Ensayo de materiales compuestos de fibra

En las aplicaciones tcnicas se emplean distintos materiales compuestos de fibra

Plsticos reforzados con fibra de vidrio (PRFV)

Plsticos reforzados con fibra de carbono (PRFC)

Plsticos reforzados con fibra de aramida (PRFA)

Plsticos reforzados con fibras naturales (PRFN)

Los materiales compuestos de fibra se componen de las fibras, que pueden tener forma de
filamento o estar cortadas, por ejemplo, tipo roving, y una matriz que se ocupa de mantener el
compuesto unido.
El perfil de propiedades viene determinado fundamentalmente por la orientacin de las fibras en la
estructura textil, adems de por la seleccin de los materiales de las fibras y la matriz. En el campo
de la tcnica de ensayo se diferencia normalmente entre laminados unidireccionales y
multidireccionales.
El ensayo de materiales representa por regla general escenarios de exigencia particulares en
probetas normalizadas. Dado que las propiedades dependen en gran medida de la direccin, los
distintos tipos de exigencias se ejecutan con distintas tomas de muestras, por ejemplo, longitudinal
y transversal respecto a la direccin principal de la fibra.
Adems de las normativas internacionales (ISO), estos ensayos se describen en las distintas
normas nacionales o regionales (ASTM, EN, DIN), as como en normativas propias de las
empresas (Airbus AITM, Boeing BSS). Como resultado, tenemos un entorno formado por ms de
150 normas, que describe los prcticamente 20 mtodos de ensayos genricos.
El ensayo de componentes constructivos, secciones de estructuras y estructuras completas est
concebido, generalmente, en base a las cargas generadas ms adelante en su puesta en servicio.
Para ello, en primer plano se encuentran las resistencias, la absorcin de energa (impacto), la
fatiga de los materiales y las estimaciones de vida til.
Debido a la sensibilidad de los materiales compuestos de fibra a la direccin y al cizallamiento,
deben aplicarse fuerzas de ensayo exactamente en la direccin prevista. El error de axialidad se
denomina "alineacin" y est sometido a unos lmites estrictos. Para la medicin de la alineacin,
Zwick utiliza dispositivos de medicin especiales orientados a la forma y dimensiones de las
probetas. La alineacin de los ejes de traccin de la mquina de ensayo se realiza mediante
dispositivos de ajuste mecnicos (alignment fixtures)

Ensayos de traccin

Ensayos de compresin

Ensayos de flexin

Resistencia al cizallamiento interlaminar (ILSS)

Cizallamiento en el solapamiento/en el plano

Ensayo de cizallamiento de entalladura en V

Compresin despus de impacto (CAI)

Tenacidad a la fractura

Ensayo de fatiga

El ensayo a la tenacidad a la fractura:

Fracture Toughness
Essentially, a distinction is made between three types of mode in the fracture mechanics:
Mode I: Crack opening
Mode II: In-plane shear
Mode III: Out-of-plane shear

Modo I
La comprobacin se realiza normalmente con la probeta DCB (Double Cantilever Beam).
En este caso, la abertura de grietas se mide como recorrido transversal.
Se sigue el crecimiento de las grietas visualmente en ambos lados de la probeta.
Los procedimientos de ensayo y las valoraciones de los resultados se diferencian en funcin de la
norma utilizada.
Las normas son: ISO 15024, ASTM D 5528, AITM 1-0005, AITM 1-0053, Boeing BSS 7273, CRAG
mtodo 600, NASA mtodo RP 1092 ST-5, ESIS TC 4, prEN 6033 (retirada)

Modo II
Los esfuerzos del Modo II pueden generarse y medirse tanto en ensayo de traccin como de
compresin con probetas entalladas.
La medicin del ndice de liberacin de energa del Modo II est normalizada como ensayo de
flexin.
Los probetas se identifican con SENB (Single End Notch Bending) y tambin es un trmino vlido
ENF (End Notch Flexure).
La medicin de la flexin se realiza mediante el recorrido transversal (con correccin de la rigidez)
o un transductor de desplazamiento, que se instala centrado.
El punto de inicio de la grieta se caracteriza por un mximo de fuerza.
Al final de la medicin, la probeta se enfra en nitrgeno lquido y posteriormente se rompe
completamente para medir las superficies de rotura.

Mixed Mode Bending (MMB)

La flexin en "modo mixto" puede medirse en laminados unidireccionales. Para ello se combinan el
Modo I y el Modo II.

ISO 15024: 2001

Reforzado con fibras, materiales compuestos de plstico - Determinacin de
modo que la fractura interlaminar de tenacidad, materiales GIC, por reforzados
unidireccionalmente.
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 15024 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 13, Composites and
reinforcement fibres.

Annex A forms a normative part of this International Standard. Annexes B and C are for information only.

1 Scope
1.1 This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of mode I interlaminar fracture
toughness (critical energy release rate), GIC, of unidirectional fibre-reinforced plastic composites using a double
cantilever beam (DCB) specimen.
1.2 It is applicable to carbon-fibre-reinforced and glass-fibre-reinforced thermosets and thermoplastics.

2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any
of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are
encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents
indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies.
Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.

ISO 291:1997, Plastics Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing

ISO 1268 (all parts), Fibre-reinforced plastics Methods of producing test plates

ISO 4588:1995, Adhesives Guidelines for the surface preparation of metals

ISO 5893:1), Rubber and plastics test equipment Tensile, flexural and compression types
(constant rate of traverse) Description

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
mode I interlaminar fracture toughness
critical energy release rate
GIC
the resistance to the initiation and propagation of a delamination crack in unidirectional fibre-reinforced polymer
matrix composite laminates under mode I opening load
Note 1 to entry: It is measured in joules per square metre.
3.2
mode I crack opening
the crack-opening mode due to a load applied perpendicular to the plane of delamination using the double
cantilever beam specimen shown in Figure 1

3.3
NL point
the point of deviation from linearity on the load versus displacement trace as shown in Figure 2
3.4
VIS point
the point of the onset of delamination, as determined by visual observation, at the edge of the specimen,
marked on the load-displacement trace as shown in Figure 2
3.5
5 % / MAX point
the point which occurs first on loading the specimen between:

a) the point of 5 % increase in compliance (C5 %) from its initial value (C0) as shown in Figure 2;

b) the maximum load point as shown in Figure 2

3.6
PROP points
points of discrete delamination length increments beyond the tip of the insert or starter crack tip marked on the
load-displacement trace in Figure 2, points where the crack has been arrested being excluded
3.7
delamination-resistance curve
R-curve
a cross-plot of GIC for initiation and subsequent propagation values for mode I crack opening as a function of
delamination length (see clause 10)
Only informative sections of standards are publicly available. To view the full content, you will need to purchase
the standard by clicking on the "Buy" button.

Bibliography
[1]

S. HASHEMI, A.J. KINLOCH, J.G. WILLIAMS: Corrections Needed in Double Cantilever Beam Tests for
Assessing the Interlaminar Failure of Fibre-composites, Journal of Materials Science Letters, 8, pp. 125129 (1989)

[2]

R.A. NAIK, J.H. CREWS Jr., K.N. SHIVAKUMAR: Effects of T-Tabs and Large Deflections in DCB Specimen
Tests in:Composite Materials Fatigue and Fracture (T.K. O'Brien ed.), ASTM STP 1110, American
Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 169-186 (1991)

[3]

P. FLELER, A.J. BRUNNER: Crack Propagation in Fibre-Reinforced Composite Materials Analysed with
In-situ Microfocal X-ray Radiography and Simultaneous Acoustic Emission Monitoring in: Composites

Testing and Standardization ECCM-CTS (P.J. HOGG, G.D. SIMS, F.L. MATTHEWS, A.R. BUNSELL, A.
MASSIAH eds.) European Association for Composite Materials, pp. 385-394 (1992)
[4]

T. DE KALBERMATTEN, R. JGGI, P. FLELER, H.H. KAUSCH, P. DAVIES: Microfocus Radiography Studies

During Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness Tests on Composites, Journal of Materials Science
Letters, 11, pp. 543-546 (1992)

[5]

T.K. O'BRIEN, R.H. MARTIN: Results of ASTM Round Robin Testing for Mode I Interlaminar Fracture
Toughness of Composites Materials, ASTM Journal of Composites Technology and Research, 15, No.
4, pp. 269-281 (1993)

[6]

A.J. BRUNNER, S. TANNER, P. DAVIES, H. WITTICH: Interlaminar Fracture Testing of Unidirectional FibreReinforced Composites: Results from ESIS Round-Robins in: Composites Testing and Standardisation
ECCM-CTS 2 (P.J. Hogg, K. Schulte, H. Wittich eds.), Woodhead Publishing, pp. 523-532 (1994)

[7]

M. HOJO, K. KAGEYAMA, K. TANAKA: Prestandardization study on mode I interlaminar fracture toughness

test for CFRP in Japan, Composites, 26, No. 4, pp. 243-255 (1995)

[8]

P. DAVIES: Uncertainty in the determination of initiation values of GIC in the Mode I interlaminar fracture
test, Applied Composite Materials, Vol. 3, pp. 135-140 (1996)

[9]

R.M. JONES, Mechanics of Composite Materials, Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia, Second edition (1999)

[10]

ASTM D 5528, Standard Test Method for Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites

1) To be published. (Revision of ISO 5893:1993)

Referencias
http://www.zwick.com.mx/es/aplicaciones/composites/ensayo-demateriales-compuestos-de-fibra/tenacidad-a-la-fractura.html
http://www.zwick.com.mx/es/aplicaciones/composites/ensayo-demateriales-compuestos-de-fibra.html
http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=25581
https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:15024:ed-1:v1:en