartsensornodesandagateway.Each
smartnodecanhaveseveralsensorsandisequippedwithamicrocontrollerandabluetooth
radiomodule.
GatewayandsmartnodesaremembersofthePiconetandhencemaximumsevensmart
nodescanexistsimultaneouslyinthenetwork.
Forexample,apressuresensorisimplemented,asbluetoothnodeinafollowingway.
The sensor is connected to the bluetooth node and consists of the pressure sensing
element,smartsignalconditioningcircuitryincludingcalibrationandtemperaturecompensation,
andtheTransducerElectronicDataSheet(TEDS).Thesefeatures arebuiltdirectlyintothe
sensor microcontroller used for node communication control plus memory for TEDS
configurationinformation.
The main goal of our implementation was to build a hardware platform and generic
software solutions that can serve as the basis and a testbed for the research of wireless sensor
network protocols. It supports ad-hoc deployment of sensors, sensor characteristics are
automatically collected and presented in a structured way using XML, there are no limits
in terms of sensor type and number of sensors, generic functions for querying sensors and
collecting replies and the basis for attribute-based routing are provided. Software
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architecture is designed in such a way that new protocols can be added easily without affecting
current functionality.
During implementation some compromises were made either to reduce development time
or because of lack of appropriatehardware and software.
Implemented sensor network consists of several smart sensor nodes and a gateway. Each
smart node can have several sensors and is equipped with a micro-controller and a Bluetooth
radio module. Gateway has two wireless interfaces: Bluetooth for communication with sensors
and GPRS for communication with users. Gateway and smart nodes are members of one piconet
and hence maximum 7 smart nodes can exist simultaneously in the network.
5.1SMARTSENSORNODEARCHITECTURE
Thearchitectureshowninfigurecaneasilybedevelopedforspecificsensorconfigurationssuch
asthermocouples,straingauges,andothersensortechnologiesandcanincludesensorsignal
conditioningaswellascommunicationsfunctions.
FIG:5.1BLUETOOTHWIRELESSSMARTPRESSURESENSOR
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ConditionedalongsensorsignalisdigitizedanddigitaldataisthenprocessedusingstoredTEDS
data.Thepressuresensornodecollectsdatafrommultiplesensorsandtransmitsthedatavia
bluetoothwirelesscommunicationsinthe2.4GHZbasebandtoanetworkhuborotherinternet
appliancesuchasacomputer.
Thenodecansupplyexcitationtoeachsensor,orexternalsensorpowercanbesupplied.Upto
eightchannelsareavailableoneachnodeforanaloginputsaswellasdigitaloutput.Thesensor
signalisdigitizedwith16bitA/DresolutionfortransmissionalongwiththeTEDSforeach
sensor.Thisallowseachchanneltoidentifyitselftothehostsystem.Thenodecanoperatefrom
eitheranexternalpowersupplyoranattachedbattery.Themaximumtransmissiondistanceis10
meterswithanoptionalcapabilityto100meters.
TheIEEE1451familyofstandardsareusedfordefinitionoffunctionalboundariesand
interfacesthatarenecessarytoenablesmarttransducertobeeasilyconnectedtoavarietyof
networks. The standards define the protocol and functions that give the transducer
interchangeabilityinnetworkedsystem,withthisinformationahostmicrocomputerrecognizeda
pressuresensor,atemperaturesensor,oranothersensortypealongwiththemeasurementrange
andscalinginformationbasedontheinformationcontainedintheTEDSdata.
Withbluetoothtechnology,smalltransceivermodulescanbebuiltintoawiderangeof
productsincludingsensorsystems,allowingfastandsecuretransmissionofdatawithinagiven
radius(Usuallyupto10m).
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Abluetoothmoduleconsistsprimarilyofthreefunctionalblocksananalog2.4GHz.,Blue
toothRFtransceiverunit,andasupportunitforlinkmanagementandhostcontrollerinterface
functions.
ThehostcontrollerhasahardwaredigitalsignalprocessingparttheLinkController
(LC),aCPUcore,anditinterfacestothehostenvironment.Thelinkcontrollerconsistsof
hardwareandsoftwarepartsthatperformbluetoothbasedbandprocessing,andphysicallayer
protocols. The link controller performs lowlevel digitalsignal processing to establish
connections,assembleordisassemble,packets,controlfrequencyhopping,correcterrorsand
encryptdata.
FIG5.2BLUETOOTHHOSTCONTROLLER
The CPU core allows the blue tooth module to handle inquiries and filte page request without
involving the host device. The host controller can be programmed to answer certain page
messages and authenticate remote links. The link manager(LM) software runs on the CPU core.
The LM discovers other remote LMs and communicates with them via the link manager protocol
(LMP) to perform its service provider role using the services of the underlying LC. The link
manager is a software function that uses the services of the link controller to perform link
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setup, authentication, link configuration, and other protocols. Depending on the implementation,
the link controller and link manager functions may not reside in the same processor.
Another function component is of course, the antenna, which may be integrated on the PCB or
come as a standalone item. A fully implemented bluetooth module also incorporates higher-level
software protocols, which govern the functionality and interoperability with other modules.
Gate way plays the role of the Piconets master in the sensor network. It controls establishments
of the network, gathers information about the existing smart sensor nodes and sensor attached to
them and provides access to them.
5.2 Sensor network related Bluetooth issues

Bluetooth operates in the 2.4GHz frequency band and uses frequency hopping spread
spectrum technique. There are 79 channels, each 1MHz wide, available for hopping
A Bluetooth device has to be member of a piconet to be able to communicate with other devices.
A piconet is a collection of up to 8 devices that frequency hop together. Each piconet has one
master, usually the device that initiated establishment of the piconet, and up to 7 slave devices.
Masters Bluetooth address is used for definition of the frequency hopping sequence. Slave
devices use the masters clock to synchronize their clocks to be able to hop simultaneously.
When a device wants to establish a piconet it has to perform Inquiry to discover other
Bluetooth devices (these has to perform inquiry scanning at the same time) in the range. Inquiry
procedure is defined in such a way to ensure that two devices will after some time visit the same
frequency at the same time. When that happens, required information is exchanged (Bluetooth
address and clock of the device that will be master of the piconet) and devices can use paging
procedure to establish connection. Time required for communication establishment can be rather
lengthy, taking on average around 5s (minimum is 0.00375s and maximum is 12.8s-33.28s). This
delay can be the limiting factor for applications that require instant connection establishment
When more than 7 devices needs to communicate there are two options. The first one is
to put one or more devices into the park state. Bluetooth defines 3 low power modes: sniff,hold
and park. When a device is in the park mode then it disassociates from the piconet, but still
maintains timing synchronization with it. The master of the piconet periodically broadcasts
beacons to invite the slave to rejoin the piconet or to allow the slave to request to rejoin. Of
course, the slave can rejoin the piconet only if there are less than 7 slaves already in the piconet.
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If this is not the case, master has to park one of the active slaves first. All these actions cause
delays and for some applications it can be unacceptable (process control that requires immediate
response from the command centre for example).
The other option is to build a scatternet. Scatternet consist of several piconets connected by
devices participating in multiple piconets. These devices can be slaves in all piconets or master
in one piconet and slave in other piconets. Using scatternets, higher throughput is available and
multi-hop connections between devices in different piconets are possible. Unfortunately,
hardware currently available on the market still does not support this functionality due to several
reasons:
Specification gives no way for a slave to demand park, hold or sniff mode, but can only request
it from the master so there is no guarantee that the slave will be allowed to leave one piconet and
join the other;
Each time a device switch between piconets it might lose up to two slots for communication
due to difference in piconets clocks; Scheduling switches between piconets in such a way to
maintain communication links with devices uninterrupted is very difficult, etc.
Several schemes for scatternet operation are proposed , but so far none of them is
implemented. A possible solution, before scatternet is supported by Bluetooth hardware, could be
to perform switching between piconets on the application level.
Proposed scatternet building mechanisms assume that all nodes in the network are peer
nodes. A mitigating circumstance for sensor networks is that gateway can be used to direct
establishment of the scatternet. Using such centralized approach it is possible to generate more
optimum network topology and solve scheduling, bandwidth allocationand routing easier .
However, there are some additional requests for scatternets in sensor networks that complicate
scatternet building. Various sensor types produce different amount of data (video sensor
and temperature sensor for example). If too many high-output sensors are connected to the same
branch in the scatternet it can cause link congestion or buffer overflow in intermediate nodes.
Hence, parameters like number of sensors, amount of data generated by sensor per measurement
and buffer size have to be taken into account during building scatternet topology
5.3 Smart sensor node implementation
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The smart sensor node comprises 3 functional blocks: sensing, data processing and
communication (Figure 3). One or more sensors can be attached to the micro
controller.Temperature, heart monitor and smart fabric sensors wereused. Intel 8051 micro
controller is responsible for the smart sensornode logic. An application is developed that gathers
data from sensors and controls Bluetooth module and communication with the gateway. It also
stores sensors profiles and data. This controller was chosen because of our previous experience
with it, which should have reduced development time.
Bluetooth functionality is implemented using an off-the-shelf Bluetooth device [32].
This device provides set of AT-like commands for control of Bluetooth connections over an
RS232 interface. It was selected because it enables quick prototyping, without the need for
development of a Bluetooth stack suitable for themicro controller. However, there are several
drawbacks ofthis solution: AT commands provide the basic control over the Bluetooth device,
but do not support the full control of the Bluetooth protocol and settings. Two main problems
are that SDP (service discovery protocol) is not supported and it is not possible to assign major
and minor device class, and service class of the device. These deficiencies have stipulated some
of the applied solutions, like algorithm for smart sensor node discovery;
The size of the smart sensor node is not negligible (5cmx5cmx5cm), i.e. it is much bigger than
required for many applications;
Only serial port profile is supported.However, using this off-the-shelf solution we were able to
rapidly develop the prototype and to develop and test higher level protocols.
5.4BLUETOOTHMODULEHARDWAREARCHITECTURE
TheCPUcoreallowsthebluetoothmoduletohandleinquiriesandfilterpagerequestwithout
involving the host device. The host controller can be programmed to answer certain page
messagesandauthenticateremotelinks.Thelinkmanager(LM)softwarerunsontheCPUcore.
TheLMdiscoversotherremoteLMsandcommunicateswiththemviathelinkmanagerprotocol
(LMP)toperformitsserviceproviderroleusingtheservicesoftheunderlyingLC.Thelink
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managerisasoftwarefunctionthatusestheservicesofthelinkcontrollertoperformlinksetup,
authentication,linkconfiguration,andotherprotocols.Dependingontheimplementation,the
linkcontrollerandlinkmanagerfunctionsmaynotresideinthesameprocessor.
Anotherfunctioncomponentisofcourse,theantenna,whichmaybeintegratedonthe
PCBorcomeasastandaloneitem.Afullyimplementedbluetoothmodulealsoincorporates
higherlevelsoftwareprotocols,whichgovernthefunctionalityandinteroperabilitywithother
modules.
Gate way plays the role of the Piconets master in the sensor network. It controls
establishmentsofthenetwork,gathersinformationabouttheexistingsmartsensornodesand
sensorattachedtothemandprovidesaccesstothem.
5.5 Sensor Network Gateway Implementation

Gateway is implemented on a Pentium laptop with Linux operating system. As complete
software functionality is developed in Java it can easily be transferred to other
operating systems. A Bluetooth PCMCIA card is used for the Bluetooth interface. GPRS
connection is built either over a GPRS PCMCIA card or using infrared connection with
GPRS enabled mobile phone. We have also tried to connect GPRS phone using Bluetooth, but
due to lack of Java PPP stack we were not able to control connection properly, so the
first two solutions were used. A Java Bluetooth stack [33] with standard Java Bluetooth
API [34] was used. There are many Bluetooth stacks available on the market. They are
developed for different operating systems, support different HCI (host controller
interface) interfaces (serial port, USB, etc.) and provide different APIs.
This makes it very difficult to make a proper choice of the stack and later to port
different platforms. Java community undertook the first effort towards Bluetooth stack API
standardization and it has recently resulted in the first standardized specification - the
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JSR-82 JABWT (Java API for Bluetooth Wireless Technology).Gateway plays the role of the
piconets master in the sensornetwork. It controls establishment of the network, gathers
information about the existing smart sensor nodes andsensors attached to them and provide
access to them. A set of core services is developed to take care of common procedures and
services required by all layers. Logging, scheduling, event subscription and services required for
automatic application starting and restarting are supported. Sensor network communication
interface handles communication with sensors and can also control connections to mobile phone
for GPRS connection or to local users that are using Bluetooth to access the network.
Depending on the available hardware resources more than one sensor network can
be attached to the gateway (using Bluetooth or any other communication interface).
The sensor network abstraction layer and its API are independent of the underlying
communication technology and provide information about and access to all available
sensors in the network. Public network interface provide access to GPRS services of
a public network. JXTA middleware is used as a framework for establishmentof a P2P network
of gateway over a wide area network. Application layer designates either local applications that
reside on the gateway itself or remote applications that access the network over the GPRS
network.
5.6 Discovery of smart sensor nodes

Smartsensornodediscoveryisthefirstprocedurethatisexecuteduponthegateway
installation. It goals to discover all sensor nodes in the area and to build a list of sensors
characteristicsandnetworktopology.Afterwards,itisexecutedperiodicallytofacilitateaddition
ofneworremovaloftheexistingsensors.Thefollowingalgorithmisproposed.
Whenthegatewayisinitialized,itperformsbluetoothinquiryprocedure.Whentheblue
toothdeviceisdiscovered,themajorandminordeviceclassesarechecked.Theseparametersare
setbyeachsmartnodetodefinetypeofthedeviceandtypeoftheattachedsensors.Serviceclass
fieldcanbeusedtogivesome additionaldescriptionofofferedservices.ifdiscovereddeviceis
not smart node it is discarded. Otherwise service database of the discovered smart node is
searchedforsensorservices.Ascurrentlythereisnospecificsensorprofile,thendatabaseis
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searchedfortheserialportprofileconnectionparameters.Onceconnectionstringsisobtained
fromthedevice.Bluetoothlinkisestablishedanddataexchangewithsmartmodecanstart.
When a new Bluetooth device is discovered, its major and minor device class are checked (these
parameters are obtained along with the Bluetooth address and other parameters). These
parameters are set by each smart node to define type of the device (Major class =smart sensor
node) and type(s) of attached sensors (Minorclass = temperature). Service class field can be used
to give some additional description of offered services (sensor accuracy, manufacturer, etc.). If
discovered device is not smart node it is discarded. Otherwise, SDP is invoked and service
database of the discovered smart node is searched for sensor services. As currently there is no
specific sensor profile, then database is searched for the serial port profile connection
parameters.Once connection string is obtained from the device, Bluetooth link is established and
data exchange with smart node can start.
Due to the deficiencies of the Bluetooth device we used in smart sensor nodes, it
was not possible to implement proposed algorithm and some shortcuts were used. As SDP is not
supported by these devices, connection string is built by concatenation of the Bluetooth address
of the discovered device and server channel number used by the smart nodes Bluetooth module
(always set to 1). After building the connection string, an attempt is made to establish the
connection. If establishment succeeds, the XMLSense protocol (the protocol we developed for
data exchange with sensors) is invoked and communication with micro controller
application attempted.
Obviously this solution causes establishment of unnecessary links (discovered device is
not smart sensor node or is a smart sensor node, but does not have required sensors) which
wastes energy and causes delays.
5.7 Communication with smart sensor nodes

On top of the Bluetooth link, a simple, but very flexible data exchange protocol, the
XMLSense (XML based protocol for data exchange with sensors), has been developed for
sending and receiving data to and from sensors.
Using two types of messages gateway can request either list of sensors attached to the
particular smart sensor node or sensor data. Reply messages have very flexible structure and
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can relay information about any number or type of sensor. Sensor profiles are defined by sensor
vendors, according to an XML scheme, and are sent as XML strings in reply messages. As all
relevant information about a sensor is contained in its profile (sensor type, measuring unit,
accuracy, manufacturer, calibration date, etc.), gateway can automatically build knowledge of
sensor network and its characteristics, i.e. sensors can be deployed in an ad-hoc
fashion.
Bluetooth links are maintained as long as the gateway and smart sensor node are in the
range. This approach has its advantages and disadvantages. Good side is that as soon as an
event happens on the sensor side, the sensor can send information to gateway about it.
Drawbacks are that power resources are wasted on maintenance of communication link
and it is not possible to have more than 7 smart nodes in one piconet.
The additional implementation problem, when JAVA APIs for Bluetooth is used, is that
the power saving modes related functions are not supported.
5.8 Abstraction layer

Gateways abstraction layer uses sensor profiles to create list of objects that represent
each sensor in the network. Each object provides methods that enable sending and receiving
data to and from sensor. Specifics of actual data transmissionare hidden from users.
Applications can access sensor objects using queries that describe data they are interested
in. Comparing data description in the query and profiles associated with each sensor, gateway
determines which sensor can have an answer and sends data requests to them using methods
provided by each object. Collected replies are formatted into a structured XML document and
forwarded to users.
Currently this is a rather simple functionality because all smart nodes have direct
communication links to the gateway and no routing is preformed. If larger network and scatternet
topology were used, then similar functionality would have had to be provided by each master in
the scatternet and appropriate attribute-based routing solutions would be required to disseminate
queries. Data aggregation rules would have to be defined and could be easily combined with the
XML structured description of the answer.
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CHAPTER 6
ADVANTAGES
MERITS of Bluetooth based Smart Sensor Networks:
Low Cost
Low Power Consumption
Short Range
Wireless Technology
Reasonable throughput
Low maintenance cost
Easy link establishment No line of site restrictions for signal tranmitting.
Interoperability.
Mass Production at Low Cost
Ease of Use
End User Experience
Less power consumption makes its usage in battery powered devices very practical.
2.4 GHz radio frequency ensures worldwide operability.
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CHAPTER 7
APPLICATIONS
1) Hands free devices, music players, car-driving system to ensure safety.

2) In Gaming consoles. i.e. PSPs. Wireless connection of input/output devices like keyboard, Monitor, mouse, Printer etc with PC.
3) Wireless internet access using Bluetooth Dongle.
4) Smart sensor devices, In medical, sports field.
5) Latest version used In Apple iPad, iPhone 4S.
6) Health monitoring, Various Sensors
7) Evironmental Monitoring such as Fire Detection,Water Pollution Monitoring etc..
8) Military and Security etc..
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
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CHAPTER 8
FUTURE SCOPE
Bluetooth is a continually expanding technology. There are plans to add many new application
profiles. With over 15000 companies working on Bluetooth, the future is very bright. With a
strong special interest group behind Bluetooth, the standardization of the application profiles is
almost assured. But, to sustain Bluetooth should keep on adding consumer needed applications.
Because in the era of Android, people prefer applications rather than technology.
Futureworkisaimedtodevelopanddesignabluetoothenableddataconcentratorfor
dataacquisitionandanalysis.
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
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CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
Blue tooth represents a great chance for sensor-networked architecture. This architecture heralds
wireless future for home and also for industrial implementation. With a blue tooth RF link, users
only need to bring the devices with in range, and the devices will automatically link up and
exchange information. Thus implementation of blue tooth technology for sensor networks not
only cuts wiring cost but also integrates the industrial environment to smarter environment.
Today, with a broader specifications and a renewed concentration on interoperability,
manufacturers are ready to forge ahead and take blue tooth products to the market place.
Embedded design can incorporate the blue tooth wireless technology into a range of new
products to meet the growing demand for connected information appliances.
Wireless sensor networks are an interesting research area with many possible
applications. They are based on collaborative effort of many small devices capable of
communicating and processing data. There are still many open issues ranging from the choice of
physical and MAC layer to design of routing and application level protocols.Bluetooth is a
possible choice for data communication in sensor networks. Good throughput, low-power, lowcost, standardized specification and hardware availability are Bluetooth advantages, while slow
connection establishment and lack of scatternet support are some of the deficiencies. An initial
implementation of a Bluetooth based sensor network platform is presented. Implemented
functionality and various problems experienced during the implementation are described.
Implemented platform presents a goodenvironment for further research and development of
sensor network protocols and algorithm.
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 44
REFERENCES
[1] ETSI HIPERLAN/2 Standard. http://www.etsi.org/technical activ/hiperlan2.htm.
[2] IEEE 802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) .
http://www.ieee802.org/15/.
[3] Spike Homepage. http://www.spike-wireless.com/.
[4] Atmel Corp. Atmel ATmega103/103L Datasheet, 2000.
[5] Axis Communications. Axis Bluetooth Driver Software.
[6] Bluetooth Special Interest Group. Specification of the Bluetooth System v1.1, December
2000.
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
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BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

In the vision of ubiquitous computing, every-day objects are augmented with

make them smart. While such

original use and appearance, their augmentation can seamlessly enhance

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

and efficient communication protocols ,to enable networking and

1.1 Wireless sensor networks

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

FIG:1.1 BASIC WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

technology resulting from

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

FIG:1.2 PRESSURE SENSOR

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

FIG:1.3 BASIC BLUETOOTH DONGLE

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

1.3 Communication and connection

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

Fig 1.4: Basic Bluetooth USB

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

FIG:1.5 SIMPLIFIED BLUETOOTH PROTOCOL

IS A WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY STANDARD FOR EXCHANGING DATA OVER

SHORT DISTANCES (USING SHORT-WAVELENGTH RADIO TRANSMISSIONS IN THE

FROM FIXED AND MOBILE DEVICES, CREATING PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS

(PANS) WITH HIGH LEVELS OF SECURITY

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

2.1 BLUETOOTH TOPOLOGY

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

2.2 PICONET TOPOLOGY:

A piconet consists of upto 8BWT-enabled device.

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

Secondary devices: Those device which gets synchronised.

Each piconet has a different frequency-hopping pattern.

3 Bluetooth low power mode are:SNIFF,HOLD AND PARK

Park Mode : A device disassociate from piconet when in a park mode.

The slaves can rejoin only if there a less than 7 slaves

If not so,the master has to park one of active slaves

FIG:2.1 PICONET TOPOLOGY

2.3 SCATTERNET TOPOLOGY

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

Scatternet consist of several piconets connected by devices participating in

There is a BRIDGE connecting 2 piconets which is also a slave in individual

FIG 2.2 SCATTERNET TOPOLOGY

Multi-hop connections between device in different piconets.

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

having piconet A, (consists of four

units), and connected to

piconet B, (consisting of two

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

3.2.1 SENSOR DEVICES

3.3 BLUETOOTH BASED SENSOR

3.3.1 BLUETOOTH BASED SENSOR NETWORKS

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

BLUETOOTH BASED SMART SENSOR NETWORK

Challenge; it is to ensure interoperability among various Bluetooth manufacture device