LCR CIRCUITS

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LCR CIRCUITS

PHYSICS (LAB MANUAL)

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LCR CIRCUITS

Introduction
Circuits containing an inductor L, a capacitor C, and a resistor R, have special
characteristics useful in many applications. Their frequency characteristics
(impedance, voltage, or current vs. frequency) have a sharp maximum or
minimum at certain frequencies called resonant frequencies. Such circuits are
used for selecting or rejecting specific frequencies and are also called tuning
circuits. These circuits are therefore very important in the operation of television
receivers, radio receivers, and transmitters. In this section, we will present two
types of LCR circuits, viz., series and parallel, and also discuss the formulae
applicable for typical resonant circuits.
A series LCR circuit includes a series combination of an inductor, resistor and
capacitor whereas; a parallel LCR circuit contains a parallel combination of
inductor and capacitor with the resistance placed in series with the inductor.
Both series and parallel resonant circuits may be found in radio receivers and
transmitters.
The selectivity of a tuned circuit is defined as its ability to select a signal at the
resonant frequency and reject other signals that are close to this frequency. A
measure of the selectivity is Q, or the quality factor.
The study of the resonant circuits is basically an application of alternating current
circuit analysis. We make use of the complex number notation with sinusoidal
varying quantities like alternating voltage and current. In general, the impedance
Z is a sum of the real part called resistance R and the complex part called the
reactance X,
i.e., Z = R + jX. The magnitude and phase of the impedance

X
R 2 X 2 and tan 1 , respectively.
R

are given by

Since in an inductor, voltage leads the current by /2, the reactance of

L is jL ,

while in case of a capacitor, voltage lags behind the current by /2, the reactance
of

C is 1

jC

. If the current in the circuit is I, the relative voltage drops across

the inductor, capacitor and resistor can be represented in the phasor diagram as
shown in Figure 1.
We will study the property of resonance in context of series as well as parallel
configurations of LCR circuit. It is a very useful property of reactive a.c. circuits
and is employed in a variety of applications. One of the common applications of
resonance effect is in radio and television transmissions, e.g., tuning a radio to a
particular station by selecting a desired frequency (or band of frequencies). The
series resonant circuit can be used for voltage magnification. A parallel resonant
circuit provides current magnification and can be used in induction heating.
Another application of resonant circuit is screening certain frequencies out of a
mix of different frequencies with the help of circuits called filters.

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Figure 1: Phasor diagram

Learning Outcomes
After performing this experiment you will be able to
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

explain why the series LCR circuit is called an acceptor circuit

study the response of LCR circuit by varying the resistance in the circuit
present graphically the variation of current with frequency in a series LCR
circuit
find the resonant frequency for a series LCR circuit and hence find the
Quality factor
explain why the parallel LCR circuit is called a rejecter circuit.
present graphically the variation of current with frequency in a parallel LCR
circuit and hence find the anti-resonant frequency and Quality factor

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LCR CIRCUITS

SECTION A

LCR Series circuit

Let us consider the LCR circuit, which consists of an inductor, L, a capacitor, C,

and a resistor, R, all connected in series with a source as shown in Figure 2. We
will first derive the condition of resonance and then explain the methods of
determination of the resonant frequency and hence the Quality factor.

Apparatus

Function generator
an inductance coil
three capacitors
a resistance box
a.c. voltmeters / multimeter / Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
one a.c. milliammeter
Connecting wires.

Theory

V 0sin t or V 0 e jt be applied to an inductor L , a

resistor R and a capacitor C all in series as shown in Figure 2. If I is the
Let an alternating voltage

instantaneous current flowing through the circuit, the applied voltage in phasor
form is given by

V VR VL VC RI jLI

j L

I
jC

1
I
jC

j L
I
C

The impedance

V
R
I

j L

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LCR CIRCUITS

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Figure 2 (a): Series LCR circuit

Figure 2 (b): Laboratory picture of series LCR circuit

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LCR CIRCUITS

If

we

write Z

Zei Z cos jZ sin ,

then

2
2
2
1
Z R L
and
C

.
tan
R
Therefore, current.

Three cases thus arise:

1.

V0 e jt V0 j t
e
Z
Ze j

1
, tan is positive and applied voltage leads current by phase
C

angle .
2.
3.

1
, tan is negative and applied voltage lags behind current by .
C
1
, tan is zero and applied voltage and current are in phase. This
L
C

condition is known as resonance and frequency as resonant frequency ( 0 ).

1
1
2
C
LC

or

0
or

f0

1
LC

0
1

2 2 LC

(1)

1
0 and VL VC
C

If L, R and (frequency of function generator) are fixed and the capacitance is

I
LI or VC VL . As the capacitance is
C
increased in the circuit, the situation called resonance is achieved when VC VL .
If C is increased further, VC will decrease and we have VC VL . The point of
intersection of VC and V L versus 1
curves will give resonance condition. This
C
is depicted in Figure 3. At resonance V R is a maximum while V LC is minimum as
shown in Figure 4. Corresponding to maximum value of V R , C is obtained.
Similarly, for minimum value of V LC , C is obtained. This value of C makes the
varied, then for lower values of C,

given circuit resonant at the supply frequency with constant values of L and R.

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Figure 3: Variation of VL and VC with

Figure 4: Variation of VLC and VR with

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Theoretically at resonance

VLC should be zero. This should be so if the inductor is

of negligible resistance and there are no other losses. The minimum value of V LC
is a measure of the effective resistance of inductor coil which is equal to the d.c.
resistance plus a.c. resistance corresponding to iron and hysteresis losses.
At

resonant

frequency

frequencies near

f 0 , the impedance of circuit is minimum. Hence

f 0 are passed more readily than the other frequencies by the

circuit. Due to this reason LCR-series circuit is called acceptor circuit. The band of
frequencies which is allowed to pass readily is called pass-band. The band is
arbitrarily chosen to be the range of frequencies between which the current is
equal to or greater than

I0
2

. Let

f 1 and f 2 be these limiting values of

frequency. Then the width of the band is (refer to Figure 5)

BW f 2 f1 .

(2)

The Quality factor is defined in the same way as for a mechanical oscillator and is
given by

f0
resonant frequency

.
bandwidth
f 2 f1

(3)

Q-factor is also defined in terms of reactance and resistance of the circuit at

resonance, i.e.,

X L 0 L
.

R
R

(4)

I0

0.7 I0

f1
f

BW

f2

Figure 5: Bandwidth for a series LCR resonant circuit

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Figure 6: Variation of current with frequency for different R values

Also,

XC
1

.
R
0 CR

(5)

The resonance condition is also evident from the resonance curves or the
graphs between

IR

VR
and f for different values of R shown in Figure 6. The
R

bandwidth as well as Q-factor can be calculated.

Pre-lab Assessment
Now to know whether you are ready to carry out the experiment in the
lab, answer the following questions. If you score at least 80%, you are
ready, otherwise read the preceding text again. (Answers are given at
the end of this experiment.)
Answer the following question:
Choose the correct answer:
(1)

10

Which of the following are applications of resonant circuits?

a)
radio and television transmission
b)
voltage magnification and current magnification
c)
induction heating
d)
all of the above.

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(2)

LCR CIRCUITS

(9)

The real part of impedance is called

a)
resistance
b)
inductive reactance
c)
capacitive reactance
d)
none of the above.
The imaginary part of impedance is called
a)
resistance
b)
inductive reactance
c)
capacitive reactance
d)
reactance.
Capacitors and inductors oppose an alternating current. This is known as
a)
resistance
b)
resonance
c)
reactance
d)
impedance
In the case of an inductor
a) voltage leads the current by /2
b) voltage lags behind the current by /2
c) current leads the voltage by /2
d) voltage leads the current by .
In the case of a capacitor
a) voltage leads the current by /2
b) voltage lags behind the current by /2
c) current leads the voltage by /2
d) voltage lags behind the current by .
The reactance of a capacitor increases as the:
a) frequency increases
b) frequency decreases
c) applied voltage increases
d) applied voltage decreases
The reactance of an inductor increases as the:
a) frequency increases
b) frequency decreases
c) applied voltage increases
d) applied voltage decreases
The minimum value of V LC is a measure of the effective resistance of

(10)

inductor coil. (True/False)

Why is a series LCR resonant circuit called an acceptor circuit?

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.[ The box in Figure 7 shows knobs
to change the values of L, C and R for making different series
combinations.]
Switch on the a.c. source and set its output voltage Vi to a value (say, 3V
rms) and frequency to a known value.
Record the voltages across the known resistor, capacitor, inductor and the
series combination of the inductor and capacitor in Table 1.Figure 8 shows
voltage across inductor L i.e. VL.
Repeat step 3 for different values of C.
Increase the frequency gradually in steps and record the voltage across
resistor in Table2.
Repeat step 5 for two different R values.

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Figure 7 : LCR series combinations

Figure 8: Measuring voltage VL across L

12

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Observations
Table 1: Variation of various voltages with
f = Hz,

R = ,

S. No.

1
C

1
C

L = mH
VC
(volts)

VR
(volts)

VL
(volts)

VLC
(volts)

(F)-1/2
1
2
3
4
5
6

Table 2: Variation of voltage across resistor with frequency for different

R values
L = mH, C = F
S.
No.

Frequency
f
(Hz)

V R1

VR2

VR3

(volts)

(volts)

(volts)

I1

VR1
R1

(mA)

I2

VR2
R2

(mA)

I3

VR3
R3

(mA)

1
2
3
4
5
6

Precautions

The connecting wires should be straight and short.

If the amplitude of the output voltage of the oscillator changes with
frequency, it must be adjusted.
The values of inductance and capacitance are so selected that the natural
frequency of the circuit lies almost in the middle of the available frequency
range.

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Calculations
Plot the following graphs:

1.

Graph no.1: VL and VC on y-axis and

2.

Graph no. 2: VR and VLC on y-axis and

3.

Graph no. 3: Current I on y-axis and frequency f on x-axis for different sets
corresponding to different values of R

The point of intersection of

gives C = F.
The point where V R a maximum in graph no. 2 is gives C = F.

The point where

Mean value of C = F.
The minima of the curves in graph no. 3 give f0 = Hz.
Theoretical value of f0 (using Equation (1)) =............. Hz.

Bandwidth for R1 (using Equation (2)), f2 - f1 = Hz.

Quality factor for R1 (using Equation (3)), Q = .
Theoretical value of Q for R1 (using Equation (4) or (5)) = .

Bandwidth for R2, f2 - f1 = Hz.

Quality factor for R2, Q = .
Theoretical value of Q for R2 = .

Bandwidth for R3, f2 - f1 = Hz.

Quality factor for R3, Q = .
Theoretical value of Q for R3 = .

on x-axis

1
C

on x-axis

VC and V L versus 1

curves in graph no. 1

VLC a minimum in graph no. 2 gives C = F.

Result
The value of C which makes the given circuit resonant at the supply frequency
with given values of L and R is C = F.
The resonant frequency f0 with L = mH and C = F is Hz
Theoretical value of f0 = Hz
% Error = .
A comparison of the experimental and theoretical Quality factor for L = mH
and C = F for different R values is given below in tabular form:

S. No.
1
2
3

14

R ()

Experimental Q-factor

Theoretical Q-factor

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Post-lab Assessment
Choose the correct answer
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

An inductor and a capacitor are connected in series. At the resonant

frequency the
resulting impedance is
a)
maximum
b)
minimum
c)
totally reactive
d)
totally inductive
An inductor and a capacitor form a series resonant circuit. The capacitor
value is increased by four times. The resonant frequency will
a)
increase by four times
b)
double
c)
decrease to half
d)
decrease to one quarter
An inductor and a capacitor form a series resonant circuit. If the value of the
inductor is decreased by a factor of four, the resonant frequency will
a)
increase by a factor of four
b)
increase by a factor of two
c)
decrease by a factor of two
d)
decrease by a factor of four
The resonant frequency for a series LCR circuit with L = 100 mH, C = 0.01
F is approximately
a)
250 Hz
b)
255 Hz
c)
5033 Hz
d)
5000 KHz
The point of intersection of

VC and VLC versus

1
C

curves will give

resonance condition. (True/False)

(6)
(7)

In the

V R and VLC versus 1

curves,

V R is a maximum while VLC is

minimum at resonance. (True/False)

A "high Q" resonant circuit is one which
a) has a wide bandwidth
b) is highly selective
c) uses a high value inductance
d) uses a high value capacitance

Answer the following question

(8) When are the voltage and current in a series LCR circuit in phase?

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Answers to Pre-lab Assessment

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

d
a
d
c
a
b
b
a
True
At resonant frequency
frequencies near

f 0 , the impedance of circuit is minimum. Hence

f 0 are passed more readily than the other frequencies by

the circuit. Due to this reason LCR-series circuit is called acceptor circuit.

Answers to Post-lab Questions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

16

b
b
c
b
c
False
True
When inductive and capacitive reactances are equal.

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SECTION B

LCR parallel circuit

The parallel resonant circuit obeys the same formula for resonant frequency as
the series resonant one, but at resonance the parallel resonant circuit has very
high impedance. The resistance at resonance offered by the parallel resonant
circuit is very high if the resistance of the inductance is very small, and is known
as the dynamic resistance.
We now discuss how a series LCR circuit is different than a parallel LCR circuit.
The condition of resonance in this case is known as anti-resonance. We will
derive the condition of anti-resonance of a parallel LCR circuit. The laboratory
method of determination of the anti-resonant frequency and hence the Quality
factor is explained.

Apparatus

An audio oscillator
an inductance coil
three capacitors
a resistance box
a.c. voltmeters / multimeter / Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
one a.c. milliammeter
Connecting wires

Theory
Consider a circuit containing an inductor L and a capacitor C connected in parallel
to an a.c. source (Figure 9). The resistance R is connected in series with the
inductor L and includes its resistance.
The total admittance of the LCR combination is given by

1
1
1

Z XC X L R
Therefore

1
1
1

Z 1 jC jL R
R jL
jC 2
R 2 L2
R
L

2
j C 2
2 2
R L
R 2 L2

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V0 sin t

VR

C
L

Figure 9 (a): Parallel LCR circuit

Figure 9(b): Laboratory picture of parallel LCR circuit

18

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For the condition of resonance, current and voltage are in phase and the
coefficient of j, i.e., the reactive term which brings about a phase change is zero,
hence

0 L
0
R 02 L2
2 f 0 L
2 f 0 C 2
R 4 2 f 02 L2
0C

which gives

f0

1
2

1
R2
2
LC L

(6)

At resonance, the impedance of the circuit is maximum and is given by

R 2 L202
Z
R
2
L 1
R2
R
2
R LC L
or

L
RC

The impedance at resonance is called dynamic resistance. The current I V / Z

has minimum value (Figure 10). It is for this reason that the condition of
resonance for a parallel LCR circuit is known as anti-resonance and the
corresponding frequency as the anti-resonance frequency.

R1 > R2 > R3

R3
R2
R1

f
Figure 10: Variation of current with frequency for different R values

The shape of the impedance versus frequency curve in a parallel LCR circuit is the
same as the shape of the current versus frequency curve in a series LCR circuit.

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In other words, the circuit has very high impedance at the anti-resonant
frequency. The parallel tuned circuit is used to select one particular signal
frequency from among others. It does this by rejecting the resonant frequency
because of its high impedance. This is the reason why this type of circuit is also
known as a rejecter circuit.
The circuit is more selective if it offers high impedance at resonance and much
lower impedance at other frequencies. The Q-factor is defined in the same way as
for a series LCR circuit. As in series circuit, Q can also be written as

0 L
R

1
1 L

0CR R C

(7)

Pre-lab Assessment
Now to know whether you are ready to carry out the experiment in the
lab, answer the following questions. If you score at least 80%, you are
ready, otherwise read the preceding text again. (Answers are given at
the end of this experiment.)
Choose the correct answer:
(1)

An inductor and a capacitor are connected in parallel. At the resonant

frequency the resulting impedance is
a)
maximum
b)
minimum
c)
totally reactive
d)
totally inductive

(2)

The anti-resonant frequency for a parallel LCR circuit does not depend on
the value of resistance used in the circuit. (True/False)

(3)

A parallel LCR circuit is more selective if it offers

a)
high impedance at resonance
b)
low impedance at resonance
c)
high impedance at frequencies other than the resonant frequency
d)
b and c.

Answer the following questions:

(4)
(5)
(6)

20

What is the impedance at anti-resonance for a parallel LCR circuit?

Why is the condition of resonance for a parallel LCR circuit known as antiresonance?
Why is a parallel LCR resonant circuit called a rejecter circuit?

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Procedure
1.
2.

Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 9.

Switch on the a.c. source and set its output voltage Vi to a value, say, 3V
rms and frequency to a known value.
Increase the frequency gradually in steps and record the voltage across
resistor in Table 2.
Repeat step 3 for two different R values.

3.
4.

Observations
Table 3: Variation of voltage across resistor with frequency for different
R values
L = mH, C = F
S.
No.

Frequency
f
(Hz)

V R1

VR2

VR3

(volts)

(volts)

(volts)

I1

VR1
R1

(mA)

I2

VR2
R2

(mA)

I3

VR3
R3

(mA)

1
2
3
4
5
6

Calculations
Plot a graph with current I on y-axis and frequency f on x-axis for different sets
corresponding to different values of R.

The minimum of the curve for R1 in the graph gives f0 = Hz.

Theoretical value of f0 for R1 (using Equation (6)) =............. Hz.
Bandwidth for R1 (using Equation (2)), f2 - f1 = Hz.
Quality factor for R1 (using Equation (3)), Q = .
Theoretical value of Q for R1 (using Equation (7)) = .

The minimum of the curve for R2 in the graph gives f0 = Hz.

Theoretical value of f0 for R2 =............. Hz.
Bandwidth for R2, f2 - f1 = Hz.
Quality factor for R2, Q = .
Theoretical value of Q for R2 = .

The minimum of the curve for R3 in the graph gives f0 = Hz.

Theoretical value of f0 for R3 =............. Hz.
Bandwidth for R3, f2 - f1 = Hz.
Quality factor for R3, Q = .
Theoretical value of Q for R3 = .

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Result
The resonant frequency f0 with L = mH and C = F is Hz
Theoretical value of f0 = Hz
% Error = .
A comparison of the experimental and theoretical Quality factor for L = mH
and C = F for different R values is given below in tabular form:

S. No.

R
()

Experimental f0
(Hz)

Theoretical f0
(Hz)

Experimental
Q-factor

Theoretical
Q-factor

1
2
3

Glossary
Alternating voltage: An alternating voltage is a sinusoidally varying voltage,
where the peak is value and is the angular frequency of the voltage.
Anti-Resonance: The condition in a parallel LCR circuit when the impedance of
the circuit has maximum value and the current minimum is termed as antiresonance.
Anti-Resonant Frequency: For a parallel LCR circuit the frequency, at which the
current has minimum value, is called anti-resonant frequency.
Bandwidth: The range of frequencies lying within the upper and lower cut-off
frequencies which correspond to 0.707 times the voltage value at resonance is
called bandwidth. It is also defined as the difference between the two half power
frequencies which correspond to the points where the power has been reduced to
one half of its value at resonance.
Capacitance: The property of a conductor that describes its ability to store
electric charge is called capacitance C and is given by Q/V where Q is the charge
stored on the conductor and V is the potential difference between the conductor
and earth.
Color code:
Dynamic Resistance: The frequency-dependent resistance of a parallel LCR
circuit at resonance is known as the dynamic resistance.
Impedance: A measure of the total opposition that a circuit or a part of a circuit
offers to electric current. It includes both resistance and reactance.
Inductance: It is the property of a conductor, often in the shape of a coil,
defined as the electromotive force induced in a conductor per unit rate of change
of current flowing through it.
Pass-band: The electric waves lying within a certain range, or band, of
frequencies allowed to pass, all other frequencies being blocked by the series LCR
circuit.
rms: An alternating potential difference has a value of one volt rms (root mean
square) if it produces the same heating effect when applied to the ends of a
resistance as is done by a steady potential difference of one volt applied to the
same resistance in the same time. Numerically, rms value is

1
2

times the

maximum value. The a.c. ammeters and voltmeters measure the root mean
square (rms) value of the current and potential difference respectively.

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Quality factor: It is a measure of the selectivity or the sharpness of the

resonance curve and is denoted by Q. A low value of resistance in the circuit
leads to a high Q. Quality factor is given by the ratio of the voltage across the
inductor to the input voltage and is hence a dimensionless quantity. Since Q is
ordinarily greater than unity, it is termed as the magnification factor of the
circuit.
Reactance: The frequency-dependent opposition to current flow, which results
from energy storage rather than energy loss, is called reactance and is denoted
by XL and XC for an inductor and capacitor respectively.
Resistance: It is a measure of the opposition offered by an electric circuit to the
flow of electric current.
Resonance: The condition in a series LCR circuit when the impedance is purely
resistive and hence minimum and current maximum is called resonance.
Resonance Curve: A graph showing the variation of the voltage across a circuit
(or a part of it) with frequency in the vicinity of resonance is the response curve
or the resonance curve.
Resonant Frequency: For a series LCR circuit the frequency at which the
reactance due to the inductor, XL, is exactly equal and opposite to the reactance
due to the capacitor, X C, resulting in the impedance of the circuit being purely
resistive, is called the resonant frequency.
Selectivity: The selectivity of a tuned circuit is its ability to select a signal at
resonant frequency and reject other signals that are close to that frequency.

Post-lab Assessment
Choose the correct answer
(1)

An inductor and a capacitor form a parallel resonant circuit. The capacitor

value is increased by four times. The resonant frequency will
a)
increase by four times
b)
double
c)
increase
d)
decrease
(2) An inductor and a capacitor form a parallel resonant circuit. If the value of
the inductor is decreased by a factor of four, the resonant frequency will
a)
increase by a factor of four
b)
increase
c)
decrease by a factor of two
d)
decrease by a factor of four
(3) The anti-resonant frequency for a parallel LCR circuit with L = 900 mH, C =
0.03 F and R = 1 K is approximately
a)
476 Hz
b)
952 Hz
c)
1904 Hz
d)
1 KHz

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Answers to Pre-lab Assessment

1.
2.

a
a

3.

4.
5.
6.

L
RC

False
Because the current at resonance is minimum.
The parallel tuned circuit is used to select one particular signal
frequency from among others. It does this by rejecting the
resonant frequency because of its high impedance. This is the
reason why this type of circuit is also known as a rejector circuit.

Answers to Post-lab Assessment

1.
2.
3.

24

d
b
b

Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi