Text

CE 248 - Behavior of plastic design

of steel structures

ASCE 7 02 (or 05):

Minimum Design Loads for Building and Other Structures.

Topic: Loading
Tony Yang
University of California, Berkeley

Scope

Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

Used by engineers for more than 150 years.
Best estimate of the load are applied to a linearly
equivalent model.
Stress of the model is calculated and checked against
Allowable stress (usually portion of the yield
stress).
For example:
o Allowable tensile stress for gross steel cross section
= 0.6 Fy. This is equivalent of providing a safety
factor of 1.67 (Fy/0.6Fy = 1.67).
o Different material (steel, concrete) and action
(tension, shear, bending, torsion) will have different
safety factor.

This standard provides minimum load requirements for

the design of buildings and other structures that are
subject to building code requirements. Loads and
appropriate load combinations, which have been
developed to be used together, are set forth for strength
design and allowable stress design. For design strengths
and allowable stress limits, design specifications for
conventional structural materials used in buildings and
modifications contained in this standard shall be
followed.

Load and Resistant Factor Design (LRFD)

Load and Resistant Factor Design (LRFD)

Routinely used by engineers in the design office.

Loads are factored to calculate the ultimate load,
where the load factors are based on statistical
interpolation of measured condition.
For example:
the load factor for the dead load is
greater than the live load.
The applied load is then applied to a linearly elastic
model.
The component capacities are calculated assuming
some inelastic behavior of the cross section.

Different strength reduction factor are assigned for

different failure mode.
For example:
phi = 0.9 (for bending), phi = 0.85 (for shear).
This is because we want to be more conservative in
shear failure than flexure failure.
Simultaneously consider the uncertainties in both the
Load and Resisting Strength.

Basic requirements:

System integrity :

1. Strength:
ASD => stress check.
LRFD => check the force between demand and
capacity.
2. Service ability:
Drift, vibration, vertical deflection, , ect.
Typical deflection limits:
LL=> L/360, DL+LL=> L/240 ~ L/180
3. Self-strained force:
Creep. dt, , ect.
4. Counter acting structural action:
Overturning, sliding, up lifting, , ect.

Ductility, energy dissipation, progressive collapse.

Redundancy, Redundancy, Redundancy!!!

Classification of Buildings:

Load combination factors (LRFD):

Category I, II, III, IV.

Higher the number the higher importance.

1. 1.4(D + F)
2. 1.2(D + F + T ) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.8W)
4. 1.2D + 1.6W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
5. 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
6. 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

Selected base on:

Number of occupancy and Hazardous content in
the building.
ASCE 7-02 Table 1-1 (pg 4).

* Note there are some exceptions to watch. Please refer

to ASCE 7-02 Section 2.3.2.

Load combination factors (ASD):

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Maximum member loading:

1. D + F
2. D + H + F + L + T
3. D + H + F + (Lr or S or R)
4. D + H + F + 0.75(L + T ) + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
5. D + H + F + (W or 0.7E)
6. D + H + F + 0.75(W or 0.7E) + 0.75L
7. 0.75(Lr or S or R)
8. 0.6D + W + H
9. 0.6D + 0.7E + H

Maximum negative moment at support B.

Maximum reaction at support B.

Live loads

Dead loads
A

* Please refer to ASCE 7-02 Section 2.4.2 for more

detail

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Maximum member loading:

Dead load
3.1 Definition:
Dead loads consist of the weight of all materials
of construction incorporated into the building
including, but not limited to, walls, floors,
roofs, ceilings, stairways, built-in partitions,
finishes, cladding, and other similarly incorporated
architectural and structural items, and fixed
service equipment including the weight of cranes.

Maximum positive moment at span AB and CD.

Live loads

Dead loads
A

ASCE 7-02 Table C3-1 (pg 246) for minimum design

dead loads.
ASCE 7-02 Table C3-2 (pg 252) for material weight.
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Live load

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Live load reduction

4.1 Definition:
A load produced by the use and occupancy of the
building or other structure that does not include
construction or environmental loads, such as wind
load, snow load, rain load, earthquake load, flood
load, or dead load.

ASCE 7-02 Section 4.8 (pg 10)

Since the probability for elements with large
influence area to have all its live load acting on the
element at the same time is small, most building
code allows live load reduction.
ASCE 7-02 Equation 4-1 (pg 10)

ASCE 7-02 Table 4-1 (pg 12) - minimum uniformly

distributed and concentrated live loads. L0

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L = L0 0.25 +

K LL AT

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Roof live load

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Direction of applying Lr

4.1 Definition:
A load on a roof produced (1) during maintenance
by workers, equipment, and materials and (2)
during the life of the structure by movable objects,
such as planters or other similar small decorative
appurtenances that are not occupancy related.

Lr

Lr

roof

Minimum roof live loads: ASCE 7-02 Section 4.9

Lr = 20 R1 R2

(Yes)

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roof
(No)

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Snow load

Flat roof snow loads (slope < 50)

p f = 0.7 Ce Ct I pg

ASCE 7-02 Section 7 (pg 77).

Ground snow loads, Pg
ASCE 7-02 Figure 7-1 (pg 82 ~ pg 83). [psf].

Exposure factor, Ce
ASCE 7-02 Table 7-2 (pg 90)

The number in parentheses represents the

upper elevation limit in ft.

Thermal factor , Ct
ASCE 7-02 Table 7-3 (pg 91)

In CS area use local map to determine the ground

snow load.

Importance factor , I
ASCE 7-02 Table 7-4 (pg 91)

In Alaska area obtain the value from ASCE 7-02

Table 7-1 (pg 90)
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Low slope roof snow loads

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Low slope roof snow loads

pg 20 psf
p f = max(0.7 Ce Ct I pg , p g I )

Definition:
Slope < 150 or curved roof with vertical angles
from eaves to crown < 100.

pg > 20 psf
p f = max(0.7 Ce Ct I p g , pg )

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Sloped roof snow loads

Slope > 700

Definition:

Definition:

Slope >= 150 or curved roof with vertical angles

from eaves to crown >= 100.

Portion of the roof with slope > 70 degrees

=>no snow load.

ps = C s p f

Cs = roof slope factor

ASCE 7-02 Table 7-2 (pg 84)

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Folded plate, saw tooth roofs

Unbalanced snow loads

Definition:
For folded plate, saw tooth and barrel vault
roofs, Cs = 1 (no reduction).

When 150 < roof slope < 700, snow from the windward
side might be blow to the leeward side of the rood by
wind, hence it is important to consider the unbalanced
snow load. Balance and unbalanced snow loads should
be considered separately.
Unbalanced snow load =

1.5 Ps/Ce.

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Question?

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