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Igneous rocks
Formed from the cooling and
consolidation of magma
plutonic (intrusive)
cooled below the surface
volcanic (extrusive)
cooled on the surface
Fig. 4.1
Photomicrograph of Granite
Fig. 4.1
Fig. 4.1
Photomicrograph of Basalt
Fig. 4.1
Igneous textures
Glassy
no minerals present
Temperature:
lower temperature; higher viscosity
m
g
Fig. 4.2
Magma
Usually a silicate melt (liquid) at high
temperatures (650 to 1200C).
Mixture of all the elements that make
up minerals plus volatile components:
H2O, CO2, Cl, F, S
These components form gases and will
boil off when pressure is released.
Obsidian
Pumice
Ash
Fig. 4.3
Fig. 4.4
Classification by
composition and texture
Extrusive
Intrusive
basalt
gabbro
andesite
diorite
rhyolite
granite
Extrusive
Basalt
Rhyolite
Intrusive
Gabbro
Granite
Fig. 4.5
basalt
granite
SiO2
50%
70%
Al2O3
15%
12%
FeO+MgO
15%
3%
CaO
8%
2%
K2O+Na2O
5%
8%
Fig. 4.6
Partial melting
Opposite of fractional crystallization
Last minerals to form will melt at lowest
temperature
Biggest changes will be for small
degrees of melting
Factors Affecting
Melting
Temperatures
Fig. 4.7
Fig. 4.8
Volcanic Island
Arc, Indonesia
Fig. 4.8
Oceanic
Hot Spot
Hawaii
Fig. 4.8
Continental
Volcanic Arc
N. Cascades
Fig. 4.8
Lava flow at
Volcanoes National Park,
Hawaii
Fractional crystallization
The modification of magma by
crystallization and removal of mineral
phases.
Because only certain elements will
go into a given mineral, this will tend
to change the composition of the
remaining liquid.
Early Crystallization
Fig. 4.9a
Fig. 4.9b
Fig. 4.10
Fig. 4.10
Crystallization
Ideally, crystallization is the opposite
of melting.
In fact, the process is more
complicated than that because
rocks are complex aggregates of
many minerals with different melting
(crystallization) points.
Simple crystallization
Example: Quartz
When melt reaches the
crystallization temperature of a
mineral, the mineral forms and
Continuous crystallization
Example: Plagioclase feldspar
Continuous Crystallization
Plagioclase Feldspar
Discontinuous crystallization
Examples: Olivine and Pyroxenes
Discontinuous crystallization
Olivine Pyroxene
Fig. 4.11
Magma Differentiation
Fig. 4.12
2) Discordant
Discordant:
Sills
Dikes
Laccoliths
Necks
Fig. 4.13
Fig. 4.14
Sill
Sill
Fig. 4.15
Dike
Fig. 4.16
Pegmatite Dike
Fig. 4.17
Fig. 4.18
Fig. 4.19
Mt. Rainier
Fig. 4.20