COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL

Total Settlement after n years

ST = Sc + Ss + Se
A. Primary Settlement
Normally Consolidated Clay:

+
()
Sc =
(
) ; Sc =
; Sc = H(mv)(P)
+

+
Where:
Sc = primary/normal consolidation settlement
Cc = compression index
H = thickness of clay layer
P (surcharge) = ave. increase of effective stress in
clay or overburden pressure
Po = ave. stress in the mid-height of clay layer
eo = in-situ void ratio
Nagaraj and Murthy

= . .

eL = (LL/100) Gs
Over-consolidated Clay: Pc is given or computed
when Po + P < Pc

+
Sc =
(
)
+

when Po + P > Pc

+
Sc =
( ) +
(
)
+

Nagaraj and Murthy

= Poissons ratio of soil

ES = modulus of elasticity of soil
Ip = influence factor
Compression Index:
1. Skemptous Equation
Cc = 0.009 (LL-10)
LL = liquid limit
2. Rendon-Herrero
+
Cc = 0.141 GS 1.2 ( ).

3. Nagaraj and Murthy

Cc = 0.2343 (LL/100)(GS)
4. Park and Koumoto

Cc =

log =
.
eL = (LL/100) Gs
Pc = pre-consolidation pressure
Pc = pre-consolidation pressure in kPa
Po = in situ average/effective overburden pressure
el = void ratio of the soil @liquid limit
Stress increase (Settlement @ Footing)

Pt = ; Pm = ; Pb =

For rectangular footing ;P=qo

()()
P =
@,,

B.

Settlement @ Clay layer (Ave. Vertical Stress Increase)

++
Sc =

Secondary Settlement (end of Primary Consolidation)

Ss =
( )
+

ep = eo - e
+
e = (
)

Where:

C.

Ss = secondary consolidation settlement

C = secondary compression index
T2 = time after completion of primary settlement
T1 = time for completion of primary settlement
ep = void ratio at the end of primary consolidation
Immediate/Elastic Settlement

Se = (
Se = (
Where:

) Ip

Cs = shape of foundation rigidity factor

B= width of foundation or diameter of circular
foundation
q = P/B2 (net vertical pressure applied)

5.

Coefficient of Compressibility

av =

Coefficient of Volume Compressibility

mv =
=
eave =
mv=

(+ ) ( )

; P1=P+Po

(+ )

Coefficient of Consolidation

Cv =
+
Cv = coeff. of consolidation in length /time
mv = coeff. of volume compressibility in length /force
w = unit weight of water
K=coefficient of permeability/Hydraulic conductivity in length/time
Time factor
2

()

t=

()

Hdr= half the thickness of sample if drained both sides/double

drainage
Hdr= thickness of sample if drained one side only
t= time responding to degree of consolidation
Degree of consolidation for the entire depth of clay layer at
anytime t

U= =

U= degree of consolidation (%)

Sct= settlement of the layer at anytime t
Sc = ultimate settlement of the layer from primary consolidation
Degree of consolidation at distance z at anytime t

U=

(100)

U2=

1+2

(100)

Surcharge needed to eliminate the entire primary settlement

for a period of time t by precompression
U=

)
Po

[+Po (1+ )]

log(1+

U=degree of consolidation
=additional surcharge needed to eliminate the entire primary
settlement for a period of time t by precompression
P=surcharge (average increase of effective stress on clay layer)
Differential Settlement
D.S. = SB SA
can be: PA=(Htank)(IcA)
PB=(Htank)(IcB)
;Ic=influence coefficient
Total Effective Stress @ the center of the clay = +
Effective Stress Increase (on clay)
P = Po2 Po1
Settlement due to lowering of the ground water table

Sc =
( )
+

Modulus of Volume Compressibility

S = HmvP ; S = total primary consolidation
P = Load/B2

Tv =

e2 = void ratio at pressure 2

(+ ) ( )
+

U1=

Pc = preconsolidation pressure
Po = present effective vertical pressure
For normally Consolidated Clay (when e= eo)

= 1.122-0.2343log Po
;eL = ( )Gs

Swell Index:
1. Nagaraj and Murthy
0.0463
Cs =

100
2. Cs = 1/5 to 1/10 Cc
Time Rate of Consolidation
Compression Index:

e1 = void ratio at pressure 1
Cc =

U1 = degree of consolidation at time 1

U2 = degree of consolidation at time 2
Over consolidation Ratio (OCR)

OCR =

..()

. .

NO = in situ porosity of soil

Cc = +

Pc

Uz = excess pore pressure at time t

Uo = initial excess pore water pressure
Relation of time and degree of consolidation (time required
for the first settlement)

Depth in order to minimize settlement

P = Po (neglecting water table) ; get h
D=ht. of sand + new ht. of clay
Initial effective stress (P1)
P1= Po w/out preloading or prior to preloading
Final effective stress (P2)
P2= Po with preloading
Effective Stress at the bottom
b=P+Po(whole height of clay layer)
Increase in the vertical pressure
P=wt. of fill on top of the ground surface (ht.)
Stress @ the base of footing in excess of surrounding
surcharge
qnet=

[( h.. )][A A ]

(wconcrete*Bcolumn) - ( *Df)
Relation of time and thickness
t1

=
2
2
(H1)

(H2)

Time in the field for a consolidation to occur

t2

(U2)2
(U3)2

Preliminary Settlement Analysis

New primary consolidation due to increase in thickness (S1)

consolidation settlement

H(1+100)
H

CEIT-02/ FOUNDATION 2016

Total primary cons. settlement for vertical increase (S2)

ave.vertical stress+increase vertical stress
=
S1
ave.vertical stress
;increase vertical stress=( )(ht. of lowered water table)
Soil with Tube
Height (h)
( )(h)=Uo
Degree of consolidation @mouth of tube
1
U =(
)100

;UA=( )(h)
;h=new height given
Original and Final Stresses
Original and Final Stress @1st point
O: P1=P+ Po(original w.t.)
F: P2=P+ Po(new w.t.)
Original and Final Stress @2nd point
O: P3=P+ Po(original w.t.)
F: P4=P+ Po(new w.t.)
Settlement as a result of lowering water table
1

Sc=
( 2 )+
( 4)
1+

1+

Retaining Wall and Backfill

Initial effective stress
Po=( )(habove w.t.)+ ( )(1+ )(hbelow w.t.)+ ( )
(hclay/2)-( )(hw.t.-midpoint)
Change of stress due to wall & placement of surcharge
P=(Ptop of footing)+ ( )(hfooting)- ( )(hfooting)
Sewage Pump
Base thickness (t)
Uplift force=[(hw.t.-upper base of pump)+t]( )(Avault)-eq.1
Total wt. of vault
W=mass+[(wt. of vault)(Avault)(t)]-eq.2

=F.S.

Settlement @center
Sc-normal consolidation settlement

;P= 2
;B2=base @ center of the clay (2:1 ratio)

Raft Foundation
Initial effective stress
Po=( )(habove w.t.)+ ( )(1+ )(hbelow w.t.)+ ( )
(1+ ) (hclay/2)-( )(hw.t.-midpoint)
Change in stress
Net P=qo-[( )(1+ )(hg.s-base of foundation)]
P=Net P(Ip)
;Ip=influence factor
Settlement of Loads on Sand (SPT)
1. Bazaraa Equation
2
2
Smax = [ ]2
1+

Smax=max. settlement on dry sand in inches

q=applied pressure in tons/ft2
B=width of footing in feet
Case 2: If d<B/2, multiply XB at Smax

XB =

Pd=Po without considering water table

Pw=Po considering water table
2. Burland and Burbridge
q=foundation contact pressure
a)

When q > Pc

q = P/B2
q=

b)

().
..

When q < Pc

+ .

q=
c)

.(.)
( ).

For L/B between 1 and >1

S1 = S [

. /

( )+.

d)

When q < Pc with a value of S=16mm

e)

When q <Pc

q = 16Q + 0.67PC

q = 3(16) Q ; q=bearing pressure corresponding to a max.

settlement of approx. 1 inch or 25mm at the end of contruction

(

Bearing Capacity Factor

1. Ressner Formula
Nq = tan2 (45 + /2) etan
2. Prandtl Formula
Nc = (Nq-1) cot
3. Vesic Formula
Ny = 2(Nq+1) tan
4. Meyerhof Formula
Ny = (Nq-1) tan(1.4)

).

Q = .
.
Settlement of Loads on Sand (Subgrade Reaction Method)
S=

3.932

(+0.305)2

S=settlement in meters

q=pressure imposed by the foundation ;q= 2

B= width of foundation in meters

P=load supported by the foundation
Kv=modulus of vertical subgrade reaction
Settlement of Footings (SPT)
1. For B<1.2m
1.30( )
S=
2.

60

For B>1.2m
2( )

S=
(
)2
60

+0.3

S=settlement in mm
q=bearing pressure in kPa
D=vertical effect. stress at depth D below ground surface in kPa
N60=ave. SPT N60 value between the bottom of the footing and a
depth 2B below the bottom
0.33
;Kd=1 +
<1.33

Kd=depth factor
B=footing width in m
TERZAGHIS BEARING CAPACITY
A. General Shear Failure
Strip footing
qult =cNc + qNq + 1/2 B Ny
A = width (1m)
Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Square footing
qult =1.3cNc + qNq + 0.4 B Ny
Rectangular footing
.
.
qult =cNc ( +
) + qNq + B Ny(
)

Circular footing
qult =1.3cNc + qNq + 0.3 B Ny
Where:
qult = ultimate bearing capacity
c = cohesion of soil/shear strength
c = q/2
qu = unconfined compressive strength
= unit weight of soil
q (effective surcharge) = Df = Df
Nc, Nq, Ny = bearing capacity factors that are non
dimensional and are only functions of soil friction
angle
B = dimension of each side of foundation
= angle of internal friction

Allowable Bearing Capacity= qult/F.S.

Allowable Load , all =( qult/ F.S.) (A) ;FS = ranges from 3 to 4
B. Local Shear Failure
(For loose sand and soft clay)
c =2/3c
tan = 2/3 tan
Strip footing
qult =cNc + qNq + 1/2 B Ny
Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Square footing
qult =1.3cNc + qNq + 0.4 B Ny
Rectangular footing
.
.
qult =cNc ( +
) + qNq + B Ny(
)

Circular footing
qult =1.3cNc+ qNq + 0.3 B Ny

CASES
CASE 1

If water table is located so that D1 < Df, the factor q in the

bearing capacity equations takes the form:
= + ( )

WHERE:
q = effective surcharge
= unit weight of soil
SAT = sat.unit wt. of soil

CEIT-02/ FOUNDATION 2016

Net: FS =

NOTE: ALSO THE VALUE OF IN THE LAST TERM PF THE

EQUATIONS HAS TO BE REPLACED BY = SAT W
qult =1.3cNc + qNq + 0.4 B Ny
USE:
= + ( )
CHANGE IN THE 3RD TERM TO:
= SAT W

USE:

CASE 2

For water table located so that d < B

qult =1.3cNc + qNq + 0.4 B Ny
q = Df

CHANGE B IN GTHE 3RD TERM TO:

B = [d + (B d)]
= SAT W
NOTE: THIS IS BASED ON THE ASSUMAPTIONS THAT THERE IS
NO SEEPAGE FORCEON THE SOIL

USE:

CASE 3

For water table located so that d < B, the water will have no
effect on the ultimate bearing capacity.
qult =1.3cNc + qNq + 0.4 B Ny
q = Df

Allowable Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation

1. Gross Allowable Bearing Capacity

=
; = 2
..

2. Net Allowable Bearing Capacity

() =
; () = ;FS=net
..

Allowable Loads Carried by the Foundation

1. Gross Allowable Load/Total Allowable Load (P)

= () ; A = B2 = cross sectional area of footing

..
2. Net Allowable Load (P)

; = (for q )
() = ; A = B2
ult
..

Base (finding the B)

= ; A = B2

..
Net bearing capacity of the soil/Net soil pressure at the
bottom of the footing

= (Df)
B2
Net factor of safety

; qall = 2
=
B2
FS
Net ultimate bearing capacity

qu=cNc+ DfNq+ BNy Df

USE:

CASE 4

For water table located at the bottom of the foundation.

qult =1.3cNc + qNq + 0.4 B Ny

q = Df
CHANGE IN GTHE 3RD TERM TO:
= SAT W

;c= c
3
Safe bearing pressure qs
()
qs=
+ Df
FS
;qu(net)= qu Df

; qu=cNc(1+0.3 )+DfNq+ BNy(1-0.2 )

L
2
L
Safe total load in kN of the rectangular footing
Qs= qs(A)
;A=LxW
Pressure
Gross Foundation Pressure

qu(gross) =

Net foundation pressure

qu(net) = qu(gross) - Df
Factor of Safety against complete shear failure
()
Gross: FS =
; () = normal formula
()

()
()

; ; () = () - Df

Continuous Footing on a Slope

1. Ultimate bearing capacity
1
qult = c(Ncq)+ ()(B)(Nyq)
2
2. Capacity of continuous footing/wall footing

qall =
FS
Q (capacity) = qall (1)
3. Capacity of a square footing
( )
( )
=
( )

( )
1

; ( ) = cNc+DfNq + BNy
2
( ) = 1.3cNc+DfNq+ 0.4BNy
1

( ) = qult = cNcq+ BNyq

( )

( ) =

Q (capacity) = qall (Area)

4. Slope Stability Factor
()
Ns = ; H=height ; c=cohesion
C
MEYERHOFS BEARING CAPACITY
A. Vertical Load
qu = cNcScdc + qNqSqdq + 0.5BNSd
B. Inclined Load
qu = cNcScdc ic+ qNqSqdqiq + 0.5BNSdi
Shape and Depth Factors:
For = 0
Sc = 1 + 0.2 B/L
dc = 1 + 0.2 Df/B
Sq = S = 1.0
dq = d = 1.0
For 10
Sc = 1 + 0.2 Kp (B/L)
Sq = S = 1.0 + 0.1 Kp (B/L)
dc = 1 + 0.2 Df/B
dq = d = 1.0 + 0.1 Df/B
Load Inclination Factors:
ic = iq = (1-/90)2
i = (1- /) 2
where: k = tan2 (45 + /2)
= angle of resultant measured from vertical
axis
HANSENS BEARING CAPACITY
qu = cNcScdc icbcgc+ qNqSqdqiqbqgq+ 0.5BNSdibg
Shape Factors:
For failure along base width B:
Sc = 0.2 icb (B/L)
Sq = 1+sin B (iql/L)
S = 1 0.4 (B(ib) / L (il)
For failure along base length L:
Sc = 0.2 icb (L/B)
Sq = 1+sin (L(iql)/B)
S = 1 0.4 (L(il) / B (ib))
Base and Ground Inclination Factors:

bc =
=
+
-2vtan
bq = e
b = e-2.7vtan

gc =
=
+
gq = g = (1-0.5tan)5
where: v = base of footing inclination

CEIT-02/ FOUNDATION 2016

 = ground inclination
Depth Factors:
For Df B
dc = 0.4 (Df/B)
dq = 1 + 2tan (1-sin)2(Df/B)
For Df > B
dc = 0.4 arctan (Df/B)
dq = 1 + 2tan (1-sin)2 arctan (Df/B)
d = 1.0
Load Inclination Factors:
For v=0
ic = 0.50 0.50 1 /
iq =[ 1-0.5 H/ V + Ac cot ]5
For v > 0
i = [1-(0.7 - V / 450) H/ ( V + Ac cot )]5
STANDARD PENETRATION TEST
when B 1.22 m.
qall (net) = 19.16 Ncor Fd (Se/25)
when B > 1.22 m.
qall (net) = 11.98 Ncor (
where:

CONE PENETRATION TEST METHOD

= 17.6 + (

= tan-1 (

qall (net) = net allowable pressure in kPa = or 2

Ncor = corrected standard penetration test

Fd = depth factor
B = width of footing
Se = tolerable elastic settlement in mm.

Depth Factor:
.
Fd = 1 + (
)

Correction Factor:

Cn = 0.77 log (
) (Peck)

where:
Cn = correction factor to be applied to number
of blows per ft.
= overburden pressure at the depth observed
when < 24 kPa, equation is not valid
when > 24 kPa, use the correction factor
when = 96 kPa, no correction should be made
N corrected:
Ncor = N(Cn)
N=standard penetration resistance/number of blows
Seismic Settlement of the foundation:
. -4
( ) tan
()

S=seismic settlement
V=peak velocity in m/sec
A=acceleration coefficient

Kh=
; g=gravity

=angle of failure surface

0-4
4-10
10-30
30-50
Over 50

Relative
Density
Very Loose
Loose
Medium
Dense
Very Dense

SPT N-value

Consistency

<2
2-4
4-8
8-15
15-30
>30

Very Soft
Soft
Medium
Stiff
Very Stiff
Hard

N60 = blow count for Standard Penetration Test resulting from

standard 60 blows
BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL BASED ON SPT
Allowable Bearing Capacity:
A) Meyerhofs Formula:
when B 1.22 m.
qa=12(N)(Fd)
.
; Fd = 1 + (
) 1.33

when B > 1.22 m.

+. 2
qa=8N(
) (Fd)

B) Bowles Formula:
when B 1.22 m.
qa=20(N)(Fd)
.
; Fd = 1 + (
) 1.33

when B > 1.22 m.

+. 2
qa=12.5N(
) (Fd)

;N=standard penetration resistance

Allowable load that the footing could carry:
P=qaB2
Settlement at the bottom of footing:
qa = 19.16 NFd (Se/25)
SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL
For normally consolidated clay, c=0

= shearing stress; = normal stress; = angle of inter. friction

For over consolidated clay

h=
=c + ; c = cohesion of clay
Consolidated-drained test

For normally consolidated clay (non-cohesive soil)

sin =

S=

SPT N-value

(60 )0.34

[12.2+20.3 ( )]0.34

) Fd (Se/25)

=effective soil overburden pressure=Po

qc = resisting force divide by the projected area of the cone
Pa = one atmosphere ; 100 kPa or 2 ksf
= angle of internal friction
STANDARD PENETRATION TEST METHOD

. +
.

( )0.5

11

= +

= ; OA = + r

Uncomfined Compression Test of Saturated Clay

CU =
CU =
Qu = unconfined compression strength
Cu = undrained shear strength
SOIL COMPOSITION:

Void Ratio: e =
Porosity: n =

Degree of Saturation: S =

Moisture Content: =
Unit Weight: =

Dry Unit Weight: =

or

(+)

Sat. Unit Weight: =

Moist Unit Weight: =

+
(+)
+

or = DRY (1+)

Effective/Bouyant Unit Weight: =

Power formula: Gsw =Es
Specific Gravity: Gs= _sat/_w
ATTERBERG LIMIT:
Plasticity Index: PI = LL PL

Liquidity Index: LI =

()
+

= = -

Consistency Index: CI =
Flow Index: If =

Toughness Index: CI =
Shrinkage Limit: SL =
Shrinkage Ratio: SR =
Specific gravity: Gs =

()

()

CONSTANTS & CONVERSION:

1 in = 2.54 cm
1 m = 1000 mm
1 kN = 0.102 tonne=1000N
1 psi = 6.89476 kPa
1 kPa = 20.885 psf
water = 9.81kN/m3
water = 9810 N/m3
water = 62.43 lb/ft3

1 ft = 12 in = 0.3048 m
1 m = 100 cm
1 kPa = 0.0104 tons/ft2
1 kg = 2.20462 lbs
1 kg = 0.00981 kN
= 1 g/ cm3
= 1000 kg/ m3
= 1.94 slugs/ ft3

D = deviator stress (diam. of semi-circle)

= major principal stress at failure
= chamber confining stress, cell stress, lateral stress, minor stress
For over consolidated clay (cohesive soil)

=2ctan(45+/2)+ tan2(45+/2)
= tan2(45-/2) - 2ctan(45-/2)
Unconsolidated-drained test
= pore pressure
= deviator stress
Minor effective stress: = -
Major effective stress: = -
= [ + ] -

CEIT-02/ FOUNDATION 2016