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Igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks
Formed from the cooling and
consolidation of magma

plutonic (intrusive)
cooled below the surface

volcanic (extrusive)
cooled on the surface

Coarsely Crystalline Granite

Fig. 4.1

Photomicrograph of Granite

Jenis mineralnya apa??

Fig. 4.1

Finely Crystalline Basalt

Fig. 4.1

Photomicrograph of Basalt

Jenis mineralnya apa?

Fig. 4.1

Igneous textures
Glassy

no minerals present

Crystalline rocks made of mineral


grains
Porphyritic mixture of coarse and fine
Vesicular

with bubble holes

Composition of melts affects


behavior while still fluid
More SiO2 will increase viscosity,
making strong temporary bonds
in magma.

Factors controlling the


viscosity of magmas
Composition:
higher SiO2; higher viscosity
lower volatiles; higher viscosity

Temperature:
lower temperature; higher viscosity

Granite (g) Intruding


Metamorphic (m) Rocks

m
g
Fig. 4.2

Magma
Usually a silicate melt (liquid) at high
temperatures (650 to 1200C).
Mixture of all the elements that make
up minerals plus volatile components:
H2O, CO2, Cl, F, S
These components form gases and will
boil off when pressure is released.

Texture of Igneous Rocks


Controlled by cooling rate
Grain size
Degree of crystallinity
Vesicularity

Classification of Igneous Rocks


Defined by texture:

Fine-grained: extrusive or volcanic


Coarse-grained: intrusive or plutonic

Pyroclastic Igneous Rocks

Obsidian

Pumice

Ash
Fig. 4.3

Quartz-rich Felsic Porphyry

Fig. 4.4

Classification by
composition and texture

Extrusive

Intrusive

basalt

gabbro

andesite

diorite

rhyolite

granite

Extrusive
Basalt

Rhyolite

Intrusive
Gabbro

Granite

Fig. 4.5

Classification of Igneous Rocks


Determined by composition (both
chemical and mineralogical):

magnesium (Mg) + iron (Fe) =


mafic
feldspar + quartz (Si) = felsic

Classification of Igneous Rocks


When we talk about the chemical
composition of a rock we usually speak in
terms of the oxides, e.g.,
Typical

basalt

granite

SiO2

50%

70%

Al2O3

15%

12%

FeO+MgO

15%

3%

CaO

8%

2%

K2O+Na2O

5%

8%

Classification of Igneous Rocks

Fig. 4.6

The process of complete melting of a


rock or complete crystallization of a
magma will not change the bulk
composition of the system, but if either
of these processes goes only part
way, the composition of the solid and
the liquid can be very different
(especially for small ).

Partial melting
Opposite of fractional crystallization
Last minerals to form will melt at lowest
temperature
Biggest changes will be for small
degrees of melting

Factors Affecting
Melting
Temperatures

Fig. 4.7

Where do magmas come from?


Basalts: Broadly speaking, we know that
mantle rocks (45% SiO2) partially melt (10 to
15%) to produce basalts (50% SiO2).
With the addition of some water, basalts will
partially melt to produce Andesite (60%
SiO2).

Where do magmas come from?


Granites may also be produced by fractional
crystallization of a basaltic magma. But this
works only for a dry granite. However, most
granites contain many hydrous phases
(micas), and some granites are associated
with extensive hydrothermal ore deposits.

Tectonic Settings of Igneous


Activity

Fig. 4.8

Volcanic Island
Arc, Indonesia

Fig. 4.8

Oceanic
Hot Spot

Hawaii

Fig. 4.8

Continental
Volcanic Arc
N. Cascades

Fig. 4.8

Volcanic Island Arc


Java, Indonesia

Lava flow at
Volcanoes National Park,
Hawaii

Continental Volcanic Arc


North Cascades, Washington

Fractional crystallization
The modification of magma by
crystallization and removal of mineral
phases.
Because only certain elements will
go into a given mineral, this will tend
to change the composition of the
remaining liquid.

Early Crystallization

Fig. 4.9a

Liquids Squeezed from Crystals

Fig. 4.9b

The Palisades Sill

Fig. 4.10

Fig. 4.10

Crystallization
Ideally, crystallization is the opposite
of melting.
In fact, the process is more
complicated than that because
rocks are complex aggregates of
many minerals with different melting
(crystallization) points.

Simple crystallization
Example: Quartz
When melt reaches the
crystallization temperature of a
mineral, the mineral forms and

undergoes no further changes with


subsequent cooling.

Continuous crystallization
Example: Plagioclase feldspar

When a mineral begins to crystallize it


takes on a given composition but the

composition of the crystallizing exterior


(and therefore the entire crystal)
changes due to changes in the
composition of the magma.

Continuous Crystallization
Plagioclase Feldspar

Discontinuous crystallization
Examples: Olivine and Pyroxenes

Crystals previously formed react with


melt to produce new minerals.

Discontinuous crystallization
Olivine Pyroxene

Bowens reaction series


Series of chemical reactions that take
place in silicate magmas as they cool

First investigated in the 1920s and


1930s by N. L. Bowen
Important experiments that help us
understand the evolution of magmas

Bowens Reaction Series

Fig. 4.11

Magma Differentiation

Fig. 4.12

Forms of intrusive igneous masses


Plutons can be divided into two
groups:
1) Concordant

2) Discordant

Forms of intrusive igneous masses


Concordant:

Discordant:

Sills

Dikes

Laccoliths

Necks

Forms of intrusive igneous masses


Batholith: Any deep-seated pluton of
coarse-grained rocks that has a surface
exposure of over 100 sq. km that is

mostly granitic. Examples include Sierra


Nevada, Coast Range, Idaho batholiths.

Stock: Same as a batholith, only smaller.

Types of Igneous Structures

Fig. 4.13

Methods of Intruding Magma

Fig. 4.14

Sill
Sill

Fig. 4.15

Dike
Fig. 4.16

Pegmatite Dike

Fig. 4.17

Magma Chamber Beneath Mid-ocean


Spreading Ridge

Fig. 4.18

Volcanism Due to Partial Melting in a


Subduction Zone

Fig. 4.19

Mt. Rainier

Fig. 4.20

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