ΚΤΗΝΙΑΤΡΙΚΗ ΑΓΓΛΙΚΗ ΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΑ

D
Veterinary Medical Terminology and

Abbreviations
WORD PARTS
PREFIX- the word part at the beginning of a
term
SUFFIX- the word part at the end of a term
ROOT- the word part that gives the term its
meaning
COMBINING VOWEL- root word and vowel that
allow certain terms to be pronounced with ease
(vowel is commonly o)
COMMON ROOT WORDS
CARDI/O- heart
UTER/O- uterus
HYSTER/O- uterus
ENTER/O- intestines
REN/O- kidney
NEPHR/O- kidneys
HEPAT/O- liver
OVARI/O- ovary
LAPAR/O- abdomen
CHEM/O- chemical
ARTHR/O- joint
COMMON ROOT WORDS
CUTANE/O- skin
HEM/O- blood
NAS/O- nose
RHIN/O- nose
COL/O- colon; intestine
GASTR/O- stomach
MAST/O- mammary
gland
RECT/O- rectum
URIN/O- urine
CYST/O- urinary bladder
RADI/O- radiation
ELECTR/O- electricity
OSTE/O- bone
DENT/O- teeth
COMMON PREFIXES
PRE- before
PERI- around
POST- after
A- or AN- without; no
AB- away from
AD- towards
ANTI- against
SUB- below
SUPER- above
DYS- difficult; painful
COMMON PREFIXES
HYPO- below normal;

decreased
HYPER- above normal;
excessive
ENDO- within; inside
ECTO- outside
EXO- outside
POLY- many
OLIGO- very little
INTER- between
INTRA- within
COMMON SUFFIXES
-OSIS: condition
-EMIA: blood
-ECTOMY: surgical
removal of
-STOMY: creating a new
surgical opening
-PEXY: to suture to
-PLASTY: to surgically
repair
-TOMY: to cut into

surgically; to make an
incision
-ITIS: inflammation
-CENTESIS: surgical
puncture into
-MEGALY: enlargement of
-PATHY: disease
COMMON SUFFIXES
-LOGY: the study of

-GRAPH: to record with
an instrument
-GRAPHY: the act of
using an instrument to
record
-GRAM: a record of
-SCOPE: instrument
used to look at or view
-SCOPY: the act of using

an instrument for viewing
-RRHEA: to flow
-RRHAGE: to burst
-LYSIS: to break down
-THERAPY: treatment
PERTAINING TO SUFFIXES
-INE
-IC
-AR
-EAL
-OUS
-TIC
-US
-AN
-AL
-ARY
-AC
-IAN
-E
-IVE
-UM
BREAKING DOWN A TERM

Break each word into the PREFIX, SUFFIX and
ROOT word
Determine each meaning and put into a
definition that makes sense
POST/OPERAT/IVE:
pertaining to after a surgery

CARDIO/LOGY: the study of the heart
GASTR/ITIS: inflammation of the stomach
OVARIO/HYSTER/ECTOMY: surgical removal of the
ovaries and uterus
10
COMMON DIRECTIONAL TERMS
LATERAL: side of the

body; toward the
outside
DISTAL: away from the
center of the body
DORSAL: toward the
back of the body (spinal
area)
CRANIAL: toward the

head of the body
PALMAR: bottom of the
front feet
ROSTRAL: toward the
nose
11
COMMON DIRECTIONAL TERMS
MEDIAL: toward the

inside
PROXIMAL: toward the
center of the body
VENTRAL: toward the
abdomen of the body
(belly)
CAUDAL: toward the tail
of the body
PLANTAR: bottom of the

back feet
ASPECT: area
RECUMBENT or
RECUMBENCY: lying
TRANSVERSE- across an
area dividing it into
cranial and caudal
sections
12
DIRECTIONAL DIAGRAM
A- cranial
B- caudal
C- ventral
D- dorsal
E- rostral
F- proximal
G- distal
H- palmar
I- plantar
13
SPECIES TERMS
Canine- dog
Feline- cat
Equine- horse
Bovine- cow
Cavy- guinea pig
Primate- monkeys and
apes
Poultry- chickens and
turkeys
Murine- rats or mice
Ovine- sheep
Porcine- pig
Caprine- goat
Lagomorph- rabbit
Avian- bird
Reptile- snakes and
lizards
Amphibians- frogs and
toads
Terrapin- turtle
14
COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: DOGS
Intact: capable of
reproduction
Bitch: female adult
intact dog
Stud dog: male adult
intact dog
Puppy: newborn dog
Litter: a group of
newborn dogs
Whelping: the labor
process of dogs
15
COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: CATS
Queen: adult female

intact cat
Tom: adult male intact
cat
Kitten: newborn cat
Queening: the labor

process of cats
16
COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: RABBITS
Buck: adult male intact

rabbit
Doe: adult female intact
rabbit
Lapin: neutered male
rabbit
Kit: newborn rabbit
Kindling: labor process of

rabbits
17
COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: RATS AND MICE
Dam: adult female

intact rat or mouse
Sire: adult male intact
rat or mouse
Pup: young newborn
mouse or rat
18
COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: POULTRY AND

BIRDS
Cock: adult intact male

chicken or parrot
Rooster: adult male
chicken
Hen: adult female
chicken or parrot
Cockerel: immature
male chicken
Pullet: immature female

chicken
Chick: newborn chicken
Poult: young chicken or
turkey
Flock: group of birds
Drake: male duck
Duck: female duck
Duckling: newborn duck
19
COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: PIGS
Sow: adult female

intact pig
Boar: adult male
intact pig
Barrow: young
castrated male pig
Stag: adult male
castrated pig
Gilt: young immature

female pig that has
not farrowed
Piglet: newborn pig
Farrowing: labor
process of pigs
20
COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: HORSES
Stallion: adult male

intact horse
Mare: adult female
intact horse
Colt: young male horse
Filly: young female
horse
Foal: newborn horse

Gelding: castrated male
horse
Weanling: young horse
under a year of age
Yearling: young horse
between 1 and 2 years of
age
Herd: group of horses
21
COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: EQUINE
Horse: equine over 14.2

hands in height
Pony: equine under
14.2 hands in height
Hand: measurement of
height that equals 4
inches
22
COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: EQUINE
Donkey: donkey crossed

with a donkey
Hinny: cross of male
horse and female
donkey
Jack: intact male donkey

Jenny: intact female
donkey
Mule: cross of male
donkey and female horse
23
CLINICAL SITUATION
Yr
SF
DLH
PE
v/d
WNL
TPR
Wt
Lbs or #
CBC
Rads or x-rays
dz
dx
tx
Tabs
PO
SID
BM
24
Twice a day
By mouth
Surgery
Prescription
Four times a day
History
Diagnosis
Gums
Treatment
Pulse
Biopsy
Positive
Every
Pound
Right ear
Left eye
25
PATIENT INFORMATION
K-9: canine or dog

DLH: domestic long hair
(cat)
DSH: domestic short
hair (cat)
M: male
F: female
S or SF: spayed or
spayed female
NM: neutered male

C or CAST: castrated
26
PATIENT INFORMATION
o: owner
y or yr: year
mo: month
wk: week
d: day
EX: exotic
C-SECT: caesarian
section
d/o: drop off

p/u: pick up
d/c: discharge
rec: recommend
S/R: suture
removal
Sx- surgery
27
PATIENT HISTORY
Hx: history
V: VOMITING
D: DIARRHEA
V/D: vomiting and
diarrhea
PD: POLYDIPSIA
(increased thirst)
U: URINE
PU: POLYURIA (increased
urination)
C/S: culture and
sensitivity
28
PATIENT HISTORY
BM: BOWEL MOVEMENT

ANOREXIA: NOT EATING
LETHARGIC: TIRED
DYSURIA:TROUBLE
URINATING
HEMATURIA: BLOOD IN
URINE
HBC: hit by car
29
PHYSICAL EXAM
PE: physical exam

BAR: bright, alert,
responsive
QAR: quiet, alert,
responsive
T: temperature
P: pulse
R: respiration
(breathing)
TPR: temperature, pulse,

respiration
N or -: negative
+: positive
MM: mucous
membranes (gums)
CRT: capillary refill time

30
PHYSICAL EXAM CONTD
HR: heart rate

RR: respiratory rate
ABD: abdomen
LN: lymph nodes
WT: weight
Acute: onset of
condition occurs in a
short time
Chronic: onset of
condition occurs over a
long time
Dx: diagnosis
Px: prognosis
Tx: treatment
URI: upper respiratory
infection
31
PHYSICAL EXAM CONTD
UTI: urinary tract

infection
SOAP: Subjective,
Objective, Assessment,
Plan
ANALS or AG: anal
glands
FeLV: feline leukemia
virus
FIP: feline infectious

peritonitis
FIV: feline
immunodeficiency virus
L: left
R: right
32
LABORATORY TERMS
Bx: biopsy
C/S or C & S: culture
and sensitivity
CBC: complete blood
count
CHEM: blood
chemistry panel
PCV: packed cell
volume
Cysto: cystocentesis
Fecal: stool or fecal
sample
UA: urinalysis
HW: heartworm test
T4- thyroid test
33
PHARMACY TERMS
Rx: prescription
EOD: every other day
SID: once a day
BID: twice a day
TID: three times a day
QID: four times a day
PRN: as needed
q: every
d: day
w: week
h: hour
PO: by mouth
NPO: nothing by
mouth
34
PHARMACY TERMS CONTD
Tab: tablet
Cap: capsule
ml: milliliter (liquid
measure)
cc: cubic centimeter
(liquid measure)
kg: kilogram
mg: milligram
/: per (mg/kg)
# or lb: pounds
#: amount to
dispense
oz: ounces
35
PHARMACY PROBLEM
The veterinarian has been talking with Mr. Doe

about his dog, Rufus. The dog is on
phenobarbital. Rufus is still having seizures
and the vet has asked you to have Mr. Doe
increase Rufuss medicine from (1) 25 mg
tablet SID to (1) 25 mg tablet BID PO. What will
you tell Mr. Doe?
36
PHARMACY ANSWER
You should tell Mr. Doe that the vet would like
Rufus to get (1) 25 mg tablet of phenobarbital
two times a day by mouth.
37
PHARMACY PROBLEM
The vet has asked you to fill the following
prescription: Give (1) tablet of aspirin PO q 12 h
PRN.
What will you place on the label?
38
PHARMACY ANSWER
Give (1) tablet of aspirin by mouth every 12

hours or twice a day as needed.
39
EYES AND EARS

OD: right eye
OS: left eye
OU: both eyes
AD: right ear

AS: left ear
AU: both ears
40
MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION
ROUTES
SQ: subcutaneous
(under the skin)
SUB-Q: subcutaneous
IM: intramuscular
(into the muscle)
IV: intravenous (into

the vein)
IN: intranasal (into the
nasal cavity)
PO: by mouth
41
MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION
ROUTES
IC: intracardiac (into

the heart)
IT: intratracheal (into
the trachea or
windpipe)
IP: intraperitoneal
(into the peritoneum
or lining of the
abdomen)
IO: intraoseous (into

the bone)
ID: intradermal (within
the skin layers)
42
VETERINARY ASSOCIATIONS
AVMA: American
Veterinary Medical
Association
AAHA: American
Animal Hospital
Association
NAVTA: National
Association of
Veterinary Technicians
of America
OFA: Orthopedic
Foundation of
America
43
ADMINISTERING MEDICATION
Presentation on
ADMINISTERING MEDICATION
44
INTRODUCTION
Why might our pets need to receive medication?
Where might we get the medication from?
Who would administer this medication?
What are the different ways of administering medication?
Does anyone have any previous experience of giving any type of medication?
45
Administering Medication
PHARMACOLOGY
Pharmacology is the study of medicines, including:
The source of the drug
The composition of the drug
The effects of the drug
46
DRUG GROUPS
The Veterinary Medicines Regulations classify all animal medicines into one
of four categories:
POM-V (Prescription Only Medicine Veterinarian) must be prescribed by a

veterinary surgeon, and can be dispensed by any veterinary surgeon or
pharmacist
Examples of POM-V medications include vaccinations or antibiotics.
47
Drug Groups
POM-VPS (Prescription Only Medicine Veterinarian, Pharmacist, Suitably

Qualified Person) must be prescribed by a veterinary surgeon, pharmacist or
SQP, and can be dispensed by any of those persons
Examples of POM-VPS medicines include many medications for horses and farm
animals.
48
DRUG GROUPS
NFA-VPS (Non-Food Animal medicine Veterinarian, Pharmacist, Suitably Qualified

Person) must be supplied by a veterinary surgeon, pharmacist or SQP
Examples of NFA-VPS medicines include certain flea and worm treatments.
49
DRUG GROUPS
AVM-GSL (Authorised Veterinary Medicine General Sales List) can be

supplied by anyone.
Examples include vitamins and minerals.
50
DRUG ROUTES
Drugs may be administered in various ways. The route chosen depends on the part
of the body the drug needs to affect, how quickly the drug needs to work, and the
ability of the owner to give the drug.
51
TOPICAL
Some drugs can be applied directly to where they are needed. These are called
TOPICAL preparations and can be used to treat eye, ear or skin problems.
Topical preparations are available in different forms:
CREAMS the drug is dissolved in water and mixed with oil or fat. Creams
spread easily and penetrate the outer layers of the skin.
OINTMENTS the drugs are present in a base of wax or fat. They do not
penetrate the skin.
POWDERS fine powders to apply to the skin e.g. flea powders.
MEDICATED SHAMPOOS drugs mixed with detergents which penetrate the
coat. Shampoos are left in contact with the skin for the recommended amount
of time and then should be rinsed off thoroughly.
SPRAYS a way of applying liquids in fine droplet form e.g. flea sprays.
52
EXAMPLES
EYE & EAR MEDICATIONS these are both

examples of topical medication.
Eye medications should be sterile. Once they

have been opened they should be stored only for
the length of time recommended by the
manufacturer.
53
SYSTEMIC
Some drugs cannot be applied directly where they are needed. Instead they need to
travel through the animals system until they get to where they are needed. These
drugs are said to be given SYSTEMICALLY.
Examples include oral preparations and injections.
54
ORAL PREPARATIONS
These are given by mouth. This is often the only way that owners can give
medications to their pets.
There are some problems with giving drugs orally-
It takes longer for a drug to be absorbed into the bloodstream than if the drug
was given by injection
Some drugs may be broken down by digestive enzymes
Having food in the gut may slow down the absorption of the drug
55
ORAL PREPARATIONS
TABLETS tablets are made by taking a powdered

drug and compressing it.
Many tablets are then coated with another substance

e.g sugar coating.
This coating protects the tablet from moisture and

hides any bitter taste.
Crushing a coated tablet destroys this protective layer

so always check if a tablet can be crushed first.
56
ORAL PREPARATIONS
CAPSULES capsules are made up of powder or

granules inside a gelatine capsule
MEDICINES liquid medicines contain the drug

dissolved or suspended in water. Suspensions
need to be shaken well before dosing.
57
PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS
These are drugs that can be given by injection. All

drugs in this form must be sterile. The most
common routes of injection of drugs in small
animal practice are:-
INTRAVENOUS (I/V) directly into a vein
INTRAMUSCULAR (I/M) into a muscle
SUBCUTANEOUS (S/CUT) under the skin (usually

given into the scruff of the neck)
INTRAPERITONEAL (I/P) into the abdomen
58
PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS
Other methods include:
NASAL up the nose (e.g. kennel cough vaccine)
RECTAL into the rectum (e.g. diazepam to stop fits)
59
HEALTH & SAFETY AND ADMINISTERING MEDICINES
Health and safety should be considered in order to make sure that we dont get
hurt whilst administering medicines.
It is also important to ensure that the animal doesnt get hurt or frightened.
60
WHAT ARE THE RISKS TO PEOPLE WHEN ADMINISTERING MEDICINES?
Getting bitten
Getting scratched
Accidental ingestion of drugs
61
HOW CAN THESE RISKS BE MINIMISED?
Follow instructions carefully
Make sure that the animal is adequately restrained
Use sprays in a well ventilated area
Wear appropriate PPEs (e.g. gloves, mask etc)
62
WHAT ARE THE RISKS TO ANIMALS WHEN ADMINISTERING MEDICINES?
Overdose
Allergic reaction
Wrong administration route selected
Animal stressed
Animal gets injured
63
WHAT ARE THE RISKS TO ANIMALS WHEN ADMINISTERING MEDICINES?
Only giving prescribed medicines to the animal that they have been prescribed
for
Follow instructions carefully when administering medication
Monitor the animal for any signs of side effects
Make sure that you know how to handle and restrain the animal correctly.
64
USEFUL LINKS
http://www.vmd.gov.uk/Publications/Consultations/VMR06/VMGNote03.pdf
65
A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO
COMPANION ANIMAL
PRESCRIPTION DRUG
LABELING;
& the Role of the Center for Veterinary Medicine

(CVM)
66
OVERALL GOALS
To illustrate the importance of product labeling.
To explain the process of creating a label.
To show how labeling information can be used in
the clinical setting.
To increase the understanding of CVMs role in
new animal drug development, specifically
focusing on how the knowledge obtained from our
thorough review process is expressed in the
product labeling.
67
PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
FDA/CVM Background Information
New Animal Drug Approval Process
Drugs used in Companion Animal Medicine
Prescription Drug
Labeling
Conclusions
Case Studies
68
FDA
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a

federal agency within the Department of
Health and Human Services.
69
FDA
.is responsible for ensuring that:
foods are safe, wholesome and sanitary
human and veterinary drugs, biological
products, and medical devices are safe and
effective
cosmetics are safe
electronic products that emit radiation are
safe
products are honestly, accurately and
informatively represented to the public.
70
DRUGS USED IN COMPANION ANIMAL

MEDICINE
FDA-approved new animal drugs pioneer and
generic
Extralabel use of approved new animal drugs
Extralabel use of approved human drugs
71
PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABELING

TOPIC OVERVIEW
Where does the information in the label come
from?
What are some limitations on label information?
Who writes the label?
Whats in a label?
Labels as living
documents.
72
WHERE DOES THE INFORMATION IN

THE LABEL COME FROM?
Animal Safety
Effectiveness
All Other
Information
73
ANIMAL SAFETY
Target animal safety (TAS) studies multiple levels of
exposure to mimic the potential adverse effects in the
general population
Specialized studies or tests:
- Collie safety studies
- Ocular studies
- GI endoscopy
Field safety effectiveness studies and use studies
(open-label)
74
EFFECTIVENESS
Field effectiveness studies in the target animal
adequate and well-controlled
Dose confirmation studies
Laboratory studies
- Disease models
- Target animal
Pharmacokinetic studies
75
ALL OTHER INFORMATION

Literature
Foreign market experience
Known drug class information
Human drug approvals
Post-approval experience
76
WHAT ARE SOME LIMITATIONS ON LABEL

INFORMATION?
Pre-approval studies for veterinary drugs include fewer subjects
than those conducted for human drug development.
For companion animals:

Pre-approval safety studies are almost exclusively performed in
young, healthy animals.
Pre-approval effectiveness studies are generally performed in
healthy, client-owned animals.
77
WHO WRITES THE LABEL?

Labeling language is a collaboration between the
drug sponsor and CVM to present fair and
balanced information.
78
WHATS IN A LABEL?
Main Labeling Components:
Package Insert
- Written for veterinarians
- Useful information for daily
practice
Client Information Sheet

- Written for owners
- Accompany certain new animal drugs
- Should be dispensed with each prescription
Bottle/Vial/Outer Box Labeling

79
EXAMPLE PACKAGE INSERT

(SUGGESTED MAJOR HEADINGS)
Indications
Dosage & Administration
Contraindications
Warnings
Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Clinical Pharmacology
Effectiveness
Animal Safety
80

Indications:
- Lists the specific disease(s) or condition(s) for which
the drug product is approved
Dosage & Administration:

-
Recommended dose (dose studied in pre-approval)

Duration of treatment & treatment interval
Modifications for special populations
81

Contraindication:
-
Risk of using the drug product outweighs any

possible benefit
Usually a proven hazard
82

Warnings:
- Includes user safety, human food safety, animal
safety & environmental safety
- May include warnings related to extralabel use
- Boxed warnings
potential risk of death
or serious injury
83

Precautions:
-
Information that does not warrant a warning or

contraindication statement, but needs to be
communicated for the safe and effective use of the
drug
Tests recommended prior to use
Examples: drug interactions, statements regarding
subgroups in which the drug has not been tested
84
CLIENT INFORMATION SHEETS

Written for pet owners
Contain important information regarding what
pet owners should expect when using drugs, and
what side effects to look for
85
LABELS AS LIVING DOCUMENTS

Labeling language updated based on postmarketing experience, including Adverse Drug
Experiences (ADEs)
Sponsor-initiated updates, including
manufacturing changes, new tablet sizes, etc.
86
ADVERSE DRUG EXPERIENCES

(ADES)
ADEs are voluntarily reported by veterinarians,

pet owners, and others to the pharmaceutical
company or CVM.
Companies are required to report all ADEs to
CVM.
87
CONCLUSIONS
Labels are important living documents that
contain useful information for daily practice.
Read and use product labels regularly.
Report ADEs to sponsors and/or CVM.
88
CASE STUDIES
The following case studies are not intended to guide or dictate the
practice of veterinary medicine. They are simply meant as
examples of the information that can be found on the labeling
of FDA-approved animal drugs, and how that information can
be used on a daily basis.
89
CASE SCENARIO #1 BUDDY
90
CASE SCENARIO #1- QUESTIONS

1. Do you need any other history before deciding to prescribe
firocoxib?
2. Should you perform any other exams/evaluations before
prescribing firocoxib?
3. What toxicities are associated with NSAIDs?
4. What clinical signs warrant the discontinuation of firocoxib?
5. Can you use this drug in pregnant horses? Foals?
6. What was the highest dose of firocoxib tested in the studies
performed to support approval?
7. At what dose is firocoxib approved?
8. What should you give to the owner in addition to the tubes of
EQUIOXX paste?
91
CASE SCENARIO #2 SHELBY
92
CASE SCENARIO #2 - QUESTIONS

1. What is the mechanism of action?
2. What is the dose and route?
3. What are the known side effects?
4. What are the contraindications for use? What are the
precautions for use?
5. What, if any, medications are allowed concurrently? Not
allowed concurrently?
6. What should be done if a dog vomits after administration?
7. Is there a maximum duration of administration?
8. What should be done in an acute overdose situation?
93
CASE SCENARIO #3 GUZZLES
94

1. What is the chemical name of the drug?
2. How do you know that the VETORYL you have just taken off the clinic shelf
has been FDA approved?
3. Your clinic carries two sizes of VETORYL. Which bottle will you select?
4. Which area of the dosing table will you focus on in order to calculate the
starting dose?
5. Where will you look to check for follow-up instructions and testing?
6. The owner is really anxious to eliminate the excessive water drinking,
urination, and food thievery. Is there a place on the label that gives a
guideline for when she can expect to see improvement?
95
CASE SCENARIO #3
QUESTIONS (CONTINUED)
7. The owner is very concerned about side effects on Guzzles from this
medication. Where would you look on the label to give her this information?
8. The owner wants to know if there are any special storage instructions for this
medication. Where can you find this information to let her know?
9. There are small children in the house, and Mrs. Jones is always worried about
what they will get into (boys will be boys)She is also excited to tell you that
she is pregnant again! What can you tell her about precautions for humans?
10. Does the medication need to be given with food? If Guzzles decides she
doesnt want to take the pill, can Mrs. Jones mix the powder from the capsules
into the food?
11. Mrs. Jones wants to know if she can still give Heartgard Plus and Frontline
Plus.
96
CASE SCENARIO #4
RASCAL
97

1. Which antibiotic would you prescribe, and why?
2. What dose would you choose?
3. What possible adverse effects would you warn the
owner to watch for, based on your choice of treatment?
4. The owner is worried hell act funny again, and asks
if its okay for her to give him some OTC Pepcid to
prevent any upset stomach. What is your response?
98
QUESTIONS?
99
ONLINE RESOURCES
Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM):
http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/default.htm
How to report an ADE:

http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/ReportaPro
blem/ucm055305.htm
Currently approved labels for companion animal

NSAIDs:
http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/Products/ApprovedAni
malDrugProducts/DrugLabels/ucm050105.htm
100
DOG AND CAT IN RESEARCH

101
DOG BREEDS
Beagle
not
too inbred
no trimming
Size
(semichondrodystrophic)
Alsatian and Labrador

larger
dog
hip dysplasia
102
103
DOG REPRODUCTION
Estrus length
Ovulation type
Breeding
7-13 days
Spontaneous
10-16 days from
start of estrus
Gestation
Litter size
Litters / year
Weaning
60-66 days
4-12
2
7-8 weeks
104
REPRODUCTION
Estrus every 6-8

months
Estrus lasts 21-22

days
Ovulation about 10th

day
Pseudopregnancy
common
105
SPACE REQS (NEW APPENDIX A)
Weight of dog
Minimum floor
For each
Minimum height
kg
area
additional dog
For one or two
add a minimum
dogs
of
20
> 20
106
SOCIALIZATION
PROGRAMS
Objective - tractable
adults
Basic commands
Novel Situations
Puppies through 12
weeks
107
ADMINISTRATIONS
SC
108
PERIPHERAL VEINS
Jugular vein
Cephalic
vein
Lateral saphenous vein

109
ADMINISTRATIONS AND BLOOD

SAMPLES
IV: superficial veins of

front and rear legs
IM: Thigh muscle
Blood samples
superficial veins in legs

jugular vein
110
RESEARCH USE
Behavior
Pulmonary
Pharmacology
Wound healing
Dental
Brain
Skeletal
Transplantation
Aging
Neurology
Trauma
Nutrition
Circulatory
Cancer
Eye
Anesthesia
Radiology
Shock
Heart
GI surgery
Gastroin
Diabetes
Gay: Health Benefits of Animal Research, FBR
111
CARDIOPULMONARY:
DISTINGUISHING
FEATURES
Intracoronary anastomoses
Left CA blood supply to conduction
system
Incomplete mediastinum
Atherosclerosis - limited lesions
112
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Simple stomach and short intestine

Ileocecal valve and caecum
12 hour gut transit time
Fast 12 hours pre-surgery (to avoid
vomiting intra-/pre-anesthesia)
113
PHARMACOLOGIC FEATURES
Thiobarbiturates arrhythmogenic
Ketamine convulsive
Xylazine hypotensive
Morphine emetic
114
BREED SENSITIVITIES
Sight hounds thiobarbiturates

e.g., Greyhounds, Borzoi, Salukis
Collies - ivermectin
115
DISEASES OF CONCERN
Rabies
Canine distemper
Infectious hepatitis virus
Infectious tracheobronchitis
Parainfluenza
Bordetella
116
VACCINATION RECOMMENDATIONS
Yearly - all dogs

Breeding females
during anestrus
Pup vaccination
6-16 weeks
117
ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION
To
intubate successfully, the

laryngeal structures must be
clearly seen.
118
Use
the arytenoid cartilages,

vocal folds and laryngeal inlet
as your landmarks.
119
Never
insert a tube blindly.
It
will end up in the esophagus,

not the trachea.
120
To
intubate properly,
There
is no substitute
for seeing the tube as
it enters the larynx.
121
INFLATION OF THE BALLOON
122
TYING THE TUBE

Tie
the tube in place -
To
either jaw.
Behind the occiput.
Securing
the tube -
Preserves
the airway.
Protects the trachea
from trauma if the tube
/ balloon were
dislodged.
123
ANESTHESIA RECOVERY
Prepare
Step
to extubate -
1: Untie the tube.
124
Anesthesia
Recovery
Prepare to extubate Step 2: Deflate the tube.
125
Anesthesia
Recovery
Prepare to extubate Step 3: Wait for dogs
reflexes.
Extubate Step 4: Extubate before dog

chews the tube.
126
EUTHANASIA
Injectable agents - anesthetics
Inhalants - CO2, CO
127
HEALTH MONITORING
FELASA guidelines
Vaccination:
distemper
infectious
hepatitis
parvo
rabies
128
PARASITES
Toxocara canis
(intrauterine infection)
129
130
WORKING WITH THE LABORATORY DOG TRAINING FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF

ANIMAL WELFARE IN RESEARCH
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/TrainingVideos.htm#dog
131
CAT: SPF VS. CONVENTIONAL
prone to respiratory infections

Cats suffering from respiratory infections are poor
subjects for research
There are SPF (specific pathogen free) breeders
of cats
132
CAT: REPRODUCTION DATA

Estrus cycle duration
Estrus duration
Type of ovulation
Mating methods
Gestation
Litter size
Litters / year
Weaning age
14 days
3-6 days
induced
1M /1-15F
64-66 days
3-6
2
4-5 weeks
133
SOCIALIZATION TO HUMANS
Socialize kittens between 4

and 14 weeks of age.
If socialization to humans is
neglected, they will develop a
natural fear of humans.
Cats not properly socialized
can be dangerous!!
It only takes a few minutes a
day.
Only socialized cats

make good research
subjects.
134
CATS LIKE COMFORT.

Soft
beds
Perches
Exercise areas
Toys
135
HOUSING
136
ENRICHMENT
137
CAT HANDLING
Cautions
Bite
wounds
Scratches
Temperament
Work
safely
Use
proper restraint
Avoid stressing the cat
138
CAT: COMMON PROCEDURES
Handling may be difficult

chemical
sedation
immobilization devices
139
HELPFUL HINTS ON
RESTRAINT
Get
the cat to cooperate:
Reassure
Stroke
and pet
Verbal praise
Quiet manner
Respectful attitude
140
HELPFUL HINTS ON RESTRAINT

Never
over-restrain a cat!
Too
much force makes the cat struggle.
If
you engage in a battle of wills, you will lose.

If a cat gets over excited, stop and return the cat to
his cage. Let him relax a while.
Use
the minimum restraint necessary to do

the procedure.
Persuade
(not force) the cat to cooperate.

141
RESTRAINT
Pancake Kitty
e.g. for cephalic vein access
Access to jugular vein
142
RESTRAINT
Lateral
recumbency
143
RESTRAINT
One-handed
hold
144
RESTRAINT
Scruff
Reflex
Calming
effect.
May
help to regain
control in a
challenging
situation.
145
RESTRAINT
The
Kitty Burrito
Flatten
cat on a
towel.
Wrap
securely.
Enclose
Allows
front legs.
rear access.
146
ELIZABETHAN COLLARS
Can
protect against bites.

Likely to stress a cat.use only if necessary.
Eliz. collar and towel combination...
147
CAT: COMMON PROCEDURES
Intravenous injection
requires good handling
veins accessible
(antebrachial and
femoral) are small and
fragile, use butterfly
(23G) needles
Blood samples from

ear or jugular vein
148
CAT: RESEARCH USE

Aging
Behavior
Circulatory
Hemopoietic
Musculoskeletal
Respiratory
Auditory
Digestive
Cancer
Endocrine
Genetics
Immune
Infectious diseases CNS
Eye
Skin
Teratology Toxicology
Gay: Health Benefits of Animal Research.FBR
149
CAT BITES DANGEROUS INFECTION
In
a full-force bite, canine teeth insert

dangerous pathogens into the tissues.
Because
these wounds often develop

serious infections, medical attention
should be sought immediately after a cat
bite.
150
OTHER HAZARDS
UNIQUE TO CATS
Toxoplasmosis
Fetuses
(pregnant women)
Wear gloves, wash hands
Cat
Scratch Fever
Bartonella
henselae
Control fleas transmission
among cats
Transmitted to humans via
bites, scratches, licking
151
CAT: HEALTH SURVEILLANCE

FELASA health monitoring guidelines
Source of cats
Vaccination
panleukopenia
rabies
Toxoplasmosis
Deworming
152
THE FELINE DIET
Compared
to dogs,
cats have a higher
requirement for
Protein
Fat
Taurine
Arachidonic
Vitamin
acid
Niacin
Pyridoxin
Cats are strict carnivores, unlike dogs.
153
Toxicity
Morphine
causes dose dependent CNS stimulation

and mania.
Cats
metabolize aspirin and other drugs poorly.
Acetominophen
is toxic.
154
FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS
155
Jason Gehrke
3025A, 3025M, 3025N
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
156
HORMONES
Male
Testosterone- critical for sperm development
Female
Estrogen- critical for follicle development

Progesterone- sustains pregnancy and inhibits new follicle
development
Relaxin- causes ligaments around birth canal to relax
Oxytocin- causes milk letdown
157
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Testicles
Epididymis
Site of sperm production and

testosterone synthesis
Sperm contain of genetic
makeup
Sperm storage and
maturation
Scrotum
Protects testes and regulates

temperature
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/reprod/animal/male/diagram/
158
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Vas Deferans
Urethra
Transports sperm
from epididymis to
urethra
tube inside of penis
transports sperm or
urine exterior
Penis
organ of copulation
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/reprod/animal/male/diagram/
159
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Ovaries
Oviducts
Site of fertilization
Transport embryos to
uterus
Uterus
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/reprod/animal/female/diagram/
Produce egg
Egg contains of
genetic makeup
Site of embryonic
development during
gestation
160
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Cervix
Vagina
Female organ of
copulation at mating
Opening of bladder
Vulva
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/reprod/animal/female/diagram/
Connects uterus and

vagina
Serve as barrier during
pregnancy
External opening of
reproductive system
161
DIFFERENT FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEMS
http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/course/3443/study/Notes/female/tracts.htm
162
EVENTS OF REPRODUCTION
Puberty- Age at which reproductive organs

become functional
Female- Reproduction process occurs within
Fertilization- Egg & Sperm unite
Estrous cycle- Repetitive cycle occurring when

pregnancy does not
Estrus- Heat or receptivity to mating
Only real male contribution is the sperm
Gestation- Length of time of pregnancy

Parturition- Act of giving birth
163
AGE OF PUBERTY
Cattle:
Sheep:
Swine:
Horses:
Humans:
6 to 12 Months
5 to 7 Months
4 to 8 Months
12 to 15 Months
9 to 16 YEARS
164
ESTROUS CYCLE
Cattle: Polyestrous (cycle throughout year)
Sheep: Seasonal (Decreasing light, Fall)
Swine: Polyestrous (cycle throughout year)
Horses: Seasonal (Increasing daylight, Spring)
165
LENGTH OF ESTRUS CYCLE

Cattle:
Sheep:
Swine:
Horses:
19 to 23 Days
14 to 19 Days
19 to 23 Days
10 to 37 Days
166
DURATION OF ESTRUS CYCLE

Cattle:
Sheep:
Swine:
Horses:
6 to 27 Hours
24 to 36 Hours
48 to 72 Hours
3 to 8 Days
167
SIGNS OF ESTRUS
Swollen vulva
Mucous discharge
Restless behavior
Female receptivity
to male
http://www.goodecattle.com/spot.htm
168
SPECIFIC SIGNS OF ESTRUS

Cattle: Visually active mounting
Sheep: Few external signs
Swine: Brace with pressure to back, vocal
grunting
Horses: Tease with Stallion and will go nose to
nose
169
GESTATION LENGTH
Cattle:
Sheep:
Swine:
Horses:
285 Days
147 Days
114 Days
336 Days
170
PARTITION NAMES IN SPECIES

Cattle:
Sheep:
Swine:
Horses:
Calving
Lambing
Farrowing
Foaling
171
SIGNS OF PARTURITION
Distended abdomen
Mammary development & milk secretion
Swollen vulva and relaxed pelvic ligaments
Mucous discharge
Relentlessness and separation from group
Labor and Contractions
172
SIGNS OF PARTURITION
Appearance of
placental membrane
Expulsion of fetus
Expulsion of
placental membrane
Bonding behavior of
offspring and mother
(will vary between
species)
http://www.ansc.purdue.edu/dairy/4-H/amdairy.htm
173
MALE TRANSFER OF SPERM
Two different ways

Let
the male and female naturally engage.
Male
seeks out female in Estrus

All controlled by male and female interaction
Artificial
Insemination (AI)
Human
transfers semen past female cervix

Human is in control of male product and female
interaction
No contact between male and female
174
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION (AI) PROS

Conception rate is high
Extends use of superior males
One
ejaculate can fertilize many females
Reduce incidence of venereal diseases

Individual
Improves record keeping and mgt.

Know
straw per female
exactly who the father is
Can accelerate genetic improvements

175
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION (AI) CONS

Need to know Estrus Cycle of animal
Cost intensive
Pay
for someone to AI animals
176
AI USE IN FARM ANIMALS

Dairy Cattle: widely used
Beef Cattle: limited use (herds hard to monitor)
Sheep: limited use (need to use microscope)
Swine: intermediate use
Horses: restricted by breed associations
177
BASIC AI PROCESS
Check for Heat

Have all necessary tools
Make sure tools are clean
Clean her exterior

surface
Go through the AI
process for the species
being bred
Assessment, record
important information
(date, time, who to etc)
www.ces.purdue.edu/ pork/clipart/reprod.htm
178
HOW ANIMALS DIFFER

Cattle: Follow cervix through anus, guiding the
pipette
Sheep: Use microscope to guide pipette
Swine: Out of body guiding of pipette
Horses: Restricted by breed
179
SWINE AI PROCESS
Check for Heat
Use a teaser bore for

receptivity
Listen to see if vocal
Swollen vulva with
secretion
Apply back pressure
Tight arms
Ears flapping
www.ces.purdue.edu/ pork/clipart/reprod.htm
180
SWINE AI PROCESS
Have all necessary

tools
Catheter/pipette
Lube
Semen
Baby wipes
Make sure tools are

clean
http://www.ansc.purdue.edu/swine/porkpage/repro/sow2.htm
181
SWINE AI PROCESS
Put pressure on back

to stimulate mounting
Lubricate catheter
Insert catheter at a
30-45 degree angle
following vulva
Push in about 4-6
inches
http://www.ansc.purdue.edu/swine/porkpage/repro/mngt3.htm
182
SWINE AI PROCESS
Move catheter to
horizontal position and
gently move forward until
resistance is felt
Rotate counterclockwise
once you have hit
resistance
Feel for pressure from
cervix (see if holds
pipette)
Will pulsate up and down

183
SWINE AI PROCESS
Connect semen onto

catheter
Give small squeeze to
initiate flow of semen
Should suck in herself
DO NOT RUSH
After semen is gone give
a five count
Rotate catheter
clockwise and gently pull
out
184
ASSESSMENT AI PROCESS
Make sure semen took

by checking that it didnt
leak out or urinated out.
Record important
information
Date
Time
Who to
Anything else that you feel
is crucial
http://mtsu32.mtsu.edu:11765/swine.htm
185
By Klevis
186
How the dogs mouth works

The dogs digestive starts off in the mouth. Where the dog chews it with its
teeth, there are different types of teeth. The tongue is also there so he
knows what is good for him and bad for him.
187
THE NEXT STEP OF DIGESTION

The next step after the dog chews his food. It goes down the
esophagus. The esophagus has muscles on the sides which
squeezes it down to the stomach. The food in the stomach
usually stays there for 8-10 hours.
188
THE SMALL INTESTINES

The small intestines are next to the kidney and the liver of the dog. The small
intestines is where most of the nutrients go from the food that has been
digested.
189
THE LARGE INTESTINES.

The large intestines is where the food goes. When the food
comes out it doesnt come out the same. It usually stays in
the digestive system for a few hours before it comes out.
When it comes out it comes out through the anus. It comes
out as many other kinds of colours it depends on what the
dog eats.
190
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/clientED/anatomy
/dog_digest.aspx
191
192
DOG DISEASES AND PARASITES
Animal Vet Science
193
WHATS COVERED?
Infectious Diseases
Noninfectious Diseases
Fungal Diseases
Internal Parasites
External Parasites
Poisonings
194
DISEASES
Infectious Diseases Diseases
that are transmittable from animal to
animal
Air
Bodily Fluids
Bodily Secretions
Contact or Exposure
195
DISEASES
Noninfectious Diseases Diseases
that are not transmittable from

animal to animal
Caused by natural aging
Diet
Health Care
196
DOG FUNGAL DISEASES
Fungal Disease Fungus
is a primitive vegetable
Mushrooms
Mold
Mildew
Live
in air, soil, plants and in water. (some in

animals body)
Only half of fungi are harmful
197
INTERNAL PARASITES
Internal Parasites
Live
inside the host

Intestines
Heart
Circulatory System
198
EXTERNAL PARASITES
External Parasites Live
outside the host

Skin
Coat
199
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Canine Distemper
Viral
Disease that affects respiratory,

gastrointestinal and CNS
Causes by the canine distemper virus (CDV)
200
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Canine Distemper Prevention
Animals must be vaccinated

Transmitted mostly by being airborne
Canine Distemper Symptoms
Fever 103-106
Conjunctivitis and Rhinitis
Loss of Appetite
Diarrhea
Paralysis
201
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Infectious Diseases
Kennel
Term
Cough
commonly applied to upper respiratory problems in
dogs
Tracheobronchitis
Bordetellosis
Bordetella
Bacterial
infection
202
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Infectious Diseases
Kennel Cough Symptoms

Dry hacking cough
Watery nasal discharge
Fever
Lethargy
Kennel Cough Treatment

Mild cases -run course
Severe cases - Medication
Kennel Cough Prevention

Keep your dog away from other, especially pups
Vaccination
203
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Infectious Diseases
Canine
Hepatitis
Disease
of the liver and other body organs caused

by the adenovirus.
Contamination by feces, cages, dishes, hands, etc..
204
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Infectious Diseases
Canine
Hepatitis Symptoms
Coughing
Cloudy
Eyes
Kidney/Liver Failure seizures
Vomiting
Canine
Hepatitis Treatment and Prevention
No
specific treatment
Vaccines to immunize puppies
205
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Infectious Diseases
Parvovirus
Virus
that attacks the gastrointestinal tract of

puppies, and dogs.
It can also damage the heart muscle of young pups
206
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Parvovirus Symptoms
Lethargic
Loss of Appetite
Fever
Bloody Diarrhea
Most die within 48-72 hours of symptoms
Parvovirus Treatment and Prevention

No specific drug to kill virus
Hydration
Cleaning
Keeping pups away from fecal matter from others dogs
207
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Infectious Diseases
Canine
Brucellosis
Disease
of the reproductive tract
Female abortions
Male infections
Infertility in both sexes
Spread
by breeding
Dirty conditions
208
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Canine Brucellosis Symptoms

Abortion
of litters
Inflamed epididymis and testicles
Swollen lymph nodes
May not show a physical signs
Canine Brucellosis Treatment &

Prevention
No
vaccine
Some drugs - not always effective
Only prevention is to test broodstock
209
NONINFECTIOUS DISEASES
NonInfectious Diseases
So
what is a noninfectious disease again?
210
Noninfectious Disease
Remember
Most
noninfectious disease are caused by
Natural Aging
Environment
Diet
Care
Genetics
So lets brainstorm!
What
are some noninfectious disease???

211
Heart
Two
Disease
Types
Congenital
Acquired
Congenital
Animal
is born with it (very rare)
Acquired
Develops
over time
212
Heart Diseases
So
what exactly is happening?
Chronic
Heart Valves loose effeiceny
Dilated
What
Valvular Disease
Cardiomyopathy
Muscle walls become weak and thin
is happen?
Heart
Failure
213
Heart Disease Symptoms

Lack
of Energy
Irregular and rapid breathing
Loss of appetite
Coughing
Weakness
Fainting
Heart Disease Treatment

No
Treatment
Medication
214
Cataracts
Loss
of opacity of eye lenses

Cloudy eye
Cataracts Causes
Most
are inherited
UV Light
215
Cataract Treatment
Surgery
216
Hip Dysplasia Abnormal
formation of hips
Degenerative breakdown of joints
Hip Dysplasia Completely
genetic and passed down for offspring
to offspring
217
Hip Dysplasia
218
Hip Dysplasia Symptoms

Dog
will rather sit than stand

Slow getting up
Stiff
Young
dogs
Pups will run with back legs together
219
Noninfectious Disease
Arthritis
Inflammation
of the joints
Two types: Degenerative and Inflammatory
Degenerative
Destruction
of cartilage that protects the bones
Stress, dysplasis
Inflammatory
Causes
by infection or immune-mediated disease

Affects multiple joints
220
NONINFECTIOUS DISEASE
Arthritis
221
Arthritis Symptoms
Reluctance
to walk, climb stairs, jump
Limping
Lagging
Difficulty
rising
Arthritis Treatment
Pain
Killers
Exercise
Rest
Surgery (in some cases)
222
Cherry
Eye
Prolapsed
nictitating membrane (3rd eyelid)

Hereditary weakness for the connective tissue
223
Cherry Eye Symptoms

Visual
redness
3rd eyelid becoming visible
Cherry Eye Treatment

Surgical
Removal
224
Anal
Sac Blockage
Blocked
anal sac glands
Pimple
Bacteria
225
Anal Sac Blockage Symptoms

Swollen
Anus
Foul Smell
Scratching and Biting
Trouble Defecating
Anal Sac Blockage Treatment

Squeezing
the gland on occasion

Surgical Removal
226
Review
Heart
Disease
Cataracts
Hip Dysplasia
Arthritis
Cherry Eye
Anal Sac Blockage
227
FUNGAL DISEASES
Dog Fungal Diseases

Fungal Disease
Fungus is a primitive vegetable
Mushrooms
Mold
Mildew
Live in air, soil, plants and in water. (some in animals body)

Only half of fungi are harmful
228
FUNGAL DISEASES
Fungal Diseases
Ringworm
Caused
by dermatophytes spores
Hair Loss
Very Contagious
229
FUNGAL DISEASES
Ringworm Symptoms
Hair
loss in ring formation

Itching
Ringworm Treatment
Medicated
shampoo
Creams
230
INTERNAL PARASITES
Internal Parasites
Roundworms
Live
in dogs intestines
Consume partially digested feed
Passed by feces
Offspring to offspring
231
INTERNAL PARASITES
Roundworms Symptoms
Loss
of appetite
Pot Belly
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Roundworms Treatment
Dewormer
(2 - 4 Weeks)
232
INTERNAL PARASITES
Internal Parasites
Hookworms
Small
worm like parasites that hooks on the

intestinal wall
Feeds on blood of host
Contract orally, through skin, pass from off spring
to off spring
233
INTERNAL PARASITES
Hook Worm Symptoms

Pale
Gums
Diarrhea
Weakness
Failure to grow properly
Hook Worm Treatment

Drugs
(Oral or Injection)
Drugs only kill adult hookworm

One adult will lay 20, 000 larvae
Human can not contract
234
INTERNAL PARASITES
Internal Parasites
Heart
Worms
Larvae
that grow and develop in an animals heart

and lungs.
Contract by infected mosquito
Larvae grow 4 -5 inches in length
Cause heart failures
235
INTERNAL PARASITES
Heart Worm Symptoms

There
are really no symptoms until advanced stages

Dull coat
Lack of energy
Coughing
Difficulty Breathing
Heart Failures
Heart Worm Treatment

Drugs
for prevention
Treatment is tricky
236
INTERNAL PARASITES
Internal Parasites
Whipworm
1/4
long, live in lower intestines

Causes severe irritations of intestinal lining
One of the most pathogenic parasites in dogs
237
INTERNAL PARASITES
Whipworm Symptoms
Bloody
Diarrhea
Weight Loss
Whipworm Treatment
Dewormer
Must
continue deworming treatment for several

months
238
INTERNAL PARASITES
Review
Roundworms
Heartworms
Hookworms
Whipworms
239
EXTERNAL PARASITES
External Parasites
External Parasites
Live
outside the host

Skin
Coat
240
EXTERNAL PARASITES
External Parasites
Fleas
Small
fly/nat looking parasite

Will lay egg in coat
Bit animal to feed on blood
241
EXTERNAL PARASITES
242
EXTERNAL PARASITES
Flea Symptoms
Scratching
and biting
Red spots and rashes
Flea Treatment
Flea
shampoo
Medication (internal and external)
Extermination
243
EXTERNAL PARASITES
External Parasites
Tick
Small
parasites that feeds on host

Will bury itself into skin
May carry many other disease (lymes)
Feed off host and fall off
244
EXTERNAL PARASITES
Ticks Symptoms
Ticks
physically present
Lymes disease - paralysis, arthritis
Tick Treatment
Physical
removal
Tick shampoo
Lymes -No treatment, but drugs to relieve symptoms.
245
Introduction to Veterinary Medical Terminology
246
ANATOMY OF A MEDICAL TERM

()Prefix: word part found at the
beginning of a word
()Root: word part that gives the essential
meaning of the word
(- ) Suffix: word part found
at the end of a word
247
LEARNING PREFIXES
Learning prefixes may be easier when

they are presented in pairs or in similar
groups:
A- and an- both mean without or no
Ab- means away from;
ad- means towards
248
SUFFIX VARIATION DEPENDING ON USAGE
Insert Figure 1-2
249
ANALYZING MEDICAL TERMS
Example: ovariohysterectomy (-)

Divide the term:
Start at the end:
ovari/o/hyster/ectomy
-ectomy is surgical removal ( )

ovari/o means ovary
hysteri/o means uterus
Anatomic order: body parts are in order

Ovariohysterectomy means surgical removal of the
ovaries and uterus =

250
SPELLING IS ALWAYS IMPORTANT
Changing one or two letters may com-pletely

change the meaning of a word:
hepatoma versus hematoma (- )

urethra versus ureters
Some words sound alike, but are spelled

differently and have very different meanings:
ileum versus ilium (- )
251
Where, Why, and What?

Understanding Body Planes, Positional Terms, Directional Terms, and Body
Cavities
252
IN POSITION -
Positional terms are important for accurately
and concisely describing body locations and
relationships of one body structure to another
Terms like forward and backward, up and down,
in and out, and side to side may not be clear
enough descriptions for universal
understanding
253
BODY DIRECTIONS
Relative location of the

whole body or an organ
is described through
the use of pairs of
contrasting body
direction terms
Medial versus lateral:
Medial is toward
midline( )
Lateral is away from
midline ( )
BODY DIRECTIONS
ventral versus dorsal

(C and D)(- )
cranial versus caudal
(A and B) (- )
rostral versus caudal
(E and B) (- )
cephalic also means pertaining to

the head
proximal versus distal

(F and G) (- )
palmar versus plantar
(H and I) ()
anterior versus posterior ()
superior versus inferior ()
superficial versus deep
(- )
BODY PLANES
Planes are imaginary lines used descriptively to divide the body

into sections
Planes of the body include
midsagittal plane: plane that divides the body into equal right and left
halves
sagittal plane: plane that divides the body into right and left parts
dorsal plane: plane that divides the body into dorsal (back) and ventral
(belly) parts
also called the median plane and midline
also known as the frontal plane or coronal plane
transverse plane: plane that divides the body into cranial and caudal
parts
also known as the horizontal plane or cross-sectional plane
256
PLANES OF THE BODY
257
STUDY TERMS
Anatomy
The suffix -logy means

the study of
Terms with -logy
are used to describe
specific branches of
study
Physiology
study of body function
Pathology
study of body structure
study of the nature, causes,

and development of
abnormal conditions
Etiology
study of disease
258
MOUTH TERMS
Dental arcade
arrangement of teeth in
mouth
Lingual surface
aspect of the tooth facing

tongue
Buccal surface
aspect of the tooth facing
cheek
Occlusal surface
aspect of the teeth that
meet when you chew
Labial surface
tooth surface facing the
lips
Contact surface
aspects of the tooth that
touch other teeth
mesial contact
distal contact
THE HOLE TRUTH
A body cavity is a hole or hollow

space within the body that
contains and protects internal
organs
There are many body cavities
within an animal
contains the spinal cord within the

spinal column
contains the heart and lungs

within the ribs and between
the neck and diaphragm
Pelvic cavity
contains the brain in the skull
Spinal cavity
Thoracic cavity/chest cavity
Cranial cavity
contains the reproductive and

some excretory organs
formed by the pelvic bones
Abdominal cavity
contains the major organs of

digestion between the
diaphragm and pelvic cavity
also known as the peritoneal

cavity
260
LYING AROUND
The medical term for lying down is recumbent

Recumbent positions are then described by the body
part that is being laid upon
dorsal recumbency: lying on the back
ventral recumbency: lying on the belly
left lateral recumbency: lying on the left side

right lateral recumbency: lying on the right side

261
RECUMBENCY POSITIONS
262
MOVEMENT TERMS
Adduction
to move toward
midline
think add
Abduction
to move away
from midline
think child
abduction means
to take the child
away
MOVEMENT TERMS
Flexion
bending a joint or
reducing the angle
between two
bones
Extension
straightening a
joint or increasing
the angle between
two bones
CYTE TERMS
Cells are the basic

structural units of the body
Cyt/o means cell

Cytology is the study of
cells
Protoplasm consists of the

cell membrane, cytoplasm
and nucleus
-plasm means formative

material of cells
Prot/o means first
ITS IN THE GENES
Genetic means something that pertains to genes or

heredity
Genetic disorder is any disease or condition caused by
defective genes
also known as hereditary disorders
Congenital denotes something that is present at birth

a genetic defect may be congenital
Anomaly is a deviation from what is regarded as
normal
266
GROUPING THINGS TOGETHER
A tissue is a group of specialized cells that join

together to perform a certain function
Histology is the study of tissues
Hist/o means tissue; -logy means the study of
There are four main tissue types
Epithelial
connective
Muscle
Nervous
267
PATHOLOGY OF TISSUE
Tissue can form normally

or abnormally
-plasia () describes
formation, development,
and growth of tissue and
cell numbers
-trophy describes
formation, development,
and increased size of
tissue and cells
Prefixes used to describe

tissue growth:
a- means without
hypo- means less than
normal
hyper- means more than
normal
dys- means bad
ana- means without ()
neo- means new
268
TUMOR TERMS
Neoplasia = any abnormal growth of tissue in

which multiplication of cells is uncontrolled,
more rapid than normal, and progressive
tumor:
a distinct mass of tissue formed from a

neoplasm (-oma means tumor or neoplasm)
benign:
not recurring
malignant: tending to spread and become lifethreatening
269
GLANDS
Glands are groups of specialized cells that secrete

material used elsewhere in the body
aden/o means gland
Exocrine glands are glands that secrete material into ducts
Exo- means out, crine means to secrete
Endocrine glands are glands that secrete chemicals into the

bloodstream for transportation to organs and other structures
throughout the body
Endo- means within, crine means to secrete
270
VETERINARY ASSISTANT
D
271
AMBUBAG -
272
ANESTHETIC MACHINES 002
273
ANIMAL CLIPPER
274
AUTOCLAVE
275
AUTOCLAVE TAPE INDICATOR - 005
276
BACKHAUS TOWEL CLAMPS
277
BALLING GUN - 007
278
BANDS (CASTRATION/DOCKING:

279
BANDAGING MATERIAL
ROLL GAUZE
280
BANDAGING MATERIAL VET WRAP

281
BETADINE -
282
BRUSH BODY SOFT BRISTLE
283
BRUSH DANDY STIFF BRISTLE
284
BRUSH SLICKER
285
BRUSH PIN
286
BULB SYRINGE
287
CAT BAG
288
CATCH POLE (DOG SNARE)

289
CATHETER IV
290
CATHETER URINE
291
CENTRIFUGE
292
CHAIN TWITCH
293
CHEMICAL STERILIZATION INDICATOR STRIPS

294
CLIPPER BLADES
295
CLIPPER COMB
296
SURGICAL DRAPES
297
COLD STERILE TRAY
298
COMB CURRY
299
COMB FLEA
300
COMB SCOTCH 034
301
COVER SLIPS
302
DENTAL RETRACTOR -
303
DENTAL SCALER -
304
LEAD ROPE
305
LEAD GLOVES
306
NEEDLE HOLDER OLSEN-HEGAR
307
MUZZLE COMMERCIAL
308
NAIL CLIPPERS PLIER
309
OPHTHALMOSCOPE
310
PASTE GUN
311
PILL COUNTING TRAY
312
DISPOSABLE HYPODERMIC NEEDLES

313
ELASTRATOR
314
ELIZABETHIAN COLLAR
315
ENDOTRACHEAL TUBES
316
FECAL LOOP
317
FEALYZERS
318
FEEDING TUBE FOR SMALL ANIMALS

319
FINGERTIP TOOTHBRUSH 063
320
EXAMPLES OF SPECIALIZED
DOG AND CAT TERMS
Anal sacs
pairs of pouches that

store an oily, foulsmelling fluid
secreted by the anal
glands
Anal glands

secretory tissues that

are composed of
aprocine and
sebaceous glands
DOG AND CAT TERMS
Carnassial tooth
large, shearing
cheek tooth
the upper fourth
premolar and
lower first molar
in dogs
the upper third
premolar and
lower first molar
in cats
DOG AND CAT TERMS
Elizabethan collar
device placed
around neck and
head of dogs to
prevent them
from
traumatizing an
area
commonly called an
E-collar
DOG AND CAT TERMS
Polydactyly
more than the

normal amount
of digits
DOG AND CAT TERMS
Points
color of nose
(mask), ears,
tail, and feet of
an animal
Drugs, Disease, and Dissection
Pharmacology, Pathology, and Surgical

Terms
326
PHARMACOLOGICAL TERMS
Pharmacology is the study of the nature, uses,
and effects of drugs
Pharmacology terms
prescription
drug =
medication that may be purchased by prescription
or from a licensed professional
over-the-counter drug =
medication that may be purchased without a
prescription
327
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

Oral = po
Parenteral = route other than the GI tract
Nonparenteral = route via the GI tract
Intradermal = ID
Intramuscular = IM
Intravenous = IV
Subcutaneous = SQ, SC, SubC, or SubQ
Inhalation
328
DRUG CATEGORIES
Look at the following drug categories and by

defining the terms determine what these drugs
do:
Analgesic
Antipyretic
emetic versus antiemetic -
mydriatic agent versus miotic agent
-
antipruritic agent
329
SURGICAL INCISIONS
Ventral midline
Paramedian
cut lateral and parallel

to the ventral midline
Flank
cut along the

midsagittal plane of
the abdomen
cut perpendicular to the

long axis of the body
Paracostal
cut oriented parallel

to the last rib
BIOPSY TYPES
Biopsy means removing living tissue to

examine
excisional
biopsy
removing
incisional
biopsy
removing
needle
entire mass
part of the mass, tissue, or organ
biopsy
insertion
of a needle into a tissue for extraction of tissue

to be examined
331
332
333
VITAL SIGNS
Vital signs are parameters taken from the

animal to assess its health
temperature
febrile
versus afebrile
pyrexia
pulse
respiration
blood
pressure
334
TYPES OF EXAMINING
Auscultation
listening
to body sounds
Palpation
examination
by feeling
Percussion
examination
by tapping the surface to determine

density of a body area
335
ADR = vague symptoms that havent yet solidified into a

diagnosis
BID = bis in die are used with

prescriptions and mean that the medication should be given
twice daily. You might also see TID (three times daily) or QID
(four times daily).
BUN= The blood urea nitrogen test measures the amount of

urea nitrogen in your pets blood, which helps us know how
well the kidneys and liver are performing
CBC= complete blood count

336
Dx: Rx, for prescriptions, the Latin recipere, or recipe. Dx =

diagnosis. Tx (treatment or therapy) Sx (surgery or symptom).
HBC: Short for "hit by car.
IgA: Immunoglobulin A is a type of antibody that protects the skin,
respiratory tract, digestive tract, and some parts of the reproductive
and urinary systems from bacterial, fungal and viral invaders. Low
levels of IgA can predispose pets to allergies or infections.
O.S.: =oculus sinister, or left eye. The term O.D.
stands for oculus dexter, or right eye.
SSRI: =selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. This class of drugs may
be prescribed for pets with general anxiety problems.
337
COMMON ANATOMIC TERMS

FOR CATS
338
COMMON ANATOMIC TERMS

FOR DOGS
339

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D

Veterinary Medical Terminology and

COMMON ROOT WORDS

COMMON ROOT WORDS

HYPO- below normal;

-TOMY: to cut into

-LOGY: the study of

-SCOPY: the act of using

BREAKING DOWN A TERM

pertaining to after a surgery

COMMON DIRECTIONAL TERMS

LATERAL: side of the

CRANIAL: toward the

COMMON DIRECTIONAL TERMS

MEDIAL: toward the

PLANTAR: bottom of the

COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: DOGS

COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: CATS

Queen: adult female

Queening: the labor

COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: RABBITS

Buck: adult male intact

Kindling: labor process of

COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: RATS AND MICE

Dam: adult female

COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: POULTRY AND

Cock: adult intact male

Pullet: immature female

COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: PIGS

Sow: adult female

Gilt: young immature

COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: HORSES

Stallion: adult male

Foal: newborn horse

COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: EQUINE

Horse: equine over 14.2

COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: EQUINE

Donkey: donkey crossed

Jack: intact male donkey

K-9: canine or dog

NM: neutered male

d/o: drop off

BM: BOWEL MOVEMENT

PE: physical exam

TPR: temperature, pulse,

PHYSICAL EXAM CONTD

HR: heart rate

PHYSICAL EXAM CONTD

UTI: urinary tract

FIP: feline infectious

PHARMACY TERMS CONTD

The veterinarian has been talking with Mr. Doe

Give (1) tablet of aspirin by mouth every 12

EYES AND EARS

AD: right ear

IV: intravenous (into

IC: intracardiac (into

IO: intraoseous (into

Why might our pets need to receive medication?

Where might we get the medication from?

Who would administer this medication?

What are the different ways of administering medication?

The source of the drug

The composition of the drug