ABOUT SELECTED COUNTRY

Overview of NIGERIA:Geographic location:The country called Nigeria is situated at western part of Africa and shares land borders with the
Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. The
seaboard lied on the Gulf of Guinea in the south and borders of Lake Chad to northeast. The
Nigerias geographical features are also includes Adamawa highlands, Mambilla Plateau, Jos
Plateau, Obudu Plateau, Nigeria is a country where tropics are found. In Nigeria the climate is
seasonally moderate and very humid.
(Source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/geography_of_Nigeria)

Languages in Nigeria:-

(Source: http://www.wholesomewords.org/missions/greatc.html)

In Nigeria, there are 521 different types of languages that is been spoken. The official language
of Nigeria, is English, was chosen to further use for the cultural and linguistic unity of the
country. The most popular language in urban regions is English considering the rural regions are
less spoken English there quarters of the country are mainly comprised by it.

There was also certain other language which has been spoken in the country called Nigeria like
lgbo, Edo, Fulfulde, Hausa. In the country called Nigeria semantic diversity is a border or sphere
of whole Africa which is mostly surrounded by three major Africas languages: Niger-Congo,
Nilo-Saharan and Afro-asiatic.

STATE
Abia
Adamawa
Anambra
Akwa Ibom
Bauchi
Bayelsa
Borno
Cross River
Delta
Ekiti
Enugu
Imo
Igawa
Kastina

LANGUAGE
Igbo
Bacama/Bata, Bura phabir, FultFulde, Huba
Igbo, Igala
Anang, Ibibibo
Bole, Fulfulde, Hausa
Biseni, Ekpeye
Shuwa Arabic, Kanuri, Marghi
Afimk, Bokn, Ejagham, Igede, yala
Igbo, Igala, Isekiri, Izon
Izon
Igbo
Igbo
Bade, Hausa, Kanuri, Warji
Fulflde, Hausa

(Source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/languages_of_Nigeria)

Currency:The currency of Nigeria mainly called as Naira and this basically redivided into 100 different
Kobo
{Sign: ; code: NGN}

In country called Nigeria, the only issuer of tender money is Central Bank Of Nigeria (CBN).
For providing monetary and price stability in the country, the CBN controls the whole volume of
supplying money in the economy of Nigeria. Currency management is one the authority or we
can say department of CBN which handles the currency and branch operations of the economy.
(Source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_naira)

Exchange rate:1 NGN = 0.21 INR

Nigerian Naira <-> Indian rupees
1 NGN = 0.003 USD
Nigerian Naira <-> US Dollar

Religion in Nigeria:Nigeria, the largest African country by population (over 182 million in 2015), is nearly equally
divided between Christianity and Islam though the exact ratio is uncertain. The majority of
Nigerian Muslims are Sunni and are concentrated in the northern area of the country, while
Christians dominate in the Middle Belt and south. The Pew Forum in a 2010 report compared
reports from several sources. The 1963 Nigerian census found that 36% of the population was
Christian, 48% Muslim, and 16% other; the 2008 MEASURE Demographic and Health Survey
(DHS) found 53% Christian, 45% Muslim, and 2% other; the 2008 Afrobarometer poll found
56% Christian, 43% Muslim, and 1% other; Pew's own survey found 52% Muslim, 46%
Christian, and 1% other.
The church of Nigeria which is called protested church of Nigeria-Anglican Communion, the
Assemblies of God Church, the Nigerian Baptist Convention, and Church Of All Nations. In
Nigeria the southwest as well as the northern part is prevailed by the major Islams. The Nigeria
has the largest Muslims in the population of sub-Saharan Africa. The Hausa tribal group in the
North is mostly Muslim, the West which has the Yoruba tribe was divided among Islam,
Christianity, and traditional religions, on the other hand the Igbos of the East and the Ijaw in the
South are predominately Christians and some specialist of the old traditional religions.

Abuja national mosque:-

National church of Nigeria:-

The most of the population of Muslims who belong to Nigeria are mostly Sunni, and they are
belonging to Maliki School of ordinance; but on the other side, a sizeable minority also reside to
Shafi Madhab.

Flag of Nigeria:-

The Nigerians flag was framed in 1959 and first precisely hoisted on October 1, 1960. There is
vertical bicolour of white and green in the flag of Nigeria. The two green bands represent natural
wealth of Nigeria, while the white band imitate peace for the country.
(Source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/flag_of_Nigeria)

National anthem of Nigeria:Arise, O Compatriots" is the national anthem of Nigeria. This new anthem was adapted in the
year 1978 which was replaced by the previous anthem of Nigeria .The lines are a combination of
words and idiom taken from five of the best entries in a national contest. Under the command of
Benedict. Odiase, the words which are written for anthem were put into music.

(Source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National anthem _of _Nigeria)

Arise, O compatriots
Nigeria's call obey
To serve our fatherland
With love and strength and faith
The labor of our heroes past
Shall never be in vain
To serve with heart and might
One nation bound in freedom
Peace and unity.
Oh God of creation
Direct our noble cause
Guide our leaders right
Help our youth the truth to know
In love and honesty to grow
And living just and true
Great lofty heights attain
To build a nation where peace
And justice shall reign.

(Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arise,_O_Compatriots)

Ruling Party and Opposition Party:The popular ones are Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), which is currently the opposition party in
Nigeria and the ruling All Progressive Congress (APC).
Ruling Party

All Progressive Congress

Muhammadu Buhari

Opposition party

People Democratic Party

Atiku Abubakar

Source:- (www.nigerianinfopedia.com/current-full-list-registered-political-parties-nigeria-2016)

Economic scenario of Nigeria:Nigerias economy is growing but a more resilient long term economic model was needed.
Because of the suspicion generated by the volatility in oil prices and the major drop into the

government revenue, the economy of the counter called Nigeria will continue to grow, not
considering oil prices fall to $35/barrel and average just $45/barrel in 2015, given that there was
no deterioration of the political and security landscape.

The very large services and agricultural sector which has developed independently of the oil
sector and this will help for isolating the real economy from the downturn in the prices of oil.
But, any kind of deterioration of the political as well as security landscape could unnerve
investors which will tip the country into recession. As per the prediction of the report it is said
that Nigerias economy could see zero growth or even contract in 2015 and again in 2016.

In the shorter duration term, the policymakers of the country called Nigeria has very little ability
to influence on the economic scenario which scenario the country may enter but particularly in
the part of oil prices. If crisis done and which were materialise then, policymakers can take
actions that will help mitigate the potential impact on the economy.

In the longer duration of term, the policymakers of the country called Nigeria should focus and
encourage more on realistic economic model for the country, learning the lessons from that
period and building a more realistic economic strategy which fits to harness the Nigerias strong
growth fundamentals, particularly that of a young, entrepreneurial and increasingly welleducated workforce. The very first priority should be restoring fiscal credibility by widening the
tax base and distribution of the benefits of the Nigerias oil empowerment more evenly across the
population.
(Source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/economic_scenario_of_Nigeria)

GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)

GDP -per capita (PPP)
Gross national savings

$1.092 trillion (2015 est.)

$6,100 (2015 est.)
12% of GDP (2015 est.)

Industrial production growth rate

Taxes and other revenues
Budget surplus (+) or deficit(-)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Imports
Exports
Imports partners
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

-2.6% (2015 est.

2.9% of GDP (2015 est.
-1.4% of GDP (2015 est.)
9% (2015 est.)
$48.41 billion (2015 est.)
$50.74 billion (2015 est.)
China 25.7%, US 6.4%, Netherlands
6.1%, India 4.3% (2015)
$28.76 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Source:- (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html)

Political stability:In the country called Nigeria, Boko Harams activities has been escalated slowly but steadily;
the abduction of about and over 200 schoolgirls in Borno earlier but now recently this year has
being the most recent indicator of the groups growing to the danger to the Nigerias political
stability. In addition to this, the group was also viewed by so many experts as a direct challenge
the corrupt nature of states and this groups general inability to address the expanding economic
North-South disparity within the country called Nigeria.
The country called Nigeria mostly consist or encompasses of 350 ethnic groups and these ethnic
groups speak about 250 different languages in their different region of this country, it mostly
includes the initial and primary division taking place between the Muslims and the Christians

groups of the country called Nigeria. Political tensions comprises mostly includes the unequal
distribution of political power and economic prosperity have been the long important and key
points of distinction between these main two groups. The northern and southern Nigeria is
expanding as well in economic division. Even if continuous growth in GDP, as per a recent
report given by the World Bank, With an approximate population of 174 million of Nigeria, 100
million citizens or people of Nigeria lives in poverty in a country.
The most important part in the countrys economic inequality. The Nigerias foremost and formal
politics is done by Muslim elites for the state oil revenue, but the place or part of region from
where the oil has been extracted is often begins to the direct demerit owing to the failure of
government to reinvest oil revenue back into regional development.
In the year 2009, the groups were increasing radicalization and only became visible to the
government of Nigeria, after reports emerged that the groups had armed themselves with a view
to overthrow the government of Nigeria. The complete investigation was done on groups
activities which were launched with the help of state, in this investigation it was also included
that the arbitrary arrests as well as unlawful detention of the members of the group was also
done. It was stated that the crackdown on Boko Haram :so many human rights abusement was
led down by the government of Nigeria, which also include torture, extra judicial killing and
extortion, and also includes the cases of sexual harassment for those held in police detention. To
give response or answer to this, in july,2009 Boko Haram done mobilization its forces in the
northeastern city of Bauchi, which also resulted in violent confrontations between the countrys
Christian and Muslims populations which also resulted in the death or killing of about 50 people
of this city.
The security of the country called Nigeria was attempted to quell the activities of Boko Haram,
which resulted in killing of about 90 members in Maiduguri alone, it also includes Yusuf himself.
These different groups were get re-emerged because of Yusufs death as well as continued their
violent campaigns of suicide, bombings as well as assassinations within the whole country called
Nigeria. From 2010, the groups have been shifted their tactics to target a myriad of different
groups, which includes security forces, officials of government, politicians, groups of Christians,
as well as Muslim leaders who were critical of Boko Haram.
The direct intervention was the little desire of the external actors in the country of Nigeria, nor
there have been much interest from Nigerian elites for such an international expanded role. On
behalf of this place , the United States and other important donors who has placed a growing
pressure on the country called Nigeria to enhance their enforcement of law and military
personnel in areas who could be able to deal exceptionally well with Boko Haram. Even if there
was increasing state effort which contains the political violence, But, the group has been
increasingly successful in their operations and their member base has been expanded out of the
borders of Nigeria. With a view to address the threat of Boko Haram, the core fights or

grievances of the group and their followers must be eliminated from the government of Nigeria,
which also includes corruption, lack of transparency as well as inequality in income.
(Source: https:// en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/political_stability_of_Nigeria)

(Source:http://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Nigeria/wb_political_stability/)

Latest News:The Federal Government has approved external borrowing from offshore lenders. The loans,
expected from the World Bank, African Development Bank (AfDB), Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Export-Import Bank of China, will be facilitated by the Debt
Management Office (DMO). The loans are to be disbursed on infrastructure and other
developmental projects. If well managed, experts say the facilities help the economy wriggle out
of recession, reports COLLINS NWEZE.

President Buhari announced a N6.1 trillion spending plan for this year to stimulate the economy.
According to him, the government has a plan to raise about $5 billion from Eurobond market and
multinational and bilateral lenders.
The DMO last month urged interested banks to bids by September 19 for the management of a
$1 billion Eurobond sale. Earlier in June, Finance Minister, Mrs. Kemi Adeosun, had told bond
investors in London that Nigeria was close to securing about $3 billion facility from World Bank
and AfDB.
The DMO Director-General, Dr. Abraham Nwankwo, said the countrys low debt to GDP ratio
has cleared the road for the country to borrow more to fund its budget, infrastructure and other
essential projects that will stimulate the economy and create jobs for the citizenry. A data
obtained from DMO shows that Nigerias domestic and external debt stocks stood at about
N12.60 trillion in December 31, 2015, which also puts the country in a good stead to seek more
loans.

Health:The New HIV Vaccine and Microbicide Advocacy Society (NHVMAS) have positioned itself to
lead the Leaving No Nigerian behind (LeNNiB) campaign.
According to the coordinator, Dr Morenike Folayan, there is a global sense of urgency to end the
HIV epidemic by 2030. Added to this is the need to reach the 90-90-90 target by 2020.
Currently, we have about 3.4 million people living with HIV infection, 210,000 new infections
annually, less than 10 million people taking HIV test annually, only 30 per cent prevention of
mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) coverage, and less than 30 percent treatment coverage.
There is also a decline in condom use, an increase in the number of adolescents with HIV
infections, including those newly infected due to high sexual risk behavior. Yet Nigeria is one of
the largest recipients of donor funds for HIV response programmes.
(Source: http://thenationonlineng.net/leaving-no-nigerian-behind-lennib-campaign-begins/)

Mental disorder news:Ogun State Commissioner for Health Dr. Babatunde Ipaye has said over 60 million Nigerians
have
various
degrees
of
mental
disorder.
Ipaye made this known in an interview with newsmen in Abeokuta, the state capital.
He said about 80 per cent of people move about with one mental disorder without knowing or
seeking help, while 20-25 per cent live with a full blown mental disorder in the country.

He said cases of mental challenges range from simple minor mood disorder to extreme cases of
mental accreditation and added that one, out of every five Nigerian, has an extreme mental
disorder.

(Source: http://sunnewsonline.com/over-60m-nigerians-have-mental-disorder-ipaye/)

Recession:No fewer than 18,919 Nigerians lost their jobs in the nations public sector between October
2015 and March 2016, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) said.
Although about 5,867 new public sector jobs were generated between October and December
2015, the bureau said about 10,155 jobs were lost during the period in the public sector of the
federal,
state
and
local
governments.
This
translates
to a
negative
employment
generation
figure
of
-4,288.
Also, while about 5,726 jobs were created between January and March 2016 in the public sector,
the bureau said about 8,764 jobs were lost during the period, with a negative employment
generation
figure
of
-3.038
for
the
period.
The bureau, which reported a sharp decline of 84.1 per cent in total employment against the
figure in the last quarter of 2015, said only about 79,469 jobs were generated in the economy in
the first three months of 2016, against about 499,521 jobs created during the corresponding
period of 2015.

(Source: http://sunnewsonline.com/recession-19000-public-sector-jobs-lost-in-6-months/)

G20 summit:China. India. USA. Indonesia. Brazil. Pakistan. Nigeria. This is the roll call of the worlds most
populous countries in that order, with the first being the highest and the last, Nigeria, the least of
the
seven.
Of all these countries with larger population than Nigeria, only Pakistan is not a member of the
G20.

In the first week of September, 2016 the G20 Summit held in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province,
China, which Daily Sun covered in the city. Looking at the list of the countries whose
populations make 75 per cent of the worlds peoples was a bitter reminder of Nigerias f wrong
position as, probably, the populous country that is not counted among the rest.

(Source: http://sunnewsonline.com/nigeria-missing-at-g20/)

OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIES, TRADE & COMMERCE IN THE

COUNTRY OF STUDY

List of industries in Nigeria:List of Industries (preferences in %)

Oil & Gas
FMCG
Banking
Government
Technology
Media
Telecommunication
Consulting
Non-Profit
Construction
Hospitality
Conglomerate
Pharmaceuticals
International Organization
Energy
Aviation
Agriculture
Government
Insurance
Logistics
Advertising
Financial Services

19
18
11
9
6
5
4
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Source:http://ynaija.com/the-list-is-here-these-are-the-100-best-companies-to-work-for-innigeria/

Contribution in GDP:Contributions of industries in national GDP are as follows:

GDP by Sector:

GDP Sector

GDP in percentage

Agriculture
Industry
Services

20.3
23.6
56.1 (2015 EST.)

(Source: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html)

(Source of figure 1.1: http://cdn.tradingeconomics.com/charts/nigeria-gdp-growth.png?

s=nigeriagdpqoq&v=201609011324n)

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Nigeria expanded 0.82 percent in the second

quarter of 2016 over the previous quarter. GDP Growth Rate in Nigeria averaged 0.18
percent from 2013 until 2016, reaching an all time high of 9.19 percent in the third
quarter of 2015 and a record low of -13.70 percent in the first quarter of 2016. GDP
Growth Rate in Nigeria is reported by the Central Bank of Nigeria.
Year on year in the second quarter of 2016 Nigeria shrank by 2.06 percent, compared to
0.36 percent drop in previous period and more than market consensus of 1.5 percent
decline. It is the first contraction in 20 years due to decline on oil prices.

Source:-http://cdn.tradingeconomics.com/charts/nigeria-gdp-growth-annual.png?
s=nigeriagdpyoy&v=201609011324n

Export Import statistic of Nigeria:Import data:Imports to Nigeria increased 24.8 percent year-on-year to USD $2397.08 million in June of
2016. Considering the second quarter of the year, imports rose 21.3 percent as purchases of
boilers, machinery and appliances which accounted for 34.9 percent of total imports jumped

105.2 percent. Imports in Nigeria averaged USD $539.44 million from 1981 until 2016, reaching
an all the time high of USD $4923.95 million in March of 2011 and a record low of USD $0.53
million in May of 1984. Imports in Nigeria is reported by the National Bureau of Statistics,
Nigeria.
Nigeria imports mainly: industrial supplies (27% of total in 2014), capital goods (23%), food and
beverage (17%), fuel and lubricants (14%), transport equipment and parts (12%) and consumer
goods (7%). 43% of total imports come from Asia; 34% from Europe; 15% from America and
7% from Africa. This page provides - Nigeria Imports - actual values, historical data, forecast,
chart, statistics, economic calendar and news. Nigeria Imports - actual data, historical chart and
calendar of releases - was last updated on September of 2016.

Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/nigeria/imports)

Export data:Exports from Nigeria declined 26.7 percent year-on-year to USD $2303.97 million in June of
2016. Considering the second quarter of the year, exports slumped 29.4 percent, mainly due to a
24.2 percent drop in sales of mineral products, which accounted for 92.7 percent of total exports,
namely oil. The country exported goods mainly to India, United States, Spain, Netherlands and

South Africa. Exports in Nigeria averaged USD $1162.36 million from 1981 until 2016, reaching
an all the time high of USD $8389.19 million in December of 2011 and a record low of USD
$1.02 million in February of 1983. Exports in Nigeria is reported by the National Bureau of
Statistics, Nigeria.

An export of commodities (oil and natural gas) is the main factor behind Nigeria's growth and
accounts for more than 91% of total exports. In 2014, 43% of total sales went to Europe; 29% to
Asia; 13% to America and 12% to Africa. This page provides - Nigeria Exports - actual values,
historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news. Nigeria Exports - actual
data, historical chart and calendar of releases - was last updated on September of 2016.
(Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/nigeria/exports)

Import Export

Main
export
partners

India 14.1% Spain 10.3% Netherlands 10.3% South Africa 8.4% Brazil 5.1%
(Q1 2015)

Imports

$52.79 billion (2014 est.) [11]

Import goods

industry supplies, machinery, appliances, vehicles, aircraft parts, chemicals, base

metals (2015)

(Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria)

Major players of industry:-

Crop Production
Agriculture
Fishing / Hunting / Trapping
Livestock / Animal Specialties

 Building Construction
Construction / Real Estate
Non Building / Heavy Construction
Property Management
Real Estate Development
Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
Building Structure/Completion
Site Preparation Services
Other Construction Services
Banking
Financial Services

Insurance Carriers, Brokers & Services

Mortgage Carriers, Brokers & Services

Non - Depository Credit Institutions

Other Financial Institutions

Healthcare Providers
Healthcare

Medical Equipment

Medical Supplies

 Pharmaceuticals

Building Materials
Industrial Goods

Electronic & Electrical Products

Packaging / Containers

Tools & Machinery

Coal Extraction
Oil & Gas
Coal & Coal Products Distributors

Crude Oil & Natural Gas Extraction

Petroleum Refining

Petroleum &
Distributors

Petroleum

Products

 Energy Equipment & Services

Integrated Oil & Gas Services etc

Advertising Agencies
Services

Rail Transportation

Road Transportation

Hospitality

Hotels / Lodging

Education / Training

Automobile / Auto Part Retailers

Food/Drug Retailers & Wholesalers

 Electric Power Generation

Utilities

Electric Power Transmission

Electric Power Distribution

Water Treatment & Distribution

Source:
sector

http://www.nigerianstockexchange.com/Issuers-section/listing-your-company/industry-

ABOUT SELECTED INDUSTRY/ SECTOR OF COUNTRY OF

STUDY
Pharmaceutical in India:-

Over the last three decades the Indian pharmaceutical industry has transformed into a world
leader in the production of high quality generic drugs. The Indian pharmaceutical industry is
estimated to be around US $12 billion, growing at 9% annually. Indian pharmaceutical products
are exported to more than 200 countries around the globe including highly regulated markets of
USA, Europe, Japan and Australia. A new chapter began for the Indian pharmaceutical industry
with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which became binding in January
2005. After the introduction of product patents in India, the domestic industry has witnessed a
fresh spell of new product launches. Foreign direct investment into the countrys pharmaceutical
industry is estimated to have touched US$ 172 million during 2005-06 having grown at a
CAGR of 62.6% during the period 2002 to 2006.
The pharmaceutical industry consists of large as well as a number of small and medium
enterprises. The government has reserved four items of pharmaceuticals to be exclusively
manufactured by the SMEs. A large number of companies are involved in contract
manufacturing and R&D. The major systems of medicines are allopathic, ayurvedic and herbal.
There are thousands of products we can find in pharmaceuticals; these products are in the forms
of tablets, capsules, drops, liquids, injectables and dry powders, syrups and ointments.
The future outlook for the pharmaceutical sector seems to be extremely positive. A number of
acquisitions by the Indian pharmaceutical companies outside, particularly in the US and Europe,
are helping Indian players to make their mark at the global level. The Indian drug companies
account for over 25% of the total generic drug applications made to the FDA of USA. Indian
pharmaceutical companies are vying for the branded generic drug space to register their global
presence and are expected to grow by around 15% in the near future. India is also fast emerging
as the global hub for contract research and manufacturing services (CRAMs). As compared to
Western countries, India offers a huge cost advantage in the clinical trials domain. Factors such
as reverse-engineering expertise, abundant investment in research facilities and availability of
skilled manpower are likely to help the Indian pharmaceutical market to reach US $20 billion by
2015.

Gujarats players:-

Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Name of Company
Cadila Healthcare Ltd (Zydus Cadila)
Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd
Dishman Pharmaceuticals & Chemicals Ltd
Ace Laboratories
Caliber Pharma
PCD Pharma Company
Sun Pharmaceutical

Source: http://www.infoglobes.com/companies/pharmaceutical-companies-in-gujarat/

Role of Industry:

The Pharmaceutical Industry in India is one of the largest in the world

It ranks 4th in the world, pertaining to the volume of sales
The estimated worth of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry is US $6 billion
The growth rate of the industry is 13% per year
Almost most 70% of the domestic demand for bulk drugs is catered by the Indian
Pharmaceutical Industry
The Pharmaceutical Industry in India produces around 20% to 24% of the global
generic drugs
The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry is one of the biggest producers of the active
pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in the international arena
The Indian Pharmaceutical sector leads the science-based industries in the country
The pharmaceutical sector has the capacity and technology pertaining to complex drug
manufacturing
Around 40% of the total pharmaceutical produce is exported
55% of the total exports constitute of formulations and the other 45% comprises of bulk
drugs
The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry includes small scaled, medium scaled, large scaled
players, which totals nearly 300 different companies
There are several other small units operating in the domestic sector-

Source:-http://business.mapsofindia.com/india-gdp/industries/pharmaceutical.html

Sub-Sectors:Majority of the companies are involved in allopathic preparation accounting for 68% of the total
sample. Companies involved producing the ayurvedic form of medicine account for 10%
followed 3% in herbal, 1% in the Homeopathic segment and 13% dealing in other non
traditional systems of medicine.

13% of the companies dealing in the allopathic segment generate100% of their revenues
from exports

27% of companies dealing in allopathic segment generate 50 95% of their revenue

through exports

71% of companies dealing in the allopathic segment belong to the private limited
category while 50% of those dealing in the ayurvedic form are also private limited
companies

http://www.dnb.co.in/SMEMumbai/Pharmaceutical%20overview.asp

Literature Review:Economic scenarios for Nigeria of 2015-2016

Nigerias economy to continue growing but a more resilient long term economic model is needed
says PwC report

Despite the uncertainties generated by the volatility in oil prices and the significant drop in
government revenue, the Nigerian economy will continue to grow, even if oil prices fall to
$35/barrel and average just $45/barrel in 2015, provided there is no deterioration of the political
and security landscape. In the long term however, Nigeria's policymakers must encourage a more
resilient economic model, fit to harness the country's strong growth fundamentals.
Dr. Andrew S. Nevin Ph.D, Partner and Chief Economist at PwC Nigeria, comments:
"We explored two types of shocks in the report: an oil price shock and a political shock. The first
scenario looks at oil price averaging $55/barrel. over 2015 and stabilizing at $70/barrel in 2016
with a smooth transition and maintenance of political stability in the country. Scenario 2,
envisages the re-emergence of Iran oil production in Q2 of 2015 which could drive oil prices to
as low as $35/barrel and reaching a new equilibrium level of $60/barrel in 2016 consistent with
the most bearish forecasts from analysis. The third scenario follows a similar pattern as scenario
2 with oil prices averaging $45/barrel in 2016 in addition to severe political or security shock
arising from escalation of Boko Haram insurgency and/or resurgence of restiveness in the Niger
Delta.
Our modeling and forecasts as seen in figure 7 of the report show that while the economy will
continue to struggle even under the most benign scenario, it will be able to realize growth
averaging 4.0% for the period.
These scenarios present important issues to consider for all organizations exposed to Nigeria. We
are already supporting several public and private clients across a range of sectors to help them
understand what these scenarios could mean for them and how they can build preparedness
through their business planning processes."
Commenting on why further fall in the oil price even to as low as $35/barrel will not slow the
economy, Dr. Nevin noted that;
"Despite oil's importance to Nigerian exchequer, the real economy is largely insulated against
falling oil prices. This is driven by the fundamental structure of Nigeria's economy and how the
oil and public sectors interact with the non-oil sector.
Four points come to mind here. First, the oil sector's importance in the economy has been falling
over time. In 2013, the oil sector contributed 11% of the Nigerian GDP, in comparison to a peak
of 48% in 2000. Clearly, the growth of large services and agricultural sectors has fuelled
economic development, with active fiscal and monetary policies encouraging this trend.
Secondly, Oil sector workers account for less than 1% of total employment, with a high
proportion of expatriates. And much of the oil supply chain is based abroad. The third point that
comes to mind is that only a relatively small proportion of oil revenue flows through to the real
economy. Federal government spending in areas that would boost the economy (i.e. capital
expenditure, welfare and public services) is dwarfed by current expenditure (80% of which is

paid as wages to public sector workers). And lastly, Nigerians are largely un-banked hence the
proceeds of oil do not find their way to the real economy through the banking sector."
PwC's economists expect that if the oil price continues to stabilize, the Central Banks recent
adjustment of the exchange rate regime will be sufficient to ease pressure on the Naira in 2015.
However, if oil prices deteriorate further, a further c.10% devaluation of the Naira will be
necessary in 2015. When combined with capital flight from a political or security shock, the
report projects that the Naira will fall by a third against the USD by the end of 2015, matching
the extent of the devaluation expected by the futures market at the height of the pre-election
volatility in February.
The report also noted that if recent oil production trends continue, gross government oil revenues
will fall dramatically from their 2013 level: by $21 billion alone in Scenario 1 (equivalent to a
50% decline). In this case, a c. $5 billion revenue shortfall is likely to emerge in 2015 compared
to the outgoing administrations budget calculations. This financing hole could widen to c.$10
billion in Scenario 2, where significant debt issuance and cuts to recurrent expenditure will be
needed. State governments could struggle to borrow on financial markets or pay their workers.
According to the report, some highly-indebted states may miss planned interest payments on
their debt. If oil production fall by 15% as envisaged in scenario 3, through bunkering and other
supply disruptions, gross oil revenues would fall to a third of their 2013 level. Combined with
difficulties administering tax collection from unstable parts of the country, we would expect the
federal government to fall over three months behind on paying employee wages and government
bond yields on US$-debt could approach 20%.
Dr. Nevin concludes:
"In the short-term, Nigeria's policymakers have relatively little ability to influence which
scenario the country may enter (particularly relating to the oil price). However, policymakers can
take actions that will help mitigate the potential impact on the economy if a crisis does
materialize.
On the monetary policy side, the central bank will need to take the lead in closely scrutinizing
the evolving risk environment, particularly around market, credit and liquidity risks. It should
stand ready to intervene with a wide-ranging toolkit including extensive liquidity facilities and
contingency plans for maintaining the cash money supply in regions inflicted by bouts of
instability. The Government can also take responsibility for developing a set of priorities for
federal and state expenditure, aligned to the national development plan. A policy principle might
be to protect and support a few strategic industries during a crisis period, such as agriculture and
MSMEs, which provide a large number of jobs to citizens.
In the longer-term, Nigerias policymakers should aim to encourage a more resilient economic
model, learning the lessons from this period and building an economic strategy fit to harness the

countrys strong growth fundamentals, particularly that of a young, entrepreneurial and

increasingly well-educated workforce. A first priority should be restoring fiscal credibility by
widening the tax base and distributing the benefits of the countrys oil endowment more evenly
across the population."

Reasons for business opportunities in Nigeria:-

Birth rate
Death rate

37.64 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)

12.9 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Maternal mortality rate

Infant mortality rate
Life expectancy at birth
HIV/AIDS people living with HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS - Deaths

814 deaths/100,000 live births (2015

est.)
72.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
53.02 years
3,391,600 (2014 est.)
174,300 (2014 est.)

Major Infectious diseases:Food or waterborne diseases: Bacterial and Protozoal diarrhea(5%), hepatitis A and E,
and typhoid fever
Vector borne diseases: Malaria(20% of death annually), dengue fever, and yellow
fever
Water contact diseases: Leptospirosis and schistosomiasis
Respiratory disease: Meningococcal meningitis(3%)
Aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa fever
Animal contact disease: Rabies (2016)
Source: (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html)

Business relations between India and Nigeria:Commercial and Trade Relations: India is currently Nigerias second largest trading partner.
With a population of 168 million and considerable revenue from oil exports, Nigeria is the
largest trading partner of India in Africa. Nigeria is also the largest market in Africa for Indian
exports. A large number of Indian companies have footprints in Nigeria, which have made
substantial investments in Nigeria. Bilateral annual trade turnover was over US $17.3 billion in
2011-12 registering the growth of over 34%. During 2012-13, our exports further grew by 1.33%
even though the bilateral trade slightly declined to $16.8 billion.

2007- 08

2008-09

2009-10

Indian
1085.41
Exports to (+20%)
Nigeria
Indian
7612.02
Imports
(+8.5%)
from
Nigeria

1529.26
(+41%)

1408.25 (- 2259.09
8%
(+60%)
decline)
7287.91 (- 10787.72
18%
(+48%)
decline)

8900.35
(+17%)

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2700.23
(+29%)

2738
(+1.5%)

14622.57
(+36%)

13826
5.9%)

(-