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Q1. Briefly explain with an aid of a diagram what a control system is. (10 marks)
Ans:
Input
(Controlling Signal)
Control System
Output
Controlled
(2MARKS)
Q2. As control engineers we tolerate the differences between desired response and actual
response because of the many advantages of control systems, state five of these advantages.
(10marks)
Ans:
Power Amplification: Statellite dish can be positioned by a low power knob at the input
but requires large power to rotate. Power gain is one good reason for building control
systems.
Dangerous Applications remote control of a robot arm for handling nuclear material.
Compensation for Human Deficiencies e.g. to help handicapped people for the exoskeleton used by Ripley in Alliens.
Convenience by change of form of Input Temperature control is by the position of a
dial on a thermostat, output is heat.
Compensation of Disturbances Typical control variables are temperature, position and
velocity, voltage, current or frequency. The control system must yield the correct output
even in the presence of disturbances.
Q3. (a) Briefly explain with an aid of a diagram Open Loop Control System.
(b) State two advantages and two disadvantages of open loop control system.
(10marks)
Ans (a)
An open loop system is that system in which the control action is independent of the system
output. Thus, an open loop system utilizes a controller to control the system process in such a
way as to obtain the desired output without considering the actual system output as shown below.
(3marks)
Desired System
Output
Amplifier
Output
Controller
Controlled
System Process
System
This type of system is sensitive to surrounding conditions like vibrations, voltages, aging etc
(3marks)
(b) ADVANTAGES OF OPEN LOOP SYSTEM
Q4. (a) Give one practical example each of an open loop control system and closed loop control
system.
(b) Briefly explain the thermostatic control of room temperature as an example of closed loop
control system.(10marks)
Ans.
(a) Examples are the control system in a microwave oven, automatic toaster system, traffic
control system etc(2marks)
A familiar example of a closed-loop control system is thermostatic control of room
temperature.(2marks)
(10marks)
SOLUTION
Q6. (a) Briefly explain with an aid of a diagram Closed Loop Control System.
(b) State two advantages and two disadvantages of closed loop control system.
(10marks)
Ans (a)
A closed loop control system is that system in which the control action is somehow dependent
upon the system output. Thus, a closed-loop control system measures the actual system output,
compares it with the input and determines the error, which is then used for controlling the system
output to have the desired value. The block diagram of a closed-loop control system is shown
below: (3marks)
Reference
Controlled
Input
Error
Output
R(s)
Comparator
C (s)
Actuating
Controlling
Signal
Amplifier
Signal
Controller
System Plant
Feedback Path
(b)
ADVANTAGES OF CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEM
Relatively complex, and therefore more expensive than open loop systems
Potentially unstable under fault condition
Recall from our study of system pole and zeros that poles to the left of the imaginary axis in the
s-plans-a region called the left-half plane (LHP) yield responses that are either decaying
exponentials or damped sinusoids. These natural responses decay to zero as time approaches
infinity. Thus:
Closed-Loop stability: a closed loop control system is stable if all the closed loop poles are
located in the left half plane.
(b) A feedback control system has the open loop transfer function G(s) =
Determine the error in the response of the system to an input, r(t) = t2
Solution
It is necessary to evaluate only C0, C1 and C2.
Now
G(s) =
System is type 1
20 (1+ 0.1 s)
s(1+0.2 s )
Bode gain K1 = 20
C 0=0
C1 =
[ (
2
C2 =
1 d
1
2
2 d s 1+ 0 (s)
1
K1
)]
= 20
s =0
s( s+5)
1 d d
2 ds ds s ( s+5 )+ 10(s +10)
s=0
10 (s +10)
s ( s+5) .
s ( s+ 5 ) +10( s+10)
2
d
s
+20
s+50
= 5
ds
Thus
e(t) = C0t2 + C1.2t + C2.2
e(t) = 0 +
e(t) =
t
10
2
2
t+
20 400
+
1
200
s=0
1
400