To study about various

types of braking system

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INTRODUCTION
The system is purely mechanical means & is independent of the
hydraulic system which controls the brake normally.
A brake commonly referred to special braking system for a driver.
The brake is also used as a parking brake to stop car from rolling
when its stopped & turned off because its a purely mechanical
system rather then hydraulic one.
It is an important part for a motor vehicle.
The setup of brake is simple, a cables connect to the braking
mechanism in the rear wheels & attached to a pedal or lever near
drivers seat.
In the most common type of braking system in passenger vehicles
that a lever located between the driver & passenger seat which can
applied by either party highly useful if driver is independent.
Like all parts of the braking system the brake should be checked
regularly to ensure that its in good working order.

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How Brakes Work

Brakes are a system installed in motor vehicles. Also known as ebrakes, hand brakes and parking brakes, the brakes are now
powered by hydraulics and are independent of the service brakes
used to slow and stop vehicles. There are state and federal laws
requiring brakes for motor vehicles.
Most modern braking system have failsafe measures and warning
systems, such as on dash brake-warning lights and low fluid
sensors, the brake is most often used as a parking brake device.
It is using it can save your life.

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When to Use the Brake

Back in the covered-wagon days, settlers faced quite the challenge
when trying to navigate down steep hills or mountains. Wagon
drivers often had to tie a large log to the vehicle to create drag.
Using the brake to stop moving vehicle to out side of a total out of
order of driver this is not a good idea to pretend you the driver is
careless.
The main use of braking system is to slow the vehicle and stop
vehicle.
It is recommended that you engage the brake anytime the vehicle
is moving on road or hill, where its an automatic or standard
transmission.
To prevent driving off with the brake still engage, try to set the
brake as hard as you possibly can.
Then leave an item on or around the lever, such as a cell-phone
charger cord or a spare piece of paper.

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HOW TO ACTIVE BREAK

To active the brake the driver typically pulls up a lever or pushes a
pedal in front of the vehicle.
Steel cables attach to the braking mechanism and vehicle motion
is slow down.
In a situation where a driver experiences total brake failure, the
emergency brake can be used to bring the car safely to a stop. In
this situation the brake should be set slowly, rather then yanked, to
prevent fishtailing or spinning out.
The modern automotive brake system has been refined for over
100 years and has become extremely dependable and efficient.
When you step on the brake pedal, you are actually pushing
against a plunger in the master cylinder, which forces hydraulic oil
(brake fluid) through a series of tubes and hoses to the braking unit
at each wheel. Since hydraulic fluid cannot be compressed,
pushing fluid through a pipe is just like pushing a steel bar through
a pipe.
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Main components of
system

Speed sensors
Pump
Valves
Controller
Master Cylinder
Brake Fluid
Brake Lines
Pressure Differential Valve
Combination Valve

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MAIN PARTS
Master Cylinder

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Brake Fluid
Brake fluid is special oil that has specific properties. It is designed
to withstand cold temperatures without thickening as well as very
high temperatures without boiling.
If the brake fluid should boil, it will cause you to have a spongy
pedal and the car will be hard to stop.
Brake fluid must meet standards that are set by the Department of
Transportation (DOT). The current standard is DOT-3, which has a
boiling point of 460 F.
The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder. Most
cars today have a transparent reservoir so that you can see the
level without opening the cover. The brake fluid level will drop
slightly as the brake pads wear.
This is a normal condition and no cause for concern. If the level
drops noticeably over a short period of time or goes down to
about two thirds full, have your brakes checked as soon as
possible. Brake fluid must maintain a high boiling point. Exposure
to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture, which will lower that
boiling point.

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Brake Lines
The brake fluid travels from the master cylinder to the wheels
through a series of steel tubes and reinforced rubber hoses.
Rubber hoses are used only in places that require flexibility, such
as at the front wheels, which move up and down as well as steer.
The rest of the system uses non-corrosive seamless steel tubing
with special fittings at all attachment points.
If a steel line requires a repair, the best procedure is to replace the
complete line. If this is not practical, a line can be repaired using
special splice fittings that are made for brake system repair.
We must never use brass "compression" fittings or copper tubing
to repair a brake system. They are dangerous and illegal.

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Pressure Differential Valve

This valve is usually mounted just below the master cylinder and is
responsible for turning the brake warning light on when it detects
a malfunction.
It measures the pressure from the two sections of the master
cylinder and compares them.
Since it is mounted ahead of the proportioning or equalizer valve,
the two pressures it detects should be equal. If it detects a
difference, it means that there is probably a brake fluid leak
somewhere in the system.

Combination Valve
The Combination valve is simply a proportioning valve and a
pressure differential valve that is combined into one unit.

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Description
This invention relates to a hydraulic or air brake system for
automotive vehicles and the like and is useful for other similar
hydraulic or fluid pressure systems, such as steering systems and
the like.
An outstanding disadvantage of conventional vehicle hydraulic
brake systems is that if the master cylinder of the foot brake system
fails, all four wheel brakes become inoperative.
Such mechanical brake systems are rarely adjusted properly so
that either the right or left brake applies first, making the vehicle
swerve and subject to danger, -- also mechanical brakes do not
bring present vehicles to a safe complete stop in a relatively short
distance when the car is running at a high rate of speed.
A still further object of the invention is to provide an hydraulic or
air brake system which can be easily, quickly and inexpensively
adapted to conventional hydraulic or air brake systems in a
minimum amount of time, with very little effort and at very low
costs.
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SOME TYPES OF BREAK

Brakes may be broadly described as using friction, pumping, or
electromagnetic. One brake may use several principles: for
example, a pump may pass fluid through an orifice to create
friction.

Disk Brakes
Drum Brakes
Parking Brakes
Anti-Lock Brakes
Self-Adjusting Brakes

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Disk Brakes

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Drum Brakes

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Parking Brakes
The parking brake system controls the rear brakes through a
series of steel cables that are connected to either a hand lever or a
foot pedal.
The idea is that the system is fully mechanical and completely
bypasses the hydraulic system so that the vehicle can be brought
to a stop even if there is a total brake failure.
On drum brakes, the cable pulls on a lever mounted in the rear
brake and is directly connected to the brake shoes. this has the
effect of bypassing the wheel cylinder and controlling the brakes
directly.
Disk brakes on the rear wheels add additional complication for
parking brake systems. There are two main designs for adding a
mechanical parking brake to rear disk brakes.
Note: - Never leave your vehicle unattended without applying
the parking brakes or chocking the wheels. Your vehicle might
roll away and cause injury and damage.
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Anti-Lock Brakes
The most efficient braking pressure takes place just before each
wheel lock up. When you slam on the brakes in a panic stop and
the wheels lock up, causing a screeching sound and leaving strips
of rubber on the pavement, you do not stop the vehicle nearly as
short as it is capable of stopping.
In most cases, only the wheel that is locked will be pumped, while
full braking pressure stays available to the other wheels. This
effect allows you to stop in the shortest amount of time while
maintaining full steering control even if one or more wheels are on
ice.
The system consists of an electronic control unit, a hydraulic
actuator, and wheel speed sensors at each wheel. If the control
unit detects a malfunction in the system, it will illuminate an ABS
warning light on the dash to let you know that there is a problem. If
there is a problem, the anti-lock system will not function but the
brakes will otherwise function normally.
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Anti-Lock Brake Diagram

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Self-Adjusting Brakes
The single-piston floating-caliper disc brake is self-centering and
self-adjusting. The caliper is able to slide from side to side so it will
move to the center each time the brakes are applied.
The parts of a self adjusting system should be clean and move
freely to insure that the brakes maintain their adjustment over the
life of the linings.
If the self adjusters stop working, you will notice that you will have
to step down further and further on the brake pedal before you feel
the brakes begin to engage. Disk brakes are self adjusting by
nature and do not require any type of mechanism.
When a technician performs a brake job, aside from checking the
return springs, he will also clean and lubricates the self adjusting
parts where necessary.

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Details of Brake Operation

During braking, the motor fields are connected across either the
main traction generator or the supply and the motor armatures are
connected across either the brake grids or supply line. The rolling
locomotive wheels turn the motor armatures, and if the motor fields
are now excited, the motors will act as generators.
These are the brakes on the locomotive units only and do not apply
brakes on any of the cars.
The brake effectively slow the locomotives if operated alone, this
type of braking has only a minimal effect on a fully loaded train.
These brakes are used in train handling, standing or any time a
small brake level is needed on a train.
For permanent magnet motors, dynamic braking is easily achieved
by shorting the motor terminals, thus bringing the motor to a fast
abrupt stop.

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Automatic Emergency
Braking (AEB)
Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) combines advanced Driver
Assist Systems and Electronic Stability Control to slow the vehicle
and potentially mitigate the severity of an impact when a collision
is unavoidable.
AEB works with or without driver intervention by combining data
from forward-looking radar and video systems to provide a
complete, accurate and real-time image of the road ahead. AEB can
utilize long-range radar (LRR) or mid-range radar (MRR) in
combination with a scalable video camera.
If a driver's steering and braking intervention is not enough to
avoid a collision, autonomous emergency braking with maximum
brake pressure will be applied to help mitigate the impact. This
final action is realized as full ABS braking, and it ensures maximum
speed reduction.
Next, brake pressure is applied automatically, providing maximum
brake boost immediately once the driver does engage the brakes.
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Dangers of Break
When the drums are heated by hard braking, the diameter of the
drum increases slightly due to thermal expansion, this means the
brakes shoes have to move farther and the brake pedal has to be
depressed further.
The properties of the friction material can change if heated,
resulting in less friction. This is usually only temporary and the
material regains its efficiency when cooled, but if the surface
overheats to the point where it becomes glazed the reduction in
braking efficiency is more permanent. Surface glazing can be worn
away with further use of the brakes, but that takes time.
Drum brakes can be grabby if the drum surface gets light rust or if
the brake is cold and damp, giving the pad material greater
friction. Grabbing can be so severe that the tires skid and continue
to skid even when the pedal is released.

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When Brakes Fail

Now onto the big question: Is using the brake safe when the vehicle
fail to control? Yes and no. Pulling the brake lever quickly will
cause the vehicle to fishtail, lock up or skid, essentially removing
control of the vehicle from the driver. But if you're ever in the
highly unlikely but extremely serious situation of having your
service brakes fail to function, try to stay calm and pull the
emergency brake lever up slow and steady, bringing the vehicle
to a longer but more controlled stop.
In this article, the last in a six-part series on brakes, we'll learn all
about anti-lock braking systems -- why you need them, what's in
them, how they work, some of the common types and some
associated problems.
Stopping a car in a hurry on a slippery road can be very
challenging. Anti-lock braking systems (ABS) take a lot of the
challenge out of this sometimes nerve-wracking event. In fact, on
slippery surfaces, even professional drivers can't stop as quickly
without ABS as an average driver can with ABS.
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