Chapter 9:

Cell Cycle and Mitosis

MUIDS Science 10

Cell Division process by which a cell divides into 2 new cells

Why do cells need to divide?
1. Living things grow by producing more cells, NOT because each cell
increases in size
2. Repair of damaged tissue
3. If cell gets too big, it cannot get enough nutrients into the cell and
wastes out of the cell

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcZQkmooyPk

9.1 How do Cells Grow and Divide? Cell Cycle

Cell cycle orderly set of stages from the first division of the cell to
the time the resulting daughter cells also divide
- The cell grows larger, organelles double, DNA doubles
The two major stages of the cell cycle:
Interphase (includes several stages)
Mitotic Stage (includes mitosis and cytokinesis)

Most of the cell cycle is spent in interphase

- This can last a few hours 20 hours
The cell performs its usual functions in the
body

Durations

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Cell Cycle - Interphase G1, S, and G2

Interphase consists of: G1, S, and G2 phases

G1

Phase:

Recovery

from previous division

Cell

doubles its organelles

Cell

grows in size

Cell

accumulates raw materials for DNA synthesis

Still

performs their daily functions (secrete substance, communicate, etc)

G0

phase - cells arrested do not divide Nerve and Muscle Cells Cell
Cycle is tightly controlled

Phase:

DNA

replication and chromotin

duplication occurs

Proteins

associated with DNA (histones)

are synthesized too

Chromatid

of a duplicated
chromatin; looks like single chromatin

Sisters

chromatid another name for

duplicated chromatin after replication

46

single chromosome replicates into

46 sisters chromatids or chromosomes.

Diploid Chromosome Numbers of

Some Eukaryotes

Chromosomes Number
Humans

have two sets of chromosomes

Humans

have 23 different types of

chromosomes; each type is represented
twice in each body cell (diploid)

One set of 23 from individuals father

One set of 23 from individuals mother
Makes a total of 46 chromosomes in the

nucleus

Each of the 46 Chromosomes gets duplicated

during the S phase , which makes the 46 pairs
of sister chromatids. During Mitosis, the 46
pairs will divide so that each cell receives 46
single chromosomes again.
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Chromosomes

When not dividing, it

remains as chromatin

When mitosis begins,

highly condensed
chromosomes

Chromatin on the phases of cell cycle

(1) double chain of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

(2) chromatin (deoxyribonucleic acid single chain and
histones)
(3) chromatin in interphase (blue) and centromere (red)
(4) dense chromatin during prophase
(5) Chromosomes at metaphase

S Phase:
Centrosomes also get duplicated in
this S phase (from one centrosome
into two centrosome)
Centrosomes will organize the
mitotic spindles or spindle fibers in
mitosis because they contain
microtubules

 G2

Phase: Preparation for Mitosis

Between DNA replication (S Phase) and onset of mitosis

Cell synthesizes proteins necessary for division (microtubule

used to form mitotic spindle during mitosis)

protein

Cell Cycle Mitotic Stage

M

(Mitotic) Stage

Includes:
Mitosis
Nuclear

division
Daughter chromosomes are
distributed by the mitotic
spindle to two daughter nuclei
Cytokinesis
Division

of the cytoplasm

Results

in two genetically
identical daughter cells
14

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15

Control and Checkpoints in Cell Cycle!

3 checkpoints in the cell cycle

Towards

the end of G1

At

the end of G2 before

entering Mitosis

During

Mitosis

Checkpoints Continued

Mitosis: Prophase
-

Chromatin condenses to form

duplicated chromosomes

Nuclear envelope breaks

down

Duplicated chromosomes
appear as two sister
chromatids held together by
the centromere

Mitotic Spindle fibers (made

of microtubules) begins to
form

Centrosomes move away

from each other

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sister chromatids

Protein called kinetochores

develop on either side of
centromere during cell
division
centromere

kinetochore

a.

9,850

b.

one chromatid

Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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Mitosis: Prometaphase

-Nuclear envelope fragments

-Microtubules from the
centrosomes invade the nuclear
area

-Chromosomes are now

condensed; have kinetochores
-Microtubules attach to
kinetochores = kinetochores
microtubules
Nonkinetochores microtubules
interact with those of opposite
sides of spindle

Mitosis: Metaphase
-Centrosomes at opposite
poles of the cells
-Chromosomes remained at
metaphase plate,
centromere line at the
metaphase plate

For each chromosome, the

kinetochores of sister
chromatids are attach to
kinetochores microtubules
coming from opposite poles

Mitosis: Anaphase
-Sister

chromatids of each pair

separate (each one now is a single
chromosome)

-Kinetochores microtubules shorten

and chromosomes move toward
opposite ends of the cell
-Non-Kinetochores microtubules
lengthen and the cell expand
End of anaphase two complete
equivalent collections of
chromosomes

Mitosis: Telophase

-Two daughter nuclei. Nuclear envelope arise

-Nucleolus reappear
-Chromosomes are less condensed
-Remaining spindle microtubules go back
Mitosis, the nuclear division into two
identical nuclei is complete

Mitosis: Cytokinesis