RISK MANAGEMENT STUDIES OF WATER RETICULATION AT

SEKSYEN 8, KOTA PUTERI RAWANG DISTRICT, KUALA

SELANGOR (OJT 984)

NAME

AHMADAKMAL BIN HANAFI

MATRIX ID

KPMC 1412114

DIPLOMA OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

1.0 Acknowledgement
I would like to convey my deepest appreciation to my committee chair, Tuan Ahmad
Kamil Baharum for trust and responsible entrusted to me to undergo internship in the
organization. His genius is absolute in attitude of continuously convincing me and help
improving my skill in regard of internship and an excitement of teaching. Without his
guidance this dissertation would not have been possible.
I would like to also record appreciation to committee members, Mr. Andy project
manager of infrastructure project on constructing 161 unit of household link two floor under
the management of PKNS from a third party client which gave permission and guidance to
me on doing research at the site of which complicated as it seems.
An addition, my gratitude to my trainer from college, Puan Aneesa Akmal on
guidance to complete this dissertation with patient on teaching and advisory to enhanced the
possibilities of perfecting the research module.

2.0 Abstract
Dissertation purpose is to accommodate risk management on work activity of water
reticulation. As for this task a letter of permission to the consult was prepared to undergo the
term of interviewing, observation and mainly to enter the site for details and prove in the
matter of image capturing on work in progress. The dissertation and on job training daily
activity are different in category of industry and line of work. Thus, the project chose for this
recite is more appropriate in safety and health matter. There are some issues in obtaining
documents to review as the organization is a small medium business. The improvement is still
in progress.

3.0 Table of Content

1.0 Acknowledgement................................................................................................................2
2.0 Abstract................................................................................................................................3
3.0 Table of Content...................................................................................................................4
4.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................6
4.1 Scope of Research....................................................................................................6
Diagram 1
: Accidents on road and vehicles involve..............................................6
4.2 Company Background.............................................................................................7
Diagram 2
: Work Process Flow Chart....................................................................7
4.3 Organizational Structure..........................................................................................8
Diagram 3
: Organizational Structure of Rigil Services Consultancy.....................8
4.4 Scope and Research Area........................................................................................9
5.0 Literature Review...............................................................................................................10
5.1 Risk Management...................................................................................................10
5.1.1 The Dominos Theory.............................................................................11
Table 1: Dominos Theory...................................................................13
5.1.2 Hazard and Operability (HAZOP)..........................................................13
Diagram 4
: HAZOP Procedure.................................................................14
5.2 Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, Risk Control (HIRARC).......................15
5.2.1 Process in Risk Assessment....................................................................15
5.2.2 Hazard Identification...............................................................................15
5.2.3 Risk Control............................................................................................15
5.2.4 The Process of Risk Estimation HIRARC..............................................16
Diagram 5
: Risk Assessment....................................................................17
5.2.5 Risk Control............................................................................................18
5.3 Common Accident.................................................................................................18
5.4 Work Activity........................................................................................................18
5.4.1 Manpower...............................................................................................19
5.4.2 Machine..................................................................................................19
5.4.3 Material...................................................................................................19
5.4.4 Method....................................................................................................19
5.4.5 Media.......................................................................................................20
5.5 Conclusion..............................................................................................................20
6.0 Research Methodology.......................................................................................................21
6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................21
6.2 Research Design and Procedures...........................................................................21
Diagram 6
: Flowchart of HIRARC Process..........................................................22
6.3 Data Collection and Instrumentation......................................................................22
6.3.1 Work Process...........................................................................................22
6.3.2 Hazard and Effects Identification............................................................22
6.4 Risk Assessment Method.......................................................................................23
4

Table 1: Severity..............................................................................................24
Table 2: Likelihood..........................................................................................25
Table 3
: Risk Matrix.........................................................................................26
Table 4: Risk Preferences.................................................................................27
6.5 Recommendation Method......................................................................................28
6.5.1 Safety Risk Control Method....................................................................28
Diagram 7
: Hierarchy of Risk Control......................................................28
6.6 Assumption and Limitation....................................................................................29
6.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................29
7.0 Result and Discussion........................................................................................................30
7.1 Introduction............................................................................................................30
7.2 Identification of Hazards and effect.......................................................................30
Table 5: Identification of Hazards and Effect..................................................32
7.3 Likelihood and Severity Rating..............................................................................33
Table 6: Likelihood and Severity.....................................................................33
7.4 Risk Assessment.....................................................................................................34
Table7
: Risk Assessment.................................................................................34
7.4.1 Risk Level Tabulation.............................................................................34
Table 8: Risk Level Tabulation............................................................35
7.5 Results of Risk Assessment....................................................................................35
Table 9: Results of Risk Assessment...............................................................35
7.5.1 Effects of Critical Hazards......................................................................36
7.6 Conclusion.............................................................................................................36
8.0 Recommendation and Control............................................................................................37
8.1 Introduction............................................................................................................37
8.2 Safety Recommendation Control Measure............................................................37
8.3 Health Recommendation Control Measure............................................................38
8.4 Methods of Review................................................................................................39
8.5 Benefits of Risk Assessment..................................................................................40
8.6 Conclusion..............................................................................................................41
9.0 Attachment.........................................................................................................................42

Chapter 1
4.0

Introduction
4.1
Scope of Research
This research regarding the safety competency and efficiency of water reticulation and
linkage on external clean water supply from syabas berhads main piping. This concerns
safety in transporting the material use for this work, such as HDPE pipe with length of 6
meter long and diameter range of 150mm, 250mm, 450mm and 750mm. The size of pipe
relate to the stages of water supply. A smaller the pipe size can enhance bigger pressure than
the big size pipe. Thus the pipe have to be install in stages standard, start with big size and
end with the much smaller size to smoothen the flow. The transporting of material matter
most because this could cause an effect to the quality of material delivered. During on road
on delivering material, the lorry will use common land road which goes through a lot of
traffic. Thus, route hazard and risk management is important in transporting long-term use
material.

Diagram 1 : accidents on road and vehicles involved

Statistic shows how often accidents occur on road in Malaysia and amount of vehicle
involved. Thus if possible the route of the delivery truck should be organize to avoid risky
and busy road.
4.2

Company Background

rThe company based safety consultancy and efficiency mainly affects by the
qualification of the founder, Tuan ahmad Kamil baharum, which is major in transport
management. The active project is on planning and assessment of route planning of fuel oil
transport to sites.
As for this project water reticulation, they provide the route assessment and planning
of road use including recommendation but this dissertation puts on more detail of not just
route assessment but including the installment of water pipe underground.
Loading of Pipe from warehouse into delivery truck by forklift

Truck deliver on site and unload the pipe into storage area by crane

Workers carry the pipe to installation area with backhoe

Excavate ground soil less than 1 meter

Backhoe brings down the pipe to excavated ground

Worker align the pipe to connect joining

Backhoe fill the ground with specific soil

Diagram 2 : Work process flow chart

4.3

ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
MANAGING DIRECTOR
AHMAD KAMIL BIN BAHARUM

CONSULTANCY & BUSINESS

SOLUTION DIVISION

OPERATION MANAGER

HASAN BIN IBRAHIM

PROJECT ENGINEER

AHMAD SHAUQI MUSLIM

SOFTWARE ENGINEER

NIK AZWATI BINTI NIK MUSTAPA

AHMAD KAMIL BIN BAHARUM

MOHD ABU BAKAR BAHARUM

TRAINEE / STUDENT {PRACTICAL)

AHMAD AKMAL BIN HANAFI

(SAFETY & HEALTH)

ADMIN

YANG NADIAH BINTI AHMAD

ARCHITECTURAL / TECHNICAL
ILLUSTRATION

FIELD SUPERVISOR

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
DIVISION

NURHANIS AHAMAD SALLEH

MUHD NUR AMSYAR

(SAFETY & HEALTH)

TECHNICAL ASSISTANT

MOHAMMAD ALMAARUF MUNIR

MUHD IZZAT BIN IDRIS

(GRAPHTIC DESIGNER)

MISBAHATUL MUNAWWARAH
RIDZONI
(ARCHITECHTURE / URBAN
DEVELOPMENT)

Diagram 3 : Organizational structure of Rigil Services

Consultancies

4.4

Scope and Research area

At the warehouse only three of worker involve in loading the pipe into the truck
include one store keeper, lorry driver to operate the truck and one forklift operator to lift and
place the pipe into the truck. There was complication in obtaining permission to enter the
warehouse for observation but an interview session with the project manager on site is a
success to obtain information on the system of work practice.
Soon as the material arrives at the site there are accumulated 6 workers involve
exclude the supervisor in charge, there are three general worker, operator for excavator,
backhoe operator and one signal man. The area of research covers from the warehouse to site
and installation of pipe into underground on site.

Chapter 2
5.0

Literature Review
This chapter describes the literature rev9iew based on risk management in terms of
safety & health at work. During the research, man power involved in the work activity are
competent not by certification or qualification but designated work task based on workers
experience. The material arrives are easily storage on open land without any roofing or a
specific store. Thus, the pipe arrives will be install right away a day or two after arrival.
5.1

Risk Management
Risk is something that employees will face every day. People are constantly making

decisions based on risk. Simple decision in everyday life, such as driving, crossing the street
and money, all are at risk. Risk is a combination of the probability and severity of certain
hazardous incident occurring. In mathematical terms, the risk can be calculated by the
equation
Risk = Likelihood x Severity

Chances are the events that may occur in specific period or in certain circumstances
and severity is the result of an event such as severity of injury or human health, or property
damage, or disruption to the environment, or any combination of revenue caused by the
incident.

A risk management action plan is an effective way for project managers to identify,
analyze, plan, and control potential risks. By setting controls and guidelines a risk
management plan reduces failure and negative impacts.

Selection of risk management methods should be carefully done to facilitate the work
of the risk management. In this case, the method of risk management is divided into a lot of
these methods, such as Domino Theory, HAZOP and HIRARC. This method is up to the
practitioner to choose the method of salvation which is more easily and effectively.

10

In the risk management methods it has the same motive that is makes risk
management, however there are some methods that vary according to the level of those risks.
In addition, differences can be seen is the risk management process.

Among the different methods of risk management are:

5.1.1

The Dominoes Theory

Heinrich's Domino Theory states that accidents result from a chain of sequential

events, metaphorically like a line of dominoes falling over. When one of the dominoes falls, it
triggers the next one, and the next... - but removing a key factor (such as an unsafe condition
or an unsafe act) prevents the start of the chain reaction.

Heinrich posits five metaphorical dominoes labelled with accident causes. They are
Social Environment and Ancestry, Fault of Person, Unsafe Act or Mechanical or Physical
Hazard (unsafe condition), Accident, and Injury. Heinrich defines each of these "dominoes"
explicitly, and gives advice on minimizing or eliminating their presence in the sequence.

a) Social Environment and Ancestry

This first domino in the sequence deals with worker personality. Heinrich explains
that undesirable personality traits, such as stubbornness, greed, and recklessness can
be "passed along through inheritance" or develop from a person's social environment,
and that both inheritance and environment (what we usually refer to now as "nature"
and "nurture") contribute to Faults of Person.
b) Fault of Person

The second domino also deals with worker personality traits. Heinrich explains that
inborn or obtained character flaws such as bad temper, inconsiderateness, ignorance,
and recklessness contribute at one remove to accident causation. According to
Heinrich, natural or environmental flaws in the worker's family or life cause these
secondary personal defects, which are themselves contributors to Unsafe Acts, or and
the existence of Unsafe Conditions.
c) Unsafe Act and/or Unsafe Condition:

11

The third domino deals with Heinrich's direct cause of incidents. As mentioned above,
Heinrich defines these factors as things like "starting machinery without warning ...
and absence of rail guards. " Heinrich felt that unsafe acts and unsafe conditions were
the central factor in preventing incidents, and the easiest causation factor to remedy, a
process which he likened to lifting one of the dominoes out of the line. These
combining factors (1, 2, and 3) cause accidents.
d) Accident

Heinrich says, "The occurrence of a preventable injury is the natural culmination of a

series of events or circumstances which invariably occur in a fixed and logical order."
He defines accidents as, "events such as falls of persons, striking of persons by flying
objects are typical accidents that cause injury."
e) Injury

Injury results from accidents, and some types of injuries Heinrich specifies in his
"Explanation of Factors" are cuts and broken bones.

To be fair to Heinrich, he does insist that "the responsibility lies first of all with the
employer." Heinrich specifies that a truly safety-conscious manager will make sure his
"foremen" and "workers" do as they told, and "exercise his prerogative and obtain
compliance ... follow through and see the unsafe conditions are eliminated." Heinrich's
remedy for such non-compliance is strict supervision, remedial training, and discipline.

12

Table 1
5.1.2

: Dominos Theory

Hazard and Operability (HAZOP)

A hazard and operability study (HAZOP) is a structured and systematic examination of a

planned or existing process or operation in order to identify and evaluate problems that may
represent risks to personnel or equipment, or prevent efficient operation. The HAZOP
technique was initially developed to analyze chemical process systems, but has later been
extended to other types of systems and also to complex operations such as boiler operation
and to record the deviation and consequence. A HAZOP is a qualitative technique based on
guide words and is carried out by a multidisciplinary team (HAZOP team) during a set of
meeting.
HAZOP is best suited for assessing hazards in facilities, equipment and processes and is
capable of assessing systems from multiple perspectives:
1. Design
Assessing system design capability to meet user specifications and safety
standards
Identifying weaknesses in systems
2. Physical and operational environments
Assessing environment to ensure system is appropriately situated, supported,
serviced, contained, etc.
3. Operational and procedural controls.
Assessing engineered controls (ex: automation), sequences of operations,
procedural controls (ex.: human interactions) etc.
13

Assessing different operational modes start up, standby, normal operation,

steady & unsteady states, normal shutdown, emergency shutdown, etc.

Diagram 4 : HAZOP Procedure

14

5.2
5.2.1

Hazards Identification Risk Assessment Risk Control (HIRARC)

Process in Risk Management
Risk management is the management of a more systematic and sequenced. In this

case, risk management has several levels to get more efficient as a control in a manner that is
safe. Each stage of the process must be done carefully and systematically so that results
obtained can be used safely and effectively. Safety and health risks in the workplace involves
four main stages which occur consecutively and give mutual input to ensure effective
management. The risk management system begins with: a) Identify the hazards
b) Risk analysis
c) Control risk

5.2.2

Hazards Identification
The purpose of hazard identification is to determine the critical operating in the

assignment of tasks posing significant risks to the safety and health of employees and
emphasize the hazards associated with certain equipment due to energy sources, working
conditions or activities performed by the employee.

Hazard identification is very important in the risk management process. It is because

of this risk identification process is the first process and determining the efficiency and
usability of a control over the process work better. In this process, a risk should be identified
to control whether the engine control, safety, health or the environment.

5.2.3

Risk Control
According to the guidelines on hazard identification, risk analysis and risk control

issued by the Department of Occupational Safety and Health Act of 2008, risk is a
determination of the likelihood of accidents and the severity of the accidents that may occur

15

to determine the level and give priority to the hazards identified. It can be done by both
qualitative and quantitative methods.

Quantitative analysis is a numerical value assigned to the severity and likelihood.

Chances are valued using the data, records from multiple sources such as past experience and
of scientific research. The severity can be determined with the expected results or impact of
events that normally can occur with regard to past events that never happened.

Qualitative analysis was using words to express the severity of the possible and the
probable severity will occur. This scale can be modified or adjusted to suit different
circumstances and evidence may be used for different risks. Eg low, medium and high.
i. Probability and Probability of occurrence
This value is based on the probability of occurrence. Chances are estimated based on the
experience of workers, information and records of past accidents, analysis or measurement.
ii. Risk assessment
Risk can be expressed in a variety of ways to communicate the results of the analysis for
making decisions about risk control. For risk analyzes that use severity and probability in
qualitative methods, revealing a risk matrix.
Risk can be calculated using the following formula:

Risk = Likelihood x Severity

5.2.4

The process and methods of risk estimation HIRARC

A process that can be followed for estimating the risk is that the process has been
modified from Decision Tree (Decision Tree) proposal Wallace, (1995).

16

Diagram 5 : Risk assessment

5.2.5

Risk Control
Hazard in the workplace is something that needs to be managed to ensure the safety

and health at the workplace. In this case, the risk control is divided into several types:

17

i. Controls on the cause hazards

a. elimination
b. substitution
ii. Engineering controls
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

barrier
absorption
isolation
Automotive
Redesign

iii. Administrative controls

a.
b.
c.
d.

job rotations
Safe work procedures
Supervision and training
Maintenance

iv. Personal protective equipment

This method is used only when control risk impracticable again. Employees must be trained
to use and maintain equipment properly.
5.3

Common Accident
In the process of installation HDPE pipe which require designated person to enter the

shallow trench and link the pipe with the existing pipe underground by hand. After the link
succeed the worker are also require to tie bolt nut using spanner in tight spaces. This could to
possibilities of be crushed by the lifting operation above their head.

5.4

Work Activity
Accidents can happen no matter while working in the construction sites or industries.

Accidents can be serious or not serious depending on the cause of the accident risk. Among
the factors of accidents at work comes either from employees, machinery and equipment,
materials, work methods or work environment itself.

5.4.1

Manpower

18

Employees are divided into unskilled and skilled workers. Both levels of employees
should perform any work processes in accordance with the procedures and comply with all
rules set by the employer in accordance with legal requirements Occupational Safety and
Health Department. Employees also need to take care of personal safety, the safety of others,
in cooperation with employers as well as wear and use any equipment or personal protective
equipment provided, as specified in section 24 (1) of the Occupational Safety and Health.

5.4.2

Machine
In the excavating work require to use machinery such excavator and as for lifting

require backhoe, This machines must have a certificate of qualification recognized by the
department of occupational safety and health such as the Factories and Machinery Act 1967.
These machines need maintenance and regular check-ups made by a qualified person.
(Factories and Machinery Act 1967).

5.4.3

Material
As the HDPE pipe came from the warehouse came with a special packaging or so

called coating to avoid getting easily rusty or defect during storage or after installment, as in
Rule 9 (1) of the Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Packaging and Labelling)
Regulations 1997, it is the responsibility of the supplier to provide the latest CSDS for any
hazardous chemicals supplied.

5.4.4

Method
In the process there are numbers of worker require to dig inside the trench undeground

with moving vehicle on top of ground. The process of digging is to cover up the tight space
which is out of reach by the excavator. This process is right before the pipe is being lifted and
passes to the designated person to link and tie bolt withe the existing pipe underground.
5.4.5

Media
19

Regardless of any employment sector whether construction or industry, a safe working

environment must be emphasized. The work environment issue is whether the existence of
the unsafe condition or not.
5.5
Conclusion
In conclusion, risk management is urgently needed to reduce the accident rate. Should an
accident occur, the risk level and the effects of accidents can be reduced by the awareness of
the management. Implementation of the work should be in accordance with the requirements
of the act which has been allocated by the Department of Occupational Safety and Health Act
1994.
If this is ignored, things like safety, health and welfare of workers will not be
guaranteed. In addition, employers should bear the cost of large losses in the event of an
accident.

20

Chapter 3
6.0 Research Methodology
6.1

Introduction
This chapter describes the research methodology based on risk management in terms

of safety and health at work. This chapter covers the intent or term.

The risk is described qualitatively and quantitatively. Risk is often defined as a

situation that can be fatal or devastating consequences. Qualitatively, the risk is proportional
to the expected losses that could arise from an event and also the probability of the
occurrence of the incident. The greater the loss and probability of occurrence, the greater the
risk entirely. Risk is a combination of the probability and severity of a hazard. By identifying
the hazard, hazard assessment and risk control can be the basis for planning, managing and
executing business operations.

Identify hazard in all situations , circumstances that pose a risk to workers either
danger or illness as a result of work done each day is the most basic activity in the
management of occupational safety and health organizations. Methods of identifying hazards,
assessing the hazard and risk control (HIRARC) is selected as a guide to control risks to
reduce the risks to workers.
6.2

Research Design and Procedures

In risk management, appropriate methods are used to identify hazards, risk assessment

and risk control (HIRARC). Benefits of using risk management is to identify hazards at an
early stage and reduce the effects of inherent risks in the workplace. In addition, HIRARC
also able to determine the severity and the probability of the event of an accident. Risk
control is able to reduce the impact and to prevent the risk from occurring.

21

6.3

Diagram 6 : Flowchart of HIRARC Process

Data Collection and Instrumentation

6.3.1

Work Process

6.3.2

Hazard and Effects Identification

Various ways used to identify hazards to safety and health in the process of aircraft

structural repair. These methods are:

a) Interviewing Employees
This method is carried out on employees that work in the Non-Destructive Testing
Workshop (Liquid Penetrant Testing - small component). This method is carried out
during break time at the cafeteria or at the office. These interviews conducted
informally. Interviews were also conducted with staff or ask the staff in parts of their
22

activities relating to safety, health, work procedures, complaints, and issues related to
the use of personal protection equipment, as well as the history of disease in these
work activities.

b) Daily Surveilancce
As a 'safety' which is assigned to assist my mentor to protect employees in the
workplace, the daily review is important. This review is done by came and went
during the NDT process is carried out. 'Safety' will ensure before the work is carried
out the workers must be wearing full protective equipment and a 'Safety' will also
ensure that employees do the job safely and in accordance with established
procedures. All data are recorded for review and audit.

c) Daily Safety Meeting

Community safety must meet at least once every two weeks. The parties should
meet representatives from the management and the workers. One function of the need
for representatives from both parties are to investigate the hazards that arise among
community members. 'Safety' will also be told what work will be done by the
employee on that day and also the next day. All data is stored for reference.
d) Report on Accident and Health
Reports of accidents and health-hazard are referred to know that there are hazards
in the process of NDT that have led to workers injured on the job. All accidents that
occur are recorded regardless of whether or not severe and incidents are also recorded.
If a common injury, workers were sent to a nearby clinic for treatment. If the
condition is severe, the clinic will send the victim to the nearest hospital.

6.4

Risk Assessment Method

Risk assessment is the process of assessing the risks to safety and health hazards in

the workplace due. The risk assessment process begins with collecting information about all
the hazards that have been identified. The number of workers and the duration of exposure

23

for each hazard should be known. This information can be used to estimate the probability
and severity of these hazards in order to schedule a qualitative risk can be made.
Risk is assessed quantitatively, using numbers. Numbers can be laid out to represent
the possibilities as well as the severity of the consequences. These numbers can then be
multiplied to get the probability. The use of numbers also allow the risk assessment and
evaluation is made using a computer.

Risk = Severity X Likelihood

As a result of the severity of the injury and the health of persons or damage to
property or environmental impact or impact on the financial or a combination of any
severity. Here are the steps due to be assessed.

SEVERITY
(S)
Catastrophi
c
Fatal

EXAMPLE

RATING

Numerous fatalities, irrecoverable property

damage and productivity
Approximately one single fatality major
property damage if hazard is realized

5
4

Serious

Non-fatal injury, permanent disability

Minor

Disabling but not permanent injury

Neglible

Minor abrasions, bruises, cuts, first aid type

injury

Table 1

: Severity

The likelihood is the probability of injury will occur or has occurred impacts
the frequency of its exposure to hazards. The probability of an event that is usually the
24

case in certain circumstances in certain times. Factors to be considered for the

possibility of a number of workers involved; duration of exposure, the safety device
failure, engine failure, and the existing risk control. Below is a table of possible
hazard level that can cause injury.

LIKELIHOO

EXAMPLE

D (L)

The most likely result of the hazard / event

Most Likely

being realized
Has a good chance of occurring and is not

Possible

unusual
Might be occur at something in future
Has not been known to occur after many

Conceivable
Remote
Inconceivable

years
Is practically impossible and has never
occurred

Table 2

RATIN
G
5
4
3
2
1

: Likelihood

Risk assessment is prepared using the table with a value or a table for each
hazard identified. It is very useful to reflect and understand the inherent risks.
However, it is better if the hazard and possible consequences can be shown in a table.
Here is the schedule matrix to do so:

25

LIKELIHOOD
Inconceivable

Minor
(1)

Neglible

(1)
Low

Low

Medium

Low
2

Serious (2)

SEVERITY

Remote Conceivable Possible

MEDIU
HIGH
(2)
(3)
(4)
M

Fatal (3)

Medium
Table 3
: Risk
In this case, the
3

value obtained, the more

(4)

the selection of priority

Medium
addressed
can
be
4

Mediu
m
4
Mediu
m
6

m
4

Likely
(5)
Medium
5

Medium

High

High

10

High

High

High
Matrix
12higher the
15 risk that the
critical the risk. Therefore,

High

High

12

action can be taken against

Catastrophic

Mediu

Most

hazardsHigh
that need to be
High
16determined
20 and the control
the highest value.

Medium

High

High

High

High

10

15

20

25

RISK

DESCRIPTION
ACTION
A risk identified as LOW may be considered as
acceptable and further reduction may not be necessary.

1-4

Low

LOW
However,
if the risk can be resolved quickly and
efficiently, control measures should be implemented and
recorded.
A MEDIUM risk requires a planned approach to

5-12

Medium

15-

High

25

controlling the hazard and applies temporary measure if

required. Actions taken must be documented on the risk
assessment form including date for completion.
A HIGH risk requires immediate action to control the
hazard as detailed in the hierarchy of control. Actions
taken must be documented on the risk assessment form
26

including date for completion.

Table 4

: Risk Preferences

27

6.5

Recommendation Method

6.5.1

Safety Risk Control Method

In order to control risk, some risk control principles that must be followed by a

hierarchy of control. Risk control hierarchy should be followed in making judgments and
decisions to take control measures. Starting from the most effective measure to be less
effective. Step in the hierarchy are:

ELIMINATION
SUBSTITUTION
ISOLATION
ENGINEERING CONTROL
ADMINISTRATIVE
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Diagram 7 : Hierarchy of Risk Control

6.6

Assumption and Limitation

28

It can be humbling and empowering at the same time to realize the study that were made is
restricted in many ways. These deficiencies include the availability of resources and even
include reasoning processes and human failings. The empowerment comes from recognizing
the shortcomings and the shortcomings of the choices that were make and adjusting it the best
way possible.

Assumptions in the study are things that somewhat out of control, but if it disappear the study
would become irrelevant. For example if a survey is conducted, got to assume that people
will answer it truthfully and has to assume it a representative of the population that are
inferences to.

Limitations are potential weaknesses in your study and are out of control. If a sample of
convenience is used as opposed to a random sample, then the results of the study can be
generally applied to a larger population.

6.7

Conclusion

This chapter describes in detail the methods of hazards identification, risk assessment and the
existing controls. This chapter investigates more about the methods that can be used to
improve things to be better.

29

Chapter 4
7.0

Result and Discussion

7.1
Introduction
Results and discussion within the context of this study is to analyze all the data that
have been collected to assess the risk level of each hazard. The level of probability and
severity will be analyzed to obtain the true value of the risk. The analysis will determine the
level of risk identified at a level where is low, medium or high. To put a value on the
probability and severity, some aspects have been taken into account as described in the
methodology of the study.

7.2

Identification of Hazards and Effect

To simplify the process of hazard identification, observation and inspection have been

made. The chart below shows the hazards that have been identified.

30

No.
Activity

1.

2.

Work
Area

Warehouse

On road

Work Activity

Loading of pipe
onto delivery truck

Transporting of pipe
to site

No.
Hazard

i.

Skin contact
with pipe
coating

ii.

Eye Contact
with pipe
coating

iii.

Expose to
inhalation of the
grease oil

iv.

Ingestion of the
grease oil

i.

Continuous
driving (long
distance)
inhalation of
conservative
smoke

ii.

iii.
3.

Open field
(site)

Unloading of pipe to
the storage area

Hazards

i.

ii.

Eye Contact of
dust on road
Crushed by
heavy pipe

Skin Contact
grease oil and
pipe coating

Impact
Hazard of the
Safety and
Health of
Workers
Prolonged or
repeated contact
may dry skin and
cause irritation.
Direct contact
with eyes may
cause temporary
irritation.
Over exposure to
mists/vapors of
this product may
cause headache,
dizziness, nausea,
and respiratory
tract irritation.
Swallowing or
vomiting of the
liquid may result
in aspiration into
the lungs.
May cause back
ache and eye
strain
Prolonged and
frequent
inhalation may
cause nausea and
fatigue
May cause
irritation to eyes.
Permanent
disability or
broken bones and
limps
A single
exposure for
several hours
may cause
slight
reddening.
Longer or
repeated
contact may
cause
moderate
irritation, and
possibly a
mild burn.

31

iii.

Inhalation of the
grease oil

iv.

Inhalation of
dust

4.

On road
(site)

Carry pipe with

backhoe to the
trench area

i.

Inhalation of
dust

5.

Shallow
trench

i.

Squad in a long
period

6.

Shallow
trench

Installation of pipe
by linking with
other pipe in tight
spaces
Land fill with soil
using hoe

i.

Repetitive
movement

Table 5

Short
exposure
may
anesthetize,
possibly
injure, and
irritate nose
and throat
slightly.
May cause
irritation of
the
digestive
tract and
throat
slightly
May cause
irritation of the
digestive tract
and throat slightly
Cause backache
or slipdisc

Cause
musculoskeletal
disorder such as
shoulder pain,
back pain and
neck pain

: Identification of Hazards and Effect

32

7.3

Likelihood and Severity Rating

Below is a description of the likelihood and severity rating of water reticulation

No.
Activity
1.

2.

Work Activity

No.
Hazard

Hazards

Loading of pipe
onto delivery
truck

i.
ii.

Skin contact
Eye Contact

iii.

Inhalation

iv.

Ingestion

i.

Ingestion

ii.

Skin
Contact
Eye Contact

Transporting of
pipe to site

iii.
3.

Unloading of
pipe to storage
area on site

i.
ii.
iii.

4.
5.

6.

Carrying of pipe
with backhoe
Installation of
pipe by linking
with existing
pipe

i.

Landfill of soil
using hoe

i.

Table 6

i.

Crushed by
heavy pipe
Skin
Contact
Inhalation
Expose to
dust
Squad in a
long period

Repetitive
movement

Existing
Risk
Control
Wear Glove
Wear
goggle
Wear face
mask
Wear face
mask
Wear face
mask
Wear Glove

2
2

3
4

Wear
goggle
Buddy
system
Wear Glove

Wear face
mask
Wear face
mask
Using
cordless
wrench for
tightening
bolt
Job rotation

: Likelihood and Severity Rating

33

7.4

Risk Assessment
The results of the probability and severity of a job will receive the estimated risk

using the quantitative methods, namely the use of numbers and then be multiplied to obtain
the level of risk. The table 4.4 below is a table of the estimated risk of aircraft structural
repair.
No.
Activity

Work Activity

1.

Loading of pipe
onto delivery
truck

2.

Transporting
pipe by truck
(on road)
Unloading f
pipe to storage
area
Carry the pipe to
trench using
backhoe
Installation of
pipe tighten the
bolt nut
Land fill with
hoe

3.

4.

5.

6.

No.
Hazar
d
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
i.
ii.
iii.
i.
ii.
iii.
i.

Scores

Risk Category

2
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
3
1

3
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
3
3
2

6
8
12
12
8
6
8
12
6
9
3

Medium
High
High
High
High
Medium
High
High
Medium
Medium
Low

i.

Low

i.

Low

Table 7

7.4.1

: Risk Assessment

Risk Level Tabulation

In Table 7 is a compilation of the risk level of each hazard is created and organized by

each level of risk. It aims to facilitate actions undertaken to control the high risk that could
cause injury, accident, illness, property damage and also on the environment. The highest
level should be dealt with promptly so that the hazard is not repeated. While a moderate level
of risk should make planning or designing something before action is taken. Although there is
a low level of risk in the workplace remain in control to avoid any accident or injury to the
worker.
34

35

No.
Hazar
d
1.
2.

Type of Hazards
Crushed by heavy object
Inhalation of chemical
Table 8

7.5

Scores

Risk Category

12
12

High
High

: Risk Level Tabulation

Results of Risk Assessment

An occupational health hazard is any agent that can cause illness to an

individual. A health hazard may produce serious and immediate (acute) affects, or
may cause long-term (chronic) problems. All or part of the body may be affected.
Someone with an occupational illness may not recognize the symptoms immediately.
For example, noise-induced hearing loss is often difficult for the affected individual
to detect until it is well advanced. Health hazards include chemicals (such as battery
acid and solvents), biological hazards (such as bacteria, viruses, dusts and molds),
physical agents (energy sources strong enough to harm the body, such as electric
currents, heat, light, vibration, noise and radiation) and work design (ergonomic)
hazards.

A safety hazard is any force strong enough to cause injury, or damage to

property. An injury caused by a safety hazard is usually obvious. For example, a worker
may be badly cut. Safety hazards cause harm when workplace controls are not adequate.

No
1.

Safety and Health Hazards

Crushed by heavy object

Likelihood

Severity

Risks

12

12

(Safety Hazard)
2

Inhalation of chemical
(Health Hazard)

36

Table 9
7.5.1

: Result of Risk Assessment

Effects of Critical Hazards

Based on the results of the risk assessment made, there are some critical hazards

identified. Critical hazard that exists can give a bad impression to employees, employers, the
public and the organization itself. Critical hazard can result in death, serious injury and
occupational diseases to workers exposed to such risks. This is because the process of work
carried out involving the use of substances that pose a risk of harm to the safety and health of
workers if not properly maintained and failed to comply with the safe work procedures
(SOP).
An accident or illness that afflicts workers in a workplace will have an impact on the
employer. After the accident, the employers would be responsible for ensuring matters related
to the victim. Employers who do not care and do not provide safe working conditions for
employees can be fined in accordance with the provisions of the Act after the investigation is
completed.
Next, a serious accident could affect the reputation of an organization. When an
accident involving death or serious injury occurs, workers will decrease in a long time. This
indirectly reduces the productivity of an organization is due to a shortage of labor and a long
period of sick leave. It could also tarnish the image of the company in the eyes of outsiders.

7.6

Conclusion
Based on this chapter, after a risk assessment is carried out, it is easy to classify the

levels of risk from the highest to the lowest. From here, it was found that two safety hazard
and two health hazard faced by workers in the at site and on road. Finding that employees
working in a risky situation, control measures have been undertaken to reduce the risks in the
workplace and employers must get action due to the way employees work.

37

38

Chapter 5

8.0

Recommendation and Control

8.1

Introduction
Summary of the whole thing will be described in this chapter of the studies that have

been conducted. The advantages and disadvantages of this study can be explained by making
the formulation of each chapter to enhance understanding of the study.

8.2

Safety Recommendation Control Measure

There are six steps in the control measure of the safety hazards and that is

Elimination, Substitution, Isolation, Engineering Control, Administrative and Personal

Protective Equipment. This method is used to reduce the risk and severity of injury illness.
The first hazard is crushed by heavy object
The first hierarchical control measure is Elimination. These control measure is not
suitable to be used as in the process of installation require a designated person to tighten up
the nut and bolt at the trench

The second hierarchy control measure is substitution. These control measure are less
efficient because there are currently no other suitable method that can be use to tighten up the
nut

The next step of hierarchy control is isolation. These control measures is suitable by
requesting the vehicle on top to not cross or pass by the trench during the worker undergoing
the work under.

The forth step of hierarchy control is engineering control that is also not suitable to be
used.

39

The fifth hierarchy control is the administrative whereas in this control measure
employer should provide proper temporary signage around the trench to help notify others of
work in progress.

The sixth and the last step in the hierarchy control is personal protective equipment
(PPE) where in this control measures are needed the most such as safety helmet and reflector
vest to notify the other worker there are worker under.

8.3

Health Recommendation Control Measure

There are three health control measure that can be used and that is Premier prevention,

Secondary prevention and Tertiary prevention. Premier prevention is to protect employees

from any disease, namely by making the regulation before illness and injuries. Secondary
prevention is conducted by occupational health doctor and for tertiary prevention is for
treatment and further inspection after any illness resulting from work activities.

The first is a health hazard in the process of aircraft structural repair is where
employees are exposed to high quantities of chemicals. Primary prevention control can be
carried out with the knowledge and briefed employees about the dangers of exposure to
chemical when using the chemical for the work process. The employer must also make health
checks to employees for free to see fitness and health. Employees also need to wear personal
protective equipment such as face masks provided.

Secondary prevention control can be carried out by preparing to provide emergency

treatment if workers fainted due to exposure to chemicals is too long. Tertiary control can be
carried out by occupational health doctors can provide treatment and further monitoring for
workers who have the disease. The employer can redeem the workers who have asthma to
other work activities for rehabilitation sessions.
40

8.4

Method of Review
Once all the control measures taken, review should be made to ensure that these

measures are practiced in the workplace. It is important to ensure the safety and health at the
work site can be minimized. Among the measures proposed revision are:

a) Monitoring, Monitoring and Observation

Daily monitoring, supervision and observation, weekly or monthly run by the

management of the project to ensure that employees follow instructions relating to the
security measures that have been granted or are informed every time before starting
work.

In addition, this observation will also enable management to identify any new or
emerging hazards or identify any safety measures need to be practiced.

b) Communication

Employees should be reminded of the hazards to safety and health are exposed to
them and the security measures to be taken. These warnings can usually be done at
any time prior to the commencement of such work ToolBox Talk (TBT). In addition,
employees can also voice their concerns at the same time. The communication system
must be carried out bilaterally.

Culture-fiscal scolds or Stop Work Authority may also be practiced by all, if you
notice anyone who does not practice safety measures.

c) Record

Record all accidents or incidents in order to identify the cause and control measures
that can be taken.

Record all training activities undertaken in order to identify any training that has not
been done and what needs to be run again.

Record reports that medical surveillance has been carried out for the reference to
workers' health problems.

Record the results of the monitoring and inspections to be discussed at the meeting.

41

d) Training

Training and induction prefix conducted for 1 hour to all new employees before
starting work on the project. Some of the content contained in this induction is
regulation and health and safety procedures, reporting procedures and emergency
response, hazard and risk in the workplace and action control and the responsibility of
each employee to ensure the safety and health of themselves and others.

Retraining of safety procedures such as job retraining and training qualifications

permit the operator / driver of the crane.

Training carried out to study the response of emergency workers in the event of an
emergency.

8.5

Benefit of Risk Management

Various benefits earned workers and companies from all measures recommended

above. These include workplace safety can be enhanced by the existence of effective control
measures. Workers are more focused on safety and health and that of others. This is because
if they do not care about security, they will lose not only in terms of time and energy but also
the lives of their own.

The benefit for the company is to reduce or avoid medical costs and hidden costs due
to less or non-occurrence of an accident at work. In addition, the use of time and labor is also
reduced. This is caused by a lack or no delay and no layoffs as a result of an accident at work.
Productivity and work quality can be improved over time. The image of the organization or
company will stand out due to lack of valid cases of accidents, especially fatal and serious
injuries. This will provide greater input to the organization as it would contribute to the
confidence and trust of the investors to continue to invest and the client will always require
the services of the company. This will benefit the company to continue to grow going
forward.

42

8.6

Conclusion

HIRARC the risk management methods that used in the work process selected in the
study. HIRARC used to identify risks, analyze risks and control risks. This method can
reduce the severity and prevent accidents happening, but if the organization does not make
revisions and improve HIRARC can increase the risk of accidents that occur in the work
process.

The result of data obtained in the water reticulation process is determined using
quantitative methods of numerical probability and severity. Benefit of this method is able to
quantitatively assess the probability and severity as well as to determine the main hazard with
the highest rating of low, medium and high probability multiplied by the severity.
The proposal will be obtained after analyzing the work process, a significant hazard
and accident records checks. The proposal will be reflected in the safety and health control to
control and reduce health and safety hazards in the workplace.
The review is to ensure that the proposal suggested effective hazard control or
otherwise to know the advantages and disadvantages of the proposal. Recommendation
executed will improve the quality of workers, reduce aircraft accident statistics related
structural repair, reduce occupational diseases and provide benefits to both employers and
workers.

43

9.0

Attachment

Photo of pipe storage area

Photo of pipe buried

44

Photo of worker tightening bolt in trench

Photo of excavator digging trench

45