Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
What is Greywater ?
S For the purpose of the British Standard (BS:8525,2011),
Benefits
applications
S Reduction in water bills
S Reduces the pressure on existing freshwater sources
S Natural recharge of soils
Greywater Collection
Methodology
Collection of GW
From Washbasins
Transfer to
Storage Bucket
Chemical
&&
Chemical
Microbiological
Bacterial Analysis
Analysis
Filtered GW Sample
Taken
Approach to
Greywater
Collection &
Analysis
Treatment
Transport to
UoRs Engineering
Department
Transfer to
Settlement Bucket
and Mixing
Unltered GW
Sample Taken
Treatment System
S Comprising of two brewing buckets and a Intex Krystal
Chemical Analysis
Chemical Analysis
S Analysis took place on the same day as greywater collection and
treatment.
S In total 24 samples were analysed, yielding 12 untreated and 12 treated
samples.
S In line with standard methods, repeat and blank samples were analysed
Parameters Analysed
Chemical Analysis
S Following parameters were analysed:
S pH
pH
b) for bathing
and drinking
EC
(s/cm)
TDS
(mg/l)
300
500
Chloride Fluoride
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
<250
<1.5
<45
<250
700
600
500
400
EC
300
TS
200
100
0
UF
Results
S pH concentration
S Treated samples are slightly
8.3
8.2
8.1
8
pH
more alkaline
S This is most probably linked to
removal of:
S Buffering agents
S Surfactants and micelles
S Unfiltered greywater
compliant with all standards
S Filtered greywater
compliant with 7 out of 9
standards
pH - A Comparison
7.9
pH
7.8
7.7
7.6
7.5
7.4
UF
Results - Chloride
Chloride (mg/l)
Tap
UF
70
Chloride (mg/l)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Tap
UF
S Chloride Concentrations
Results - Nitrate
Nitrate (mg/l)
30
Nitrate (mg/l)
25
20
15
10
5
0
Tap
UF
Tap/GW Samples
S Nitrate concentrations
S Concentrations recorded in untreated and treated samples
were below the 45-50mg/l limits set in potable and non potable
water standards
Results - Sulphate
Sulphate (mg/l)
30
Sulphate mg/l)
25
20
15
10
5
0
Tap
UF
Tap/ GW sample
S Sulphate concentration
S Concentrations in drinking water controlled to prevent intestinal
discomfort
S No significant reduction in sulphate concentrations as a result of
treatment
S Concentrations within untreated and treated samples below the 250mg/l
- 500mg/l limit
Results - Fluoride
Flouride (mg/l)
0.3
Flouride (mg/l)
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
Tap
UF
S Fluoride concentration
S Negligible difference between treated and untreated greywater
S Low concentrations of fluoride in both untreated and treated
samples
S Levels within untreated and treated samples below the 1.5
3mg/l limit for potable water
Science and
Wessex Hall East Lodge
Technology Centre
6,250
5,153
2,090
6,500
5,500
2,500
15,000
12,650
5,750
4,000
3,308
1,347
1,000
843
338
16,211
12,942
5,723
18%
18%
16%
5
5.1
5.7
15 Year Lifetime of System
Implications
S Despite using a filtration system having a relatively limited
Implications
S The feasibility study indicated that the early-stage benefits of
Conclusions
S Greywater sourced from washbasins is chemically suitable for
reuse
S Simple biological treatment is required to remove biological
contaminates
S The payback period for a greywater systems at UoR is within
Recommendations
S In order to obtain more substantial estimates of these
References
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S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
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Bristol Water (2009) Drinking water quality, the standards explained, Bristol : Bristol Water
British Standards Institute (2010) BS 8525-1 Greywater systems Part 2: Domestic Greywater Treatment Equipment, Requirements and Test Methods Milton
Keynes : BSI.
Ernst M, Sperlich A, Zheng X, Gan Y, Hu J, Zhao X, Wang J, Jekel M (2006) An integrated wastewater treatment and reuse concept for the Olympic Park
2008, Beijing. Desalination, 202 (1-3) pp 293301.
Health Protection Agency (2009) Drinking water safety, guidance to health and water professionals, Whitehall; Heath Protection Agency.
Morel A, Diener S (2006) Grey water management in low and middle-income countries. Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Sandec). Eawag: Swiss
Federal institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Swizerland. Available at [Online] http://www.susana.org/langen/library?view=ccbktypeitem&type=2&id=947 [Accessed 18/04/2012].
Memon F A., Butler D , Han W, Liu, S., Makropoulos C. K., Avery L., et al. (2005). Economic assessment tool for greywater recycling systems.
Engineering Sustainability, Institution of Civil Engineers, 158(ES3), 155161.
Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (2000) Water efficiency in the home. POST, London, 2000, Note 135.
Pidou M, Memon F A, Stephenson T, Jefferson B, Jeffery P (2007) Greywater recycling: A review of treatment options and applications, Institute of Civil
Engineers, Proceedings of the ICE- Energy Sustainability, Vol 160, p 191-131.
Rose, J. B., Sun, G., Gerba, C. P., & Sinclair, N. A. (1991). Microbial quality and persistence of enteric pathogens in greywater from various household
sources. Water Research, 25(1), 3742.
Safe Drinking Water Foundation (2009) TDS and pH. North Saskatoon: Safe Drinking Water Foundation
Surendran S. and Wheatlry A. D. Greywater reclamation for non-potable reuse. Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental
Management, 1998, 12, 406 413.
Thames Water (2011) Drinking water standards explained. Reading: Thames Water. Available at http://www.thameswater.co.uk/your-water/7503.htm
[Accessed 25/07/2012[
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2009) Drinking Water Contaminants. Washington D.C: United States Environmental Protection Agency.
World Health Organisation (2003) Chloride in Drinking water. Background document for preparation of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality.
Geneva: World Health Organisation
World Health Organization (2003) Nitrate and nitrite in drinking-water. Background document for preparation of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality.
Geneva: World Health Organization
World Health Organization (2003) Sulphate in drinking-water. Background document for preparation of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Geneva:
World Health Organization
World Health Organisation (2003) Total Dissolved Solids in Drinking water. Background document for preparation of WHO Guidelines for drinkingwater quality. Geneva: World Health Organisation
Costs - Assumptions
Total Water Consumption
S Based on water readings for 4 months.
S Water consumption is constant throughout 15 year lifetime of system.
S Sewerage
S Assumed to be 95% of all water consumed (Southern Water 2012).
S Greywater Yield
S