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StressAnalysis:StepsInvolvedintheStressAnalysis

StressAnalysis:StepsforStressAnalysis
1Comment

1.0IntroductiontoStressAnalysis

StressAnalysisisasubject,whichismoretalkedaboutandlessunderstood.Theobjectiveofpipestress
analysisistoensuresafetyagainstfailureofthePipingSystembyverifyingthestructuralintegrityagainst
theloadingconditions,bothexternalandinternal,expectedtooccurduringthelifetimeofthesysteminthe
plant.Thisistobeundertakenwiththemosteconomicconsiderations.Hencetheobjectivesofstress
Analysiscouldbelistedas

1.1ObjectivesofStressAnalysisareto
1.1.1Ensurethatthestressesinthepipingcomponentsinthesystemarewithintheallowablelimits.
1.1.2Solvedynamicproblemsdevelopedduetomechanicalvibration,acousticvibration,fluidhammer,
pulsation,reliefvalvesetc.
1.1.3Solvetheproblemsassociatedduetohigherorloweroperatingtemperaturesuchas
a)DisplacementStressrange
b)Nozzleloadsontheconnectedequipment
c)Pipedisplacements
d)Loadsandmomentsonthesupportingstructures
Whenpipingisconnectedtostrainsensitiveequipment,theflexibilityrequiredtosatisfytheacceptablelimits
ofnozzleloadingontheconnectedequipment(babove)overridesallotherconsiderations.

1.2ClassificationsofPipingSystems
Thepipingsystemsaremainlyclassifiedintothreemaincategoriesandthenagainsubcategories.Themain
categoriesarethe
1.2.1HotSystems.
1.2.2ColdSystems.
1.2.3CryogenicSystems.
ThefundamentalreasonforthisclassificationisthathotlinesandcryogeniclinesmustundergoFlexibility
analysistodeterminethermalforces,displacementsandstresses.Thesesystemsarefurtherdividedinto.
i)Smallborelines
ii)Large(Big)borelines.
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Asageneralpracticethosepipelineswithnominaldiameters40mm(11/2)NBandunderareclassifiedas
smalland50mm(2)NBandaboveaslarg.Further,pipingsystemcouldbeclassifiedbasedonthe
regulatorycodesunderwhichthesystemisdesigned.Certaincodesrequiremorestringentanalysisthan
others.

1.3Stepsinvolvedinthestressanalysiscanbelistedas
1.3.1Identifythepotentialloadsthatthepipingsystemwouldencounterduringthelifeoftheplant.
1.3.2Relateeachoftheseloadstothestressesandstrainsdeveloped.
1.3.3Getthecumulativeeffectofthepotentialloadsinthesystem.
1.3.4Decidetheallowablelimits,thesystemcanwithstandwithoutfailure.
1.3.5Afterthesystemisdesigned,toensurethatthestressesarewithinthesafelimits.

1.4Typesofloads
AlltheAmericancodeforPressurePipingclassifiestheloadsmainlyintothreetypes.
1.4.1SustainedLoads:Thoseduetoforcespresentduringnormaloperation.
1.4.2OccasionalLoads:Thosepresentduringrareintervalsofoperations
1.4.3DisplacementLoadsThoseduetodisplacementofpipe
ThisanalysisismostcommonlycalledastheFlexibilityAnalysis.Furtherthoseconditions
stipulatedintheregulatorycodeASMEB31.1andASMEB31.3onlyareconsideredhereafter.
TypesofLoadsConsideredforPipingStressAnalysis

1.5ConditionsofAcceptabilityofPipingSystem
ThePipingEngineerhasthefollowingchoicestoestablishthattherequiredflexibilityhasbeenprovidedin
thepipinglayout.
1.5.1Asperclause119.7.1/319.4.1ofthecodeASMEB31.1/1331.3,noformalanalysisisrequiredin
systemswhich
I)Areduplicatesofsuccessfullyoperatinginstallationsorreplacements.
ii)Canreadilybejudgedadequatebycomparisonwithpreviouslyanalyzedsystems.
iii)Satisfyequationspecifiedinclause119.7.1(A3)/3194.1(c)
1.5.2Analyzingthelayoutbyanapproximatemethod.
Approximatemethodshallbeappliedonlyiftheyareusedfortherangeofconfigurationforwhichadequate
accuracyhasbeendemonstrated.
1.5.3Carryingoutacomprehensiveanalysis.
i)Analytical
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ii)Modeltest
iii)Chartmethod

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