Land Reclamation Proceedings - i

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FOREWORDS
Praise to God who has given us the grace and guidance so that the preparation of
these proceeding can be completed on schedule. This proceeding consists of two
types of papers that are major papers (keynote speakers) and papers from
researchers of universities and institutes from different countries and had been
presented at the international seminar on 6-7 November at research institutes of
Jambi University, Indonesia.
Publishing proceeding aims to fulfill one purpose of the implementation of the
international seminar, which disseminates the results of research on land reclamation
technologies for sustainable land use. The editorial team is limited to edit the paper
writing format, while the content of paper is entirely the responsibility of the authors.
The editorial team has worked hard, but it believes that there are still errors, please
forgive us.
We also wish to express many thanks to the Rector of Jambi University, the executive
committee, sponsors, donors, participants and all those who have helped in the
publication of these proceedings. Hopefully, this proceeding is useful information for
researchers, academics, and the community user of science and technology of land
reclamation for the advancement of science and technology and social welfare in
Indonesia.
Jambi, November 2014

Head of Research Intsitute
University of Jambi
Dr. Ir. Adriani, MSi
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CONTENTS
Forewords …………………………………………………………………………………………........... i
Contents ………………………………………………………………………………………................... ii
Committee ……………………………………………………………………………………................... iii
Lists of Papers ……………………………………………………………………………….................. iv
Oral Papers ……………………………………………………………………………………................. 1
Poster Papers …………………………………………………………………………………................. 96
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THE COMMITTEE
OF INTERNASIONAL SEMINAR OF LAND RECLAMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR
SUSTAINABLE LAND USE 2014
Advicer : Rector of Jambi University

Responsibility : Head of the Research Institute of Jambi University
Chairman : Prof. Dr. Ir. Zulkarnain, M. Hort. Sc
Vice chairman : Dr. Sunarti, S.P., M. P.
Secretary : Dr. Ir. Elis Kartika, M. Si
Treasurer : Ir. Sri Novianti, MP
Coordinator
Secretariat : Dr. Ir. M. Afdal, MSc, MPhil
Dr. Ir. Ardi Novra, MP
Dr. Lizawati, S.P., M.Si
Ir. Endriani, MP
Paper/Proceeding : Ir. Margarettha,MP
Dr. Ir. Wiwaha Anas S., MSc
Dr. Aras Melin, SP., MS
Reviewer : Prof. Dr. Ir. H. Zulkarnain, M.Hort. Sc
Dr. Sunarti, SP, MP
Dr. Bambang Hariyadi
Dr. Eva Achmad, S. Hut, M.Sc
Event organiser : Dr. Ir. Wiwaha Anas S., MSc
Dr. UpikYelianti
Transportation/Acommodation
: Ir. Helmi Salim
Agus Kurniawan, S.P., M.Si
Consumption : Ir. Refliaty, MS
Ir. Gusniwati, M.Si
Ir. Hariyati
PR/Documentation : Dr. Ir. Bambang Irawan, M. Sc
Ir. Aswandi, M.Si
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LISTS OF PAPERS
PLENARY PAPERS
Number Page
1. Take Good Care of Soil and Water on the Earth (Li Rui) ................................... 1
2. Identifying, Quantifying and Valuing Ecosystem Services in the Context of
Ecological Restoration (Himlal Baral) .......................................................................... 2
3. Phytoextraction of Hg and Au from Gold Cyanidation Tailings: a Case
Study at an ASGM Location of West Lombok (Eko Handayanto, Nurul
Muddarisna, Budi Prasetya, Baiq Dewi Krisnayanti) .............................................. 3
4. Indonesia Soil and Water Conservation Act (Naik Sinukaban) .......................... 4
5. Sustainable Water and Carbon Management for Degraded Rice-Farming
Peatland in Jambi, Indonesia (Akihiko Hirayama) ................................................... 5
6. Developing Sustainable Practices To Mitigate Impacts of Climate Change
on Natural and Managed Tropical Peatlands: A case Studi in Jambi,
Indonesia (Shailendra Mishra) ......................................................................................... 6
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PAPERS CONTENT
Oral Papers
Number Page
1. Conservation Farming at Coastal Land in Bantul Regency, Indonesia (Aris
Slamet Widodo) ....................................................................................................................... 1
2. Role of ICCRI in Improving Research-Farmer Linkages for Increasing
Cocoa Productivity and Farmer Capacity in Coal Mining Sites (John Bako
Baon and A. Adi Prawoto) ................................................................................................... 12
3. Remote Sensing Technology on L-Band for Monitoring and Estimating
Biomass of Mangrove Forest in Banyuasin South Sumatera Indonesia
(Soni Darmawan, Wataru Takeuchi, Yenni Vetrita, Ketut Wikantika and
Dewi Kania Sari) ...................................................................................................................... 28
4. Dose Optimisation of Fly Ash and Organic Materials Against the Physical
and Chemical Properties of a Former Coal Mine Land and Also the Growth
and Production of Maize (Wiskandar, Amrizal Saidi, Yulnafatmawita dan
Aprisal) ........................................................................................................................................ 41
5. Disaster Mitigation In Disaster Prone Area Simeulue of Aceh Province.
(Desi Sri Pasca Sari Sembiring) ........................................................................................ 57
6. Effects of Excavations Peat Compost on Formation and Stability of
Aggregate Ultisol and Sweet Corn Yield (Zurhalena, Yudhi Achnopha, Elzi
Trioksi) ........................................................................................................................................ 67
7. Application of Indigenous Mycorrhizal Fungi and Organic Fertilizers and
the Effect on Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Seedling Growth at
Marginal Land in The Main Nursery (Elis Kartika, Made Deviani Duaja dan
Gusniwati) .................................................................................................................................. 77
8. Utilizing Various Types of Organic Composts as Ameliorant in
Accelerating Reclamation of Ex Coal Mining Land (Lizawati, Gusniwati,
Dedy Antony dan Weni Wilia) ........................................................................................... 88
Poster Paper
1. Livestock Based Farming Systems on Beef Cattle in Dryland, Tanah Laut
Regency (A Case Study in Banua Tengah Village, Takisung District, Tanah
Laut Regency) (Eni Siti Rohaeni)....................................................................................... 97
2. Acidic Dry Land Reclamation for the Growth and Yield of Peanut In The
Province of Bengkulu (Wahyu Wibawa, Irma Calista Siagian and Taupik
Rahman) ..................................................................................................................................... 103
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International Seminar Land Reclamation Technology for Sustainable Land-Use
3. Soil Chemical Characteristics and It’s Connection For Fertilizer

Requirement For Rice Field In Eastern Seluma, Seluma District (Irma
Calista Siagian and Tri Wahyuni) ..................................................................................... 112
4. Analyses Of Rainfall Interception In The Palm Oil Plantation That Has Not
Produce And Plant Produces (Yong Farmanta) ......................................................... 120
5. Recommendations of Rice Crop Fertilization Gogo on Dry Land in South
Bengkulu (Nurmegawati, Yong Farmanta, and Yahumri)...................................... 134
6. Rate of Sedimentation Control System of Land Erosion Due to Maintain
Electrical Energy (Case Study Cirata, West in Java) (Welstien Herma
Tatipata, Indratmo Soekarno, Arwin Sabar, Sri Legowo) ..................................... 141
Research Institute of Jambi University Page - vi

Research Institute of Jambi University Page - vii

CONSERVATION FARMING AT COASTAL LAND
IN BANTUL REGENCY, INDONESIA
Dr. Aris Slamet Widodo

(Agribusiness Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta)
South Ring Road, Kasihan, Bantul, Yogyakarta. 55183
phone: +62 274 387656 (hunting), fax: +62 274 387646
armando1215@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The beach is at the edge of area affected by the high waters of low tide and one of the
problems of coastal regions in terms of climate is the rise of sea water can cause coastal
erosion, sedimentation and excessive erosion (Triatmodjo, 1999). The process of erosion
both by sea and by wind causing coastal land farming has a high degree of risk. The aims
of this study are to determine the farming pattern and to analyze the farming income. This
study used a survey method and the determination of the location with the purposive
system. The research location is in Bantul Regency, Indonesia. The analysis is done by
subtracting the total revenue with explicit costs, in each commodity.
The results of the study explained that the pattern of farming done by coastal land farmers
is a combination of farm crops and horticultural crops (onions, red peppers, eggplant and
sweet potato) with cattle business is cattle, goats and poultry and by working towards the
conservation of plants especially evergreen shrimp and irrigation joint-wells procurement
system.
The amount of coastal land conservation farming income with total area of 0.1 ha is: Onion
about IDR 2,103,716.71 in the rainy season and the dry season IDR 1,615,850.83. Red
Chili provide income about IDR 3,945,662.72 in the dry season 1 and about IDR
2,474,354.86 in the dry season 2. Eggplant commodity provide income the lowest,
IDR98,513.49 during the rainy season.
Coastal land has a double-function. Coastal land territory does not only function as
erosion, but also functions to increase people‘s income through proper business of
cultivating plants and economical valued as well. A concept of cultivating plants on coastal
land territory is known as the concept of conservation farming.
Keyword: conservation farming, farming income, coastal land.
INTRODUCTION
Coastal erosion and accretion are natural processes; however, they may become a
problem when exacerbated by human activities or natural disasters. They are
widespread in the coastal zone of Asia and other countries in the Indian Ocean
owing to a combination of various natural forces, population growth, and
unmanaged economics development along the coast, within river catchments and
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off Coastal. This has led to major efforts to manage the situation and to restore the
ability of the coast to accommodate short- and long-term changes induced by
human activities, extreme events and sea-level rise (Prasetyo, 2006).
Indonesia as an archipelago nation surely has various problems regarding coastal

erosion. Height of economics activities along the coast aggravate such as condition.
Land on the rough-texture coastal territory and has open-coastal characteristic
cause the land so susceptible against air erosion or sea water. Study regarding
erosion impact of Coastal land territory concludes that erosion results in the form
of sediment and sand grain can destroy and close agricultural cultivation and
settlement. This caused Coastal land become critical and should be getting
treatment (Triatmodjo, 1999; Suhardjo et all., 2000; Haryadi B., 2009; Suryanto,
1996 in Budiyanto G., 2005).
Indonesian government through Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries had set
the system of using coast that Coastal land should be capable of double-
functioning. Double-functioning namely managing Coastal land territory does not
only function as erosion, but also functions to increase peoples‘ income through
proper business of cultivating plants and economical valued as well. A concept of
cultivating plants on Coastal land territory is known as the concept of conservation
farming. Based on that condition, the purposes of this study are to determine the
farming pattern and to analyze the farming income.
PREVIOUS STUDIES
Studies regarding conservation of Coastal land have been many done by various
agencies. A study done by Balai Penelitian Kehutanan Solo-Indonesia (2010)
explained that wind breaker plant could reduce negative impact from wind gusts
carrier salt particle which is able to destroy farming plants. The plants of wind
breaker function to conserving land were casuarina (Casuarina equisetifolia) and
gamal (Glicidia maculate) whose leaves could be used as animal feed.
Research Institute of Jambi University Page - 2

Study of Coastal land farming had been done by Sukresno (1999) in the south-sea of
Java Island - Indonesia. The study concluded that Coastal land farming was also one
of forms of Coastal land conservation had already been being done by farmers in
spite of various obstacles. One of the obstacles was the existence of saline particles
driven by air and then stuck on plants or piled on land, but it can be sought or
eliminated along with the process of watering plants. The limits of water resources
to watering could be provided with the use of wells jointly-set or frequently named
as joint-well irrigation.
The limitedness of physical and chemical characteristic of sandy Coastal land for
farming activities can be minimized by managing land nitrogen through providing
organic fertilizer. Associated with it, in order that fertilizing to be more efficient,
thus there are several things to note, specifically the availability of nutrient element
within the soil, the need of nutrient element for plants and the amount of organic
fertilizer that should be provided compatible with nutrient content of the organic
fertilizer (FAO, 2005 and Budiyanto, G., 2010).
Studies leading to optimization of coastal lands conservation farming have not been
yet many done and mostly still done separately. Juarini (2002) did research merely
about analysis of farmers‘ profit on various combinations of plants and irrigation
technology as well as analysis of the husbandman behavior against farming risk in
coastal lands of Kulonprogo regency-Indonesia. Study regarding optimization of
coastal lands has also once been done by Waluyawati R., (2000) focusing on crops
pattern optimization of coastal land in Kulonprogo regency-Indonesia. This
research, however, did not combine yet conservation activities as prerequisite of
Coastal lands farming.
FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS
System of conservation farming is a system of integrated one of emphasizing on

increasing agricultural production with remains consistent with conservation rule

of land (Dirjen Tanaman Pangan, 1992). Conservation farming on coast lands is

very much affected by conservation factors consisted of windbreaker plants, irrigation
system, and organic fertilizer (Sukresno, et all., 2000).
The research method applied in this study was a survey method. The site of this
study was determined purposively covering the areas along Samas coastal line at
Srigading and Gadingsari Villages, Sanden District, Bantul Regency of Yogyakarta
Special Province. The sampling was conducted through proportional random
sampling and based on the number of population, the samples were then determined
about 110 people. The analysis of the farming pattern will be done by description
analysis and the analysis of farmer income will be calculated by net revenue
analysis (subtracting the total revenue with explicit costs, in each commodity).
NR = TR – TC eksplisit
Description: NR = Net Revenue
TR = Total Revenue
TCeks = Total Cost Explicit
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Cropping Pattern
Pattern of farming done by farmers of coast lands was a combination among

horticultural and food-crops (onions, red chilies, eggplants, and sweet potatoes)
with business of cattle, such as cows, goats, and poultry as supplier of organic
fertilizer and attempting conservation plants, especially cypress crayfish and
provision of irrigation system of joint-wells to minimize farming risk.

Cow Grass Casuarinas Joint Well

Equisetifolia Irrigation
Feed Farmer
Income
manure/organ
ic fertilizer straw/sewag anorganic
e plant Fertilizer(NPK)
Chicken
Picture 1. Farming Pattern of Farming Conservation at Coastal Land in Bantul

Regency, Indonesia.
Farming crops do not only function as source of farmers‘ income, but also function
as supplier of animal feed by using crop waste either forage or dry and some others
as mixture of organic fertilizer that will be mixed with dung. Animal feed instead
of crop waste, also from grass or forage many grow on embankment or empty land.
Business of cattle functions not only as family saving or income source of farmers‘,
but also functions as supplier of animal feed for crops cultivation. Livestock
business of cows, goats, and chickens are the most common kinds of cattle by
Coastal land farmers. Based on respondents data, there were 71 cows, 107 goats
and 262 chickens among 110 samples.
Fir shrimp (Casuarinas Equisetifolia) refers to main plant in terms of Coastal lands
conservation. The Casuarinas Equisetifolia completely slow down air speed which
frequently destroy plants behind them. The Casuarinas Equisetifolia are planted
along the Coastal near Coastal line. The Casuarinas Equisetifolia function as wind
barrier plants, whose existence must be useful for sustainable either farming-plants
or livestock. The relation between Casuarinas Equisetifolia and horticulture
farming and or food is as an attempt to minimize risk for damage possibilities

happened to plants cultivation due to the wind. Sea breeze potentially increase
transpiration, physical damage, entrainment sandy particles, and salt water vapor.
Water is needed by plants in the process of photosynthesis or plant physiology in

adequate amount. High porosity due to sandy-land characteristics and the height of
wind speed causing high transpiration of plants as well as salt water vapor from sea
water attached on crops force element of water should always be available. Salt
adhering on leaves enables plasmolysis. Plasmolysis means the process of mass
flow of cell liquid within crops outward plants through leaves stomata. This
happens due to any thickness differences on the leaves surface caused by salt
accumulation and consequently the leaves lack of liquid and then get dry. The
following negative impact is emerging fungus around crown of leaves due to
raising humidity. Irrigation system of joint-well is one of irrigation systems many
done by farmers.
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Yogyakarta (Study Center of Agricultural

Technology) (2006) explains that joint-well means water sumps and usually made
of concrete bus, functioning to juxtapose and ease farming irrigation. The needs of
joint-well on the lands of 1000m2 average needed 10 - 15 concrete bus units.
Working mechanism of joint-well is that concrete bus put in a row within 8 - 10 m
and then embedded in the farming lands. Underneath of the concrete bus is casted
with concrete bus cover and made impermeable, and then among concrete bus
joined with paralon. The irrigation system i.e. the farmers take water from its
source (ground wells, river) by using machine (diesel) and then insert it into one of
joint-wells until all the join-wells fully filled. The farmers do watering the cropping
by taking water from joint-well using ―gembor‖.

Picture 2. Conservation at Coastal Land (Casuarinas Equisetifolia)
Analysis of Farming Income
Farming crops of horticulture done by the farmers on rainy season are onions,
eggplants, and sweet potatoes, while those on dry season 1 are onions, red chilies,
and sweet potatoes. Especially on dry season 2, the farmers only plant red chilies,
and sweet potatoes. Average land area ranging from 0.3 - 0.5 ha. The farming of
onion done in two seasons, they are on rainy season and on dry season 1. Average
productivity on dry season 1 is higher (910.46 kg/0.1ha) than that on rainy season
(858.91 kg/0.1ha). Such condition is affected by weather factor namely the height
of rainfall on rainy season will give potential risk due to the high pests and the
disease and the physical damage as well. Nevertheless, the farmers‘ income on
rainy season remains higher than that on dry season due to the higher price. The
low income on dry season 1 is also affected by the high costs of farming.

Table 1. Analysis of Net Revenue Farming Onion, Red Chili, Eggplant, and Sweet
Potato on each Season in the Coastal Land, Bantul Regency.
Onion Red Chili Eggplant Sweet Potato
Variables Rainy Dry Dry Dry Rainy Rainy Dry Dry
Season Season 1 Season 1 Season 2 Season Season Season 1 Season 2
Revenue
Production (Kg) 858.91 910.46 1,097.26 1,093.54 943.82 1,285.58 1,439.16 1,520.48
Price (USD) 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.42 0.18 0.23 0.16 0.24
Total Revenue (USD) 438.76 432.47 502.91 455.64 169.57 296.75 229.67 367.45
Cost (USD)
Seed 119.01 126.17 11.73 27.64 21.34 25.24 24.93 19.51
Inorganic Fertilizer 12.57 19.44 14.79 22.17 13.73 18.53 11.99 7.68
Organic Fertilizer 23.44 16.62 16.77 23.79 6.26 16.49 23.72 16.74
Lime 3.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00
Liquid Pesticide (USD) 4.28 9.38 6.07 16.65 5.67 1.70 0.78 0.12
Irrigation (USD) 13.87 29.07 7.35 22.50 17.07 9.55 7.23 4.60
Labor (USD) 66.34 76.50 96.76 116.05 76.56 108.53 91.70 107.27
Joint-wells (USD) 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53
Windbarier (USD) 8.86 8.86 8.86 8.86 8.86 8.86 8.86 8.86
Total Cost (USD) 253.21 287.57 163.86 239.20 151.12 190.42 170.76 166.32
Net Revenue (USD) 185.55 144.90 339.05 216.44 18.45 106.33 58.91 201.13
Source: the primary data processed
The farming of red chili on coastal land is done on dry season 1 and on dry season
2. On rainy season, the farmers do not plant red chili due to high risk of natural or
weather factors. Farming costs of red chili on dry season 1, in general, are lower
than those on dry season 2. Provision costs of seeds on dry season 2 are higher
doubled than those on dry season 1. High provision costs of seed on dry season 2
due to the high seeding price and the increase of seeds per unit area as some seeds
used to tatting due to the damage of seeds by weather (wind and heat).
The farming crop of eggplant is only planted on rainy season as the eggplant, as a
matter of fact, is just a complementary of the primary plants, such as onion and red
chili. Net revenue of eggplant is not high due to low production affected by
weather and the high selling price at harvest and the high production costs as well.

Sweet potatoes are commodities with the most frequently planted by coastal land-
farmers; that is, on rainy season, dry season 1 and dry season 2. Such condition
shows indirectly that sweet potatoes fit perfectly cultivated on coastal land and can
provide farmers‘ income on every season. The farming cost of sweet potatoes is not
quite high but it is able to provide high income. The high cost of farming is mostly
affected by labors cost, irrigation, fertilizer, and breeding. Labors cost becomes the
highest one possibly related to daily treatment of sweet potatoes for the need to cut
the plants‘ sulur or the tendrils plants that the energy focused on the potatoes.
The farming activities on coastal land cannot be free from the conservation cost. It
is the amount of cost to maintain joint-wells and windbarier plants. Average use of
joint-wells per 0.1 hectare is 9 units of concrete bus with average maintenance cost
about USD 1.5 per season. The maintenance cost of the joint-well is used to run the
concrete bus that it can be used properly (waterproof). The windbarier cost is used
to maintain (8 trees) like cutting branch, providing manure, irrigation or
embroidering new crops having cost about USD 8.86 per season.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
1. The farming pattern done by farmers is a combination of farming crops and

horticultural ones (onions, red peppers, eggplants, and sweet potatoes ) with
cattle business including cattle, goats and poultry and by working towards the
conservation of plants especially evergreen shrimp and procurement of
irrigation system of joint-wells.
2. The farmers‘ income influenced by three seasons (rainy season, dry season 1,
and dry season 2). Onion is a superior crop and is usually planted on either
rainy or on dry season 1. Analysis of farming income concludes that income of
onion farming on rainy season is higher (USD 185.55) than on dry season 1
due to higher pricing on the rainy. Red chili is usually planted on dry season 1

and on dry season 2. The height of product selling-price as well as the lower
pricing of production tools cause income of red chili farming on dry season 1
get higher (USD 339.05) than that on dry season 2. Eggplant farming only
farmed on rainy season being the lowest income of all (USD 18.45). Sweet
potato farmed on every season with the highest income on dry season 2 (USD
201.13) followed by on rainy season and then on dry season 2.
Recommendation
Provision and maintenance of conservation variables consisting of windbarier

crops, joint-wells or irrigation system and organic fertilizer needed in the
farming of sandy coast. Any collaboration between farming crops and
livestock would be very well-done, not only for efficiency of provision cost of
organic fertilizer and animal feed, but also as an alternative of the farmers
income.
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Role of ICCRI in Improving Research-Farmer Linkages for Increasing Cocoa
Productivity and Farmer Capacity in Coal Mining Sites
JOHN BAKO BAON* and A. ADI PRAWOTO

Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI),
Jl. P.B. Sudirman 90 Jember 68118
*Corresponding Author: jbbaon@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Mining sector is a very important segment of the extractive sector but has one of the most
serious and disastrous environmental consequences. This study was conducted in East
Kalimantan, Indonesia, to assess the role of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research
Institute (ICCRI) in improving research-farmer linkage in increasing cocoa productivity
and cocoa farmer capacity in the coal mining sites. Based on agro-climate factors, most of
surrounding area of coal mining sites in Indonesia is suitable for cocoa cultivation.
However, most of cocoa farmers in the environs of coal mining sites have little access both
to new technology of cocoa cultivation and to market of their cocoa products. Therefore,
productivity of cocoa farms and the income of cocoa farmers are low, which may results in
conflicting with the livelihood and survival of resident communities. These are the
consequences of poor interaction between the government, private sector and research
sector. The aim of this study is to transfer and to implement good agricultural practices of
cocoa in surrounding area of mining, in order to increase farmer capacity and cocoa
productivity. As the developing agent of cocoa technology, ICCRI has established
collaboration with two coal mining companies to improve productivity and farmer capacity
of cocoa farms surroundings the companies. This paper discusses the aspects of natural,
economic and human resources; technology transfers; marketing partnership; cocoa
productivity; farmer income after technology implementing; study of cocoa growth on
post-coal-mining. It is concluded that improvement of the cocoa productivity and farmer
capacity surroundings the mining sites associated with high adoption of technology by
farmers, better access to availability of knowledge for good agricultural practices,
extension officers, demonstration plots, cocoa price, and length of market chains,
partnership, and competition with oil palm plantations.
Keywords: Coal mining, cocoa, collaboration, CSR, and technology transfer
Introduction
Cocoa of smallholders may contribute significant benefit to the welfare of cocoa

farmers surrounding the coal mining area of PT Kaltim Prima Coal (KPC) in Kutai
Timur Regency and PT Berau Coal (BC) in Berau Regency. Productivity of cocoa
Page - 12
farms in that area is considered relatively low, 300-400 kg/ha/yr, on the other hand,
current potential productivity may reach up to 2000 kg/ha/yr. The big gaps between
potential and reality in production may be due to external and internal factors of
farm management. External factors include the attack of pests and diseases, old
trees, absence of shade trees, and unavailability of fertilizers and pesticides.
Meanwhile, internal factors include lack of knowledge concerning good
agricultural practices of cocoa husbandry and absence of quick and continue
technology information transfer.
As coal mining companies concern to environmental and social community

aspects, PT Kaltim Prima Coal (KPC) and PT Berau Coal (BC) have a Community
Development Division which may develop a program to guide those cocoa farmers
surrounding the mining sites. One of the main objectives of the community
development plan is to focus on the sustainability of communities once the mining
operations are closed. A significant aspect of the company‘s livelihood focus is the
establishment of alternative and sustainable livelihood programs. The purpose of
this approach is to reduce the communities‘ economic dependence on the mine, and
develop alternative and sustainable employment opportunities for stakeholder
communities.
The company has employed an alternative livelihood expert and projects have been
set up in consultation with communities and regional governmental agencies, and
practical training and initial material support have also been provided. A variety of
livelihood program have been developed thus far, including farming of cocoa,
citrus, and improved cultivation methods for food and estate crops.
Therefore, the company asserts that they now hold monthly meetings with
community leaders and representatives of adjacent communities, as well as attend
all district assembly planning committee meetings. Also the company has recently
signed a new initiative in Indonesia which aims to establish a new era in mining

that is responsive to the needs of communities and to promote best practice in areas
such as human rights and community development (Hilson, 2002).
The fact that the company is beginning to consider the sustainability of community
projects represents a step forward compared with the company‘s previous
community development work; however, there are still significant drawbacks with
their approach. Focusing on building physical structures, rather than developing the
social capability of communities, is likely to increase the communities‘ dependence
on the company.
As highlighted earlier, weaknesses in their consultation method suggests it is

doubtful whether the whole community were consulted and thus only the demands
of ‗key individuals‘ (who do not necessarily represent the community as a whole)
will be heard. More alarming is the tokenistic element of this strategy; using
community development as an opportunity to showcase the company‘s
commitment to CSR does not represent an approach that will benefit the
community in the long-term, but resembles a public relations act (Jenkins, 2004).
It is arguable whether mining companies are best placed to decide what‘s best for
the community, what will build social capital and what will deliver long-term
sustainable development (Ite, 2005). CSR schemes are designed to suit corporate
objectives and align with the business case very well, but this causes a scenario of
dependency rather than helping the community to help itself (Frynas, 2005). The
company needs to act in the best interest of the community. CSR does not of itself
solve the negative impacts of the mining industry on the environment, society,
economy and local and national governance (Kapelus, 2002).
Companies should not be put in the position where they take on a developmental
role that should be provided by the government – they should work in partnership
with the government and local agencies.

Natural, Economic and Human Resources
Cocoa of smallholders has contributed significant benefit to the welfare of cocoa

farmers surrounding the coal mining area of PT Kaltim Prima Coal (KPC) in Kutai
Timur Regency and PT Berau Coal (BC) in Berau Regency. Closed mining area
cocoa farms in both districts may reach up to 5700 ha managed by 2800 farmer
families, while the cocoa business may support 3000 families which may cover
cocoa collectors/traders and agents of fertilizers and pesticides.
At present, productivity of cocoa farms in that area is considered relatively low,

300-400 kg/ha/yr, on the other hand, current potential productivity may reach up to
2000 kg/ha/yr. The big gaps between potential and reality in production may be
due to external and internal factors of farm management. External factors include
the attack of pests and diseases, old trees, absence of shade trees, and unavailability
of fertilizers and pesticides. Meanwhile, internal factors include lack of knowledge
concerning good agricultural practices of cocoa husbandry, low soil fertility and
absence of quick and continue technology information transfer. Chemical
characteristics of soil in the area of visitor plot are presented in Table 1 which
showed that the status of most of essential nutrients in general was low, except Ca
and Mg were high, whereas C and Fe were moderate.
As coal mining companies concern to environmental and social community

aspects, PT Kaltim Prima Coal and PT Berau Coal have a Community
Development Division which may develop a program to guide those cocoa farmers
surrounding the mining sites. There was a suppressing of oil palm expansion on
this area and there will be possibility of conversion of cocoa to oil palm. Therefore
there is a need for having a data on distribution of cocoa area in mining site
community. By having this, the Regent of this area may protect cocoa farmers by
maintaining the presence of cocoa farms of small holders, beside guidance of

mining companies and ICCRI. According to many experiences, cocoa husbandry is

suitable for farmers having small acreage of land.
Farmers supported by KPC have enjoyed the benefit of the presence of cocoa farms
as their significant income source. Nonetheless, dependence level of the farmers on
the help of KPC is relatively big, because autonomy of the farmers is still small.
Baseline Study
Most of cocoa trees in these areas were planted around 1990s where the seeds
derived from Sulawesi. Cocoa planters are dominant from Bugis ethnic where they
got their cocoa seeds from their family in this island. Cocoa trees are planted in
home yard in which ownership of land about 2 ha per family. Farms of cocoa
plants are found in flat areas of both sides of Kalimantan trans-road between
Sangatta-Bontang, while the distance from seaside about 3 km. Soil type is alluvial
clay in texture. Drainage was bad to moderate, soil depth more than 1 m, however
the water table is deep. Based on rainfall data collected from close meteorology
station the climate type was A (based on Schmidt-Ferguson classification) with Q
value 0.132 and average rainfall was 2047 mm/yr. Dry months was commonly
happened between July-September.
Planting distance of cocoa trees was 3 m x 3 m with shade trees of bananas (most
common), Gliricia sepium, coconut, and various fruit trees. Growth of shade trees
was vigorous, especially banana, where they are tolerant to wet condition. Until
now, banana is the main source of income for the farmers.
In the last three years, cocoa growth was not vigorous with damaged tree canopy.
At the beginning, cocoa was the main income source for farmers where the
productivity was about 300 kg/ha, however, in year 2001 the productivity was only
less than 50 kg/ha. Since 1999, it was reported that harvested cocoa pods were
hardened. This condition enforced the farmers to turn to other crops, such as
pepper, paddy rice, vegetables and bananas fruits as sources of income.

Based on field identification, it was found that the problems faced by cocoa farmers
in the surrounding mining area were the attack of cocoa pod borer (Conopomorpha
cramerella) with quite intensive
Technology Transfers
A number of technologies provided to cocoa farmers surroundings of the mining

areas, among of them were management of Gliricidia sepium as shade trees, cocoa
pruning, sanitation of cocoa pod husks and pod sleeving for suppressing the attack
of cocoa pod borer, fermentation and drying of cocoa beans.
Overseeing proper cocoa bean processing is needed to increase cocoa bean quality
which eventually will increase the income of the cocoa farmers. Two aspects of
processing should be applied by farmers those are fermentation and drying of
beans. Method and criteria of fermented beans and well drying should be
understood and implemented by cocoa planters.
Establishment of demonstration/visitor plots is required as a means for extension to

farmers in which examples of cocoa trees derived from seeds, top grafting or side
grafting, with various sources of recommended grafts. In coming years, the sites
can be used both for visitor plot and for multi-location testing of clones. Interest of
farmers to cultivate cocoa was quite great shown by good innovation developed by
them although with limited assistance. One of the innovations developed by the
farmers that still needed to be further studied is the control method for CPB by
fogging using the burning of egg shell. The application may reduce significantly
the number of infected pods.
One of the methods of CPB control is by sanitation of infected pods which

including burying the infected pods. The method of control have reduced the level
of incidence of CPB to about 10% compared to the previous condition of level of
infestation of CPB has reached about 50% of the pods.

In terms of cocoa quality, the farmers have implemented fermentation of fresh

cocoa beans using two wooden boxes. In the first box, the cocoa beans were
fermented for 3 days followed by 2 days in the second box before being sun dried.
By this method, good quality of cocoa beans will be obtained, eventually good
price should be got by the farmers. Therefore, there should be leading farmers
should act as extension agents in their communities.
Specialized formal information is introduced into the network by highly sought

farmers, possibly reinforcing the social capital of these individuals. However,
original and accessible information is also produced by on-farm experimentation.
Informal advice networks are instrumental in the successful transfer of this
available information throughout the farming community and provide a foundation
for community-based adaptive management.
There are several implications for cocoa farming management practices,

specifically within the two coal mining site communities with limited formal
sources of information. The identification of highly sought farmers may play a
critical role in the introduction, transfer, and implementation of new cocoa farm
technologies. The promotion of community involvement may facilitate the transfer
of information, not simply to introduce information, but also to promote social
exchange and interaction, strengthen pre-existing informal source networks, and
increase social proximity among farmers.
Highly sought farmers were more apt to be involved in community activities than
were farmers who were not highly sought, promoting the likelihood of tie
formation among core farmers. Both farmer-derived and formal sources of
information flowed from farmer to farmer via network ties. Although farming
practices may also diffuse via imitation, further research is required for a more
detailed analysis of this process.

Cocoa Productivity
To increase production, effort has been made by an extensive mono-crop

production of cocoa expanded in parts of mining site communities where suitable
land was abundant and available. However, as the age of bearing trees increases,
more intensive production techniques will be required to maintain and/or expand
cocoa farm productivity.
In terms of land holding, on the average, smallholder farmers working on plots

ranging from 0.5 to 4 hectares. Currently, cocoa yields in the mining site
communities range from 400 to 800 kg/hectare, with the potential to increase yields
as 1 to 1.5 MT/ha. However, there are several the major problems faced by cocoa
industry. The problem of cocoa pod borer (CPB) has been long problem for
Indonesia and has affected mostly all area of cocoa plantation especially
smallholders has caused significant yield loss. Though efforts has been undertaken
to overcome this problem but the solution seems to be a temporary one such as
applying GAP and pod sleeving method using plastic to cover young cocoa bean
from CPB attack. Table 2 showed that introduction of that integrated pest
management had reduced cocoa infestation by CPB in which percentage of number
of pod free from CPB infestation increased while those heavily infected reduced.
Since some of smallholder plantations have been planted for about 25 years, the
number of aging trees is increasing. As a result, the productivity of major
smallholders‘ plantation is low. Besides, low productivity of smallholder‘s
plantation was caused by variety of existing tree stock, poor soil nutrition (Table
1), and bad drainage, limited availability of improved planting materials. This
resulted in decreased of income potential for the cocoa smallholder farmers.
The two problems as mentioned above have contributed to low quality of bean
produced by the farmers. Although efforts have been made to encourage farmers to
improve quality of beans, but no price differentiate for good and bad bean has

contra-productive the efforts. As a result, local processors have difficulty in

procuring consistent quality cocoa which prevent them from operating at full
capacity and decrease the viability of local value-addition opportunities.
Smallholder farmers lack access to acceptable collateral for financial institutions.

As a result, farmers are not able to finance the purchase of inputs. With small size
of land holding, many smallholder farmers are unable to sell their production in
large volume and are therefore unable to benefit from direct sales with exporters
and processors, which decrease their income potential.
Lack of coordination among the government, associations, private sector, and other
stakeholders providing support to the cocoa sub-sector may result in inconsistent
messages, non optimal applied research sharing, and limited synergies. The
international market acceptability and demand for Indonesian cocoa beans of
various qualities does not provide incentives for farmers to invest in improving
farm productivity or bean quality.
Marketing Partnership
The main problem faced by cocoa farmers is inferior quality of cocoa beans, such
as high water content, mouldy which generally caused by proper drying, beside
high content of waste. By good management of cocoa bean processing in which the
main role played by proper management of water inside cocoa beans will result in
good quality cocoa beans. Data showed by Table 3 indicated the presence of
variation among cocoa farmers in producing better quality. Farmers in Rantau
Pulung produced cocoa beans with bigger size, however, nearly half of the amount
of cocoa beans unproperly fermented. On the other hand, those in Bengalon were
much smaller although 75% of them were fully fermented.
After the cocoa farmers carry out proper processing and good quality of cocoa
beans supplied, next step is the facilitation by mining companies for marketing the
products. The aim is that the farmers should get suitable price for the good quality.

The cocoa farmers should be acquainted with the daily price of cocoa beans in
national level.
One of the main causes that the farmers, for example in Rantau Pulung, received
very low price for their cocoa beans was the long market chains. For example,
cocoa price received by farmers in Busang Subdistrict was about Rp.22,500.-/kg,
while in Rantau Pulung the cocoa price was Rp.14,000.-/kg. In fact, distance from
Busang to Samarinda is about 200 km or 8 hours drive in dry season and condition
of the road was comparatively good. In Busang, cocoa beans were collected by
small local traders and directly sold them to Makassar where the price of cocoa
beans at the same day was Rp.27,000,-/kg. Therefore, farmers in Rantau Pulung,
Sangatta and Bengalon, areas surrounding mining sites, should get the cocoa price
at the level at least Rp.22,500.-/kg.
To face this problem, it is recommended to record the real volume of cocoa beans
that can be supplied every month from those areas of mining site communities.
Besides, it is needed to search out the existing market chain of cocoa beans in those
areas and increasing the role of BPPUTK (Bumi Pelatihan dan Percontohan Usaha
Tani Konservasi, Conservational Agrobusiness Training and Demonstration Plot)
to be local collector of cocoa beans from farmers under guidance of KPC and the to
sell the products to exporter or to chocolate companies.
Farmer Income after Technology Implementing
Most of cocoa production is done by smallholder. This condition lead to a

production system that develops slowly. The majority of cocoa farms in Berau and
Kutai Regencies are small holdings owned by a large number of peasant farmers.
For example, in Ghana, about 66% of farms are within the size range of 0-8 ha
owned by 332,244 peasant farmers, with only 18.9% of the farms larger than 20 ha
(Padi and Owusu, 2006). In Indonesia, the third biggest cocoa producers,

smallholder portion contributes to ca. 80% of the national business, involving ca.
1.7 million farmer families.
Problem facing by cocoa producers frequently occurred in a long period and could
only overcome by external assistance. Farmer in term of smallholder could only
sustain for their food and simple live. The most problems facing by cocoa
production sector consists of technical and non technical problem covering
production including low productivity, pest and disease, and quality. Trade barrier,
phytosanitary, and sustainability issues are also the constrain for cocoa sector
especially from the developing and under-developed countries.
Productivity is one of the key for success in cocoa farming. This condition is as
function of technology in terms of research and development, producer's skill and
socio – economic, nature in terms of climate and soil, and external issue in terms of
market situation, pricing and authority policy. Productivity is one of the most
important economic factors affecting the cost of production per ton of cocoa beans.
At higher productivity, the cost of production per ton of cocoa will be lower and
vice versa. In view of this, effort should be made to increase the productivity to as
high as possible to maximize profit making.
Referring to data from Cocoa Producer's Alliance (2008), average productivity in

all main production area is still low standing below 1 ton/ha/year. The average
national productivity in West African countries, Brazil and Indonesia, and Malaysia
are 0.2-0.3, 0.5-0.6 and 0.8-1.0 ton/ha/year. According to Yusof et al. (2000), well-
managed cocoa farms produced cocoa bean at average 2.0-4.6 tonnes/ha/year
meanwhile the highest productivity recorded by Ashar and Lee (2004) is 5.0-6.8
tonnes/ha/year. The current productivity is still remaining at a level around 30% of
genetically production potential.

Study of Cocoa Growth on Post-Coal-Mining
Demonstration plot of growing cocoa after mining activities was established in

Binungan village inside the area of Berau coal mining site. Most of cocoa trees
have been planted under existing very dense shade trees. To establish a good
condition for cocoa farm, some of the shade trees have to be cut down as well as
the wildly grown weeds. The proportion of cocoa and shade trees should be 2:1.
The field will be established as source of grafts of Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, ICCRI
03, ICCRI 04 and Sca 6 clones.
The life-forms that colonize the post-coal-mining site are creeper and shrub species
and unmarketable secondary tree species. The trend of succession is dependent on
the site properties of post-coal-mining site. The properties of site improve with age
and become more favorable for succession. This could be due to higher nutrient
content and lesser heavy metal toxicity in the older post-coal-mining site (Down
and Stocks, 1977). Hence, more shrub and tree species are found in the older post-
coal-mining site.
Reliance on the natural succession to restore post-coal-mining site without any

human aid will take a long period, during which the post-coal-mining site will
remain economically barren. Hence, afforestation with suitable multipurpose tree
species is more desirable than solely depending on succession for reclamation of
post-coal-mining site. The benefits of afforestation on post-coal-mining site are
obvious.
Preliminary results of Ang (1994) showed that several nitrogen fixing and most
probably heat and water tolerant tree species adapt themselves very well on sandy
slime tin tailings. A habitat oriented approach should be taken when screening
species for afforestation of tin tailings. The selection of high quality indigenous
timber tree species for afforestation of tin tailings will only lead to failure because
of the harsh environmental conditions and poor site properties. None of the tree

species with important timber values can colonise pure sandy tin tailings
(Palaniappan 1974). However, several late pioneer species, viz. Sapium baccutum
and Alstonia scholaris ,were observed to grow on sandy slime tin tailings, which
have better site properties (Ang 1986). Another option is to utilise desert or semi-
arid species, most of which are adapted to high temperatures and water stress
(Ehleringer, 1980), e.g. Encelia species. An alternative is to select coastal species,
e.g. Casuarina equisetifolia.
Another approach is to modify microclimate to produce a more conducive

environment for the establishment of tree species. The shrub species found in five
and ten-year-old tin tailings are unsuitable for the purpose because these species
grow only where moisture is relatively high, e.g. in depressions near the foot of
sand dunes (Mitchell 1963), hence the introduction of heat and water stress tolerant
tree species, e.g. desert or coastal species. After some years, the tin tailings
properties may be improved by organic materials deposited from the plants. The tin
tailings will then be more suitable for planting of other tree species. However, for
sites where the water table is high, species trials showed that nitrogen fixing tree
species could yield timber 30 to 40 years after planting (Ang, 1994). The
constraints are that the site must be located near the water body, and it is costly to
employ this irrigation system. Other methods such as top soil enrichment and
mulching can be employed to improve water retention properties of post-coal-
mining site.
Practical methods of improving the moisture content of sandy tin tailings are
available, and hence, afforestation activities are feasible on these areas (Ang,
1994). For relatively gentle sites, the texture can be improved by the use of
agriculture waste, e.g. oil palm husk available close by the sites. Dumping of post-
coal-mining site must be properly planned so that each dump varies in composition
(slime/sand) in order to provide a better site for reclamation after mining activities
(Mitchell 1957). Manuring and mulching improve the growth of Pinus merkusii,

Paraserianlhes falcataria and Sesbania rostrata planted on sandy tin tailings

where the water table level reaches the root zone (Rodziah and Zulkifli 1990).
The rainy season is recognized to be the best time for cocoa planting (Anonymous
1963). Planting must be carried out before 10 a.m. to avoid poor establishment.
Routine checking of the planting site is very important because fire is often a
hazard in afforestation sites on the post-coal-mining site during the dry season; a
major fire in the 1963 dry spell, for example, destroyed the establishment of
Casuarina equisetifolia on the post-coal-mining site (Anonymous, 1963; Mitchell,
1963).
Conclusions
 It is concluded that improvement of the cocoa productivity and farmer capacity

surroundings the two mining sites associated with high adoption of technology
by farmers, better access to availability of knowledge for good agricultural
practices, extension officers, demonstration plots, cocoa price, and length of
market chains, partnership, and competition with oil palm plantations.
 Informal advice networks are instrumental in the successful transfer of this
available information throughout the farming community and provide a
foundation for community-based adaptive management.
 There are several implications for cocoa farming management practices,
specifically within the two coal mining site communities with limited formal
sources of information. The identification of highly sought farmers may play a
critical role in the introduction, transfer, and implementation of new cocoa farm
technologies.
 Promotion of community involvement may facilitate the transfer of
information, not simply to introduce information, but also to promote social
exchange and interaction, strengthen pre-existing informal source networks,
and increase social proximity among farmers.

Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge all participants in this study. We are grateful to PT

Kaltim Prima Coal and PT Berau Coal through their Community Empowerment for
the kind cooperation and field support. We thank staffs of Dinas Perkebunan of
Kutai Timur Regency and Dinas Perkebunan of Berau Regency for field
assistance.
References
Ang, L.H. 1986. Some potential tree species for reclamation of tin tailings. Paper
presented at the National MPTS Seminar, December 1986. Forest Research
Institute Malaysia.
Ang, L.H. 1994. Problems and prospects of afforestation on sandy tin tailings in
Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 7: 87 - 105.
Ashar, I. and Lee, M.T. 2004. Perspective for cocoa cultivation in Malaysia:
Relook at the economic indicators. Malaysian Cocoa Journal 1: 6-22.
Cocoa Producers' Alliance. 2007. Prospect for a sustainability cocoa economy, a
view from the Cocoa Producers' Alliance. Presentation at the ICCO Round
Table on a Sustainable World Cocoa Economy, International Conference
Centre, Accra, Ghana, 3 – 6 October 2007
Down, C.G. and Stocks, J. 1977. Environmental Impact of Mining. John Wiley &
Sons, New York.
Ehleringer,J. 1980. Leaf morphology and reflectance in relation to water and
temperature stress. In: Turner, N.C. & Kramer, P.J. (eds.) Adaptation of
Plants to Water and High Temperature Stress. John Wiley & Sons, Toronto.
Frynas, J.G. 2005. The false developmental promise of Corporate Social
Responsibility: evidence from multinational oil companies. International
Affairs 81: 581-598.
Hilson, G. 2002. An overview of land use conflicts in mining communities. Land
Use Policy 19: 65–73.
Ite, U.E. 2005. Poverty reduction in resource-rich developing countries: what have
multinational corporations got to do with it? Journal of International
Development 17: 913-929.
Jenkins, H.M. 2004. Corporate social responsibility and the mining industry:
conflicts and constructions. Corporate Social Responsibility and
Environmental Management 11: 23-34.

Kapelus, P. 2002. Mining, corporate social responsibility and the "Community":

the case of Rio Tinto, Richards Bay Minerals and the Mbonambi. Journal
of Business Ethics 39: 279-296.
Mitchell, B. A. 1957. Malayan tin tailings - prospects of rehabilitation. Malayan
Forester 20 : 104- 107.
Mitchell, B.A. 1963. Fire on idle land - the 1963 dry season. Malayan Forester 26 :
104 - 107.
Paianiappan. V. M. 1974. Ecology of tin tailings areas: plant communities and their
succession. Journal of Applied Ecology 11: 133- 155.
Padi, B. and Owusu, G. K. 2006. Towards an Integrated Pest Management for
Sustainable Cocoa Production in Ghana. Cocoa Research Institute of
Ghana.

REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY ON L-BAND FOR MONITORING
AND ESTIMATING BIOMASS OF MANGROVE FOREST IN BANYUASIN
SOUTH SUMATERA INDONESIA
Soni Darmawan1,3,4, Wataru Takeuchi1, Yenni Vetrita2,

Ketut Wikantika3 and Dewi Kania Sari4
1)
Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
2)
Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Indonesia
3)
Center for Remote Sensing, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Indonesia
4)
Institut Teknologi Nasional (ITENAS), Indonesia
Abstracts
Mangrove forests occur along ocean coastlines throughout the tropics, and providing
important products and services. They also provide among the most intense coastal carbon
sinks in the world and play a growing and central role in the global carbon cycle. Mapping
and monitoring biomass of mangrove forest is very important but field survey of mangrove
biomass and productivity in overall Indonesia region is very difficult due to muddy soil
condition, heavy weight of the wood, large area and tidal influences. The launch of the
Japanese Space Exploration Agency‘s (JAXA) Advanced Land Observing Satellite
(ALOS) Phased Arrayed L-band SAR (PALSAR) therefore represented a milestone in the
global observation, characterization, mapping and monitoring or mangroves largely. The
objective on this study to investigate ALOS PALSAR technology for monitoring and
estimating biomass of mangrove forest. Methodology on this study focus on literature
study of ALOS PALSAR to monitoring and estimating biomass, analysis of backscattering
mangrove forest and estimation biomass of mangrove forest, on methodology we analyzed
also impact of tidal height on ALOS PALSAR measurement. The result of this study from
some references found potential of ALOS PALSAR for monitoring and estimating biomass
of mangrove forest. On this study we found also characteristics of backscattering of
mangrove forest on ALOS PALSAR and its impact of tidal height. Average of
backscattering value in Banyuasin South Sumatera around -8.72 dB on HH and -20.23 dB
on HV and average estimation of above ground biomass of mangrove forest around 26.68
ton/ha.
Key words: ALOS-PALSAR, HH, HV, tidal height and above ground biomass.
INTRODUCTION
Mangrove forests occur along ocean coastlines throughout the tropics, and
providing important products and services (Kuenzer at al., 2011). They also
provide among the most intense coastal carbon sinks in the world and play a
growing and central role in the global carbon cycle (Nellemann et al., 2009).
Page - 28
According to Daniel et al., (2011) found that mangroves have a total carbon storage
that is on average, five times larger than those typically observed in temperate,
boreal and tropical terrestrial forests, on a per unit area basis. This suggests that
mangroves play an important role in global climate change management. In order
to gain and build a solid understanding of the global carbon budget and ultimately
the effects of diminishing mangrove forests on climate change, it is crucial to
obtain an assessment and quantification of the spatial distribution of mangrove
forest biomass.
Remote sensing has been widely proven to be essential in monitoring and mapping
highly threatened mangrove ecosystems. Many research studies on this subject
have been carried out around the globe. Tropical and subtropical coastal mangroves
are among the most threatened and vulnerable ecosystems worldwide (Kuenzer at
al., 2011). According to Henderson et al., (2008) although sensors in the optical
range of the electromagnetic spectrum have received the greatest attention,
considerable effort has also been focused on the use of imaging radars. Many
reason to use radar to monitor and mapping mangrove ecosystems. As radar
operates in the microwave portion of the spectrum, it offers complementary and
supplementary data to sensors operating in the optical and thermal bands. At the
same time it patently provides unique data. Radar backscatter is sensitive to
dielectric properties (soil and vegetation moisture content) and geometric (surface
roughness) attributes of the imaged surface. In many areas of the world (e.g. cloud-
covered and/or low-light regions of the Earth) imaging radar is the only sensor that
can provide consistent, periodic data in reliable manner. Optical and thermal
systems are also limited by their inability to penetrate vegetation canopies whereas
radar systems can, to some degree, provide sub canopy information.
The launch of the Japanese Space Exploration Agency‘s (JAXA) Advanced Land
Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Arrayed L-band SAR (PALSAR) in 2006
therefore represented a milestone in the global observation, characterization,

mapping and monitoring or mangroves largely, because these provide more

information on the three dimensional structure and biomass of woody vegetation
and the presence and extent of (primarily tidal) inundation. As data can be day or
night regardless of weather conditions, mangroves can be observed more
frequently, even in regions with prevalent cloud cover. ALOS-PALSAR penetrate
through the foliage and interact primarily with the woody components of
vegetation. Horizontally transmitted waves are either depolarized through volume
scattering by branches in the canopy, with a proportion of vertically polarized
microwaves returning to the sensor, or penetrate through the canopy and interact
with the trunks, returning primarily through double bounce scattering as a
horizontally polarized wave (Lucas et al., 2007). Because of mapping and
monitoring biomass of mangrove forest is very important but field survey of
mangrove biomass and productivity in overall Indonesia region is very difficult due
to muddy soil condition, heavy weight of the wood (Takeuchi et al., 2011). The
objective on this study to investigate ALOS PALSAR technology for monitoring
and estimating biomass of mangrove forest.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Material
We have collected primary data of dual polarization ALOS PALSAR L-band HH

and HV which spatial resolution 12.5 m. Product ID H1.5GUA which radiometric
and geometric corrections are performed according to the map projection, pixel
spacing can be selected for the fine mode and latitudes and longitudes in the
product are calculated without considering the altitude. All data were acquired in
fine beam dual mode at a viewing angle of 34.3 and delivered in single-look
complex (SLC) as the normalized backscattering coefficient in slant-range
geometry by JAXA. ALOS PALSAR data that collected in this study was
described on Table 1 and Figure 1.

For secondary data we have collected topography elevation data derived from
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). SRTM elevation data have spatial
resolution approximately 90 meters that was processed by NASA and the USGS.

The data is projected in a Geographic (Lat/Long) projection, with the WGS84

horizontal datum and the EGM96 vertical datum. Another secondary data is sea
level measurement data from http://www.ioc-sealevelmonito ring.org.
Method
Preprocessing method focus on converting Digital Number (DN) into Normalize

Radar Cross Sections (NRCS) and filtering. Converting of HH (DNHH) and HV
(DNHV) backscatter intensities into NRCS (i.e., σ°HH and σ°HV ) based on
(Shimada et al., 2009) and for reducing speckle noisy used frost filtering with
windows size 6x6. Converting DN into NRCS by the following equations﹕
σ°HH = 10 log10(DN2HH) – 83.2 (1)
σ°HV = 10 log10(DN2Hv ) – 83.2 (2)
We have collected Region of Interest (ROI) of mangrove forest based on land

cover map from Indonesian Ministry of Forestry and Indonesian base map from
Badan Informasi Geospasial (BIG). ROI have the shape as line profiling with long
around 80 to 420 pixel. We have collected five ROI of mangrove forest from
ALOS PALSAR and SRTM data for each study area and then calculate mean and
standard deviation. Several study [Takeuchi et al., 20011; Lucas et al., 2007 and
Hamdan et al., 2014) have established empirical relationships between L-band
backscatter and above-ground biomass (AGB) of mangrove forest. According to
Lucas et al., (2010) however, an understanding of microwave interaction with the
forest volume has proved difficult to achieve using empirical relationships with
SAR data because of inherent relationships between these components. The
retrieval of component biomass is also more difficult in forests above the level of
saturation (herein referred to as high biomass forests) as greater attenuation by the
crown volume reduces the diversity of scattering mechanisms between components
and also the ground surface compared with those below saturation (low biomass

forests). Hence, less information on the forest biomass and structure (and therefore
species, growth stage and form) can be extracted. However, by considering the
scattering mechanisms operating within low and high forests separately, L-band
SAR data can be better interpreted. For this study we have calculated above ground
biomass following equations from Takeuchi et al., (2011), as follow﹕
HH (σ°) = 3.6 ln(tree height)−23.7 (3)
HV (σ°) = 4.4 ln(tree height)−24.9 (4)
tree height = 2.8ln(DBH)+23.7 (5)
AGB = 0.25 DBH2.46 (6)
RESULT AND DISCUSION
Some literature mention ALOS PALSAR potential to estimate above ground

biomass of mangrove forest (Takeuchi et al., 2011; Lucas et al., 2007 and Hamdan
et al., 2014). The longer L-band microwaves have a greater likelihood of
penetrating the foliage and small branches of the upper canopies of the forest and
interacting with woody trunk and larger branch components as well as the
underlying surface (Tsomon et al., 2002 and Lucas et al., 2004). L-band SAR (1.3
GHz, 23.5 cm) generally provides greater penetration of forest canopies than does
the shorter C-band (5.3 GHz, 5.7 cm) because the wavelength is longer than leaf
sizes within the forest canopy ( Pope et al., 1994; Wang et al., 1995; Townsend et
al., 2001 and Townsend et al., 2002)
The modeling approach treats tree canopy, tree trunks, and ground surface as
layered scattering media that scatter and attenuate the incoming microwave energy.
The model has four components: surface backscatter (σ𝑠°): canopy volume
scattering (σ𝑐°), multiple path interactions of canopy-ground (σ𝑚°), and double
bounce trunk-ground interactions (σ𝑑°). Incoherent summation of the components

results in total backscatter (σ𝑡°). Therefore algorithm was shown (Wang et al.,
1995) :
σ𝑡° = σ𝑠° + σ𝑐° + σ𝑚° + σ𝑑°
The sensitivity of the backscatter to forest parameters and the saturation level are
rather site dependent, since forest structure influences the relative contribution of
the scattering mechanism (Lucas et al., 2004; Hamdan et al., 2014 and Imhoff et
al., 1995). In addition, the individual contribution to the total forest backscatter is
also dependent on environmental conditions (i.e. weather conditions, moisture
conditions, and weather dynamics) which can affect the dielectric properties of the
vegetation and ground surface. The interactions between the radiation and the
plant‘s internal properties (e.g. moisture content influencing the dielectric constant
of a material and cell structure) and external components (e.g. size, geometry and
orientation of leaves, trunks, branches, and aerial or stilt roots) also result in a
specific backscatter signal (Kuenzer et al., 2011 and Hamdan et al., 2014).
Impact of tidal height on characteristic ALOS PALSAR measurement
We have two ALOS PALSAR polarimetric measurement on HH and HV that

covering mangrove forest at Banyuasin South Sumatera. First acquisition date on
10-05-2008 at 15.48:07.749 and second acquisition date on 25-06-2008 at
15:47:35.329. Each acquisition date have difference on tidal height. Acquisition
date on 25-06-2008 at 15:47:35.329 have higher tidal height compared than
acquisition date on 10-05-2008 at 15.48:07.749. Based on SRTM data level of
topography at Banyuasin majority have height topography. Level of topography
less 4 meter only 10% from total area.
We show impact of tidal height on ALOS PALSAR polarimetric measurement on

HH and HV based on profiling at study area. Profiling as ROI with length of 420
pixels. According to profile as region of interest at figure 1, if we start from water


On water area (e.g. distance on pixel 0-60 at a1) majority have backscatter value on
HH and HV less from -20 dB. On the water area ALOS PALSAR radiation have
specular reflection so that produce small backscatter value. On the open zone have
different backscatter pattern between acquisition date on 10-05-2008 and 25-06-
2008, this is caused of different of tidal height. On 10-05-2008 have lower tide so
that non flooding on the open zone. On the non flooding ALOS PALSAR penetrate
on mangrove area and dry surface so ALOS PALSAR radiation have multiple and
double bounce reflection which produce backscatter value on HH and HV around -
20 dB to 10 dB. This condition different with on 25-06-2008 which height tide.
Height tide causes flooding on open zone. On the flooding ALOS PALSAR
penetrate more water on the underlying layer so ALOS PALSAR radiation have

specular reflection which produce backscatter value on HH and HV less on -20 dB.
On the middle zone majority have backscatter value on HH and HV around -10 dB.
On the middle zone ALOS PALSAR penetrate mangrove area and dry surface so
ALOS PALSAR radiation have multiple and double bounce reflection.
Above ground biomass estimation based on ALOS PALSAR
We collected Region of Interest (ROI) of mangrove forest by land cover map from
Indonesian ministry of forestry and Indonesian base map from Badan Informasi
Geospasial (BIG). And then we calculated average and standard deviation of
mangrove forest based on ALOS PALSAR. Average value based on ALOS
PALSAR on HH around -8.72 dB and on HV around -20.23 dB. We have
estimated average AGB of mangrove forest at some area in Indonesia using
algorithm (4, 5, and 6) with considering impact of tidal height and level of
topography. Actually on the open zone impact of tidal height very strong that cause
differences of backscatter value but based on level of topography open zone on
mangrove zone in Banyuasin – South Sumatera have small area compared than
middle zone. However to know exactly of deviation value that caused by impact of
tidal height needed more time series ALOS PALSAR measurements and more tidal
height data. In this case average of above ground biomass in Bayuasin – South
Sumatera around 26.68 ton/ha. Average AGB estimation on this study reasonable if
compared with average of above ground biomass in Aceh around 11.68 ton/ha,
South Sumatera 43.72 ton/ha and Riau 33.40 ton/ha (Yuwono et al., 2013) and
compare with above ground biomass in Malaysia around 2.98 – 378 ton/ha with
average 99.40 ton/ha (Hamdan et al., 2014).
CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Some references found potential of ALOS PALSAR for monitoring and estimating
biomass of mangrove forest. The longer L-band microwaves have a greater
likelihood of penetrating the foliage and small branches of the upper canopies of

the forest and interacting with woody trunk and larger branch components as well
as the underlying surface.
On this study we found also characteristics of backscattering of mangrove forest on

ALOS PALSAR and its impact of tidal height. If tidal on the height tide and
flooding occurs will produce backscatter on HH and HV value less around from -
20 dB. And if tidal on the low tide and non flooding occurs will produce
backscatter on HH and HV value around -20 to -10 dB. Average of backscattering
value in Banyuasin South Sumatera on HH around -8.72 dB and on HV around -
20.23 dB and average estimation of above ground biomass of mangrove forest
around 26.68 ton/ha.
For Indonesia area which cloud cover almost every day, we recommend to use L-
band data such as ALOS PALSAR for mapping and monitoring mangrove forest or
another land use for sustainable land use. For first step can use ALOS PALSAR
mosaic which data can be download at http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/en/guide/
pal_10m_mosaic_dl.html. or to joint research on Space Application for
Environmental activity that can apply at http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/SAFE/applicants/
apply.proceed.html.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study is carried out as part of Space Application for Environmental (SAFE)
activity. The author would like to thank JAXA and LAPAN for their support.
REFERENCES
Daniel, C. D., Kauffman, J. B., Murdiyarso, D., Kurnianto, S., Sthidham, M., and
Kanninen, M., 2011. Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the
tropics. Nature Geosciences Letters, NGEO1123 (5pp).
Hamdan, O., Aziz, H. K., and Hasmadi, I. H., 2014. L-Band ALOS PALSAR for
biomass estimation of Matang Mangroves, Malaysia,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.029.

Henderson, F. M., Lewis, A. J., 2008. Radar detection of wetland ecosystems : a

review, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29:20, 5809-5835, DOI :
10.1080/01431160801958405.
Imhoff, M. L., 1995. A Theoretical analysis of effect of forest structure on
synthetic aperture radar backscatter and the remote sensing of biomass.
IEEE transaction on geosciences and remote sensing, 33, 2739-2759.
Kuenzer, C., Bluemel, A., Gebhardt, S., Tuan Vo Quoc and Dech, S., 2011,
Remote Sensing of Mangrove Ecosystems: A Review, Remote Sensing,
ISSN 2072-4292 www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing
Lucas, R. M., Mitchell, A., Rosenqvist, A., Proisy, C., Melius, A., and Ticehurst,
C., 2007. The potential of L-band SAR for quantifying mangrove
characteristics and change: Case studies from the tropics. Aqua. Conserv.,
17, 245-264.
Lucas, R. M., Moghaddam, M., and Cronin, N., 2004. Microwave scattering from
mixed-species forest, Queensland, Australia. IEEE Transaction on
Geoscience and Remote Sensing 42, 2142-2159.
Lucas, R., Armston, J., Fairfax, R., Fensham, R., Accad, A., Carreiras, J., Kelley,
J., Bunting, P., Clewley, D., Bray, S., Metcalfe, D., Dwyer, J., Bowen, M.,
Eyre, T., Laidlaw, M., and Shimada M., 2010. An Evaluation of the ALOS
PALSAR L-Band Backscatter—Above Ground Biomass Relationship
Queensland, Australia: Impacts of Surface Moisture Condition and
Vegetation Structure, IEEE journal of selected topics in applied earth
observations and remote sensing, vol. 3, no. 4, 576-593.

Dose Optimisation of Fly Ash and Organic Materials Against the Physical and
Chemical Properties of a Former Coal Mine Land and Also the Growth and
Production of Maize
Wiskandar*, Amrizal Saidi, Yulnafatmawita dan Aprisal**
ABSTRACT
Utilization of coal fly ash as ameliorant on the soil from the former coal mine itself, beside
to improve the physical and chemical properties of the former coal mine soil also to
improve the growth of the plant and also an attemp to control the environmental polution
as a result from the coal burning process as an energy source. Researches into the
provision of fly ash and organic matter to the physical and chemical properties of the soil
of former coal mine and also the growth and production of maize have been implemented
to the former coal mine land which is belong to PT. Nan Riang at Muara Tembesi district
in Batang Hari regency. The purpose of these researches are to ascertain the dose and best
possible combination from the provision of fly ash and organic materials against the
physical and chemical properties of the former coal mine soil and also the growth and
production of maize in the former coal mine soil. The researches were conducted inside
glasshouse by using 15 kg-size experimental pot with provision of coal fly ash in 6
different doses; 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 tonnes per hectare and 2 doses of cow manure as
organic materials; 0% and 5% based on soil weight by using maize plant as an indicator.
Result suggests that the provision of 75 tonnes per hentare fly ash and cow manure as
organic matters based on soil weight can improve pH H2O, pH KCl, Ca, Mg, bases
amount and saturation, Al-dd, H-ss and provides significant effect on the growth and
production of maize, hewever the provision of 60 tonnes fly ash per hectare shows not
significantly different in the growth production of maize nor the chemical properties of the
againt the provision of 75 tonnes per hectare
Keyword: fly ash, Organic Matter, Zea Mays, Mine Soils
Introduction
Coal mine known as an unrenewable natural resource found underground in

various depths, started from the depth around 40 meters. Being a mining material,
coal as one of energy source has to be excavated in order to be processed. In
Indonesia, coal mining is generally done as opened pit mining. Similarly in Jambi,
the mining method is also being done in such an opened pit mining due to the
Page - 40
geology structure, the covering rock layers and due to the inability of coal layer to
support the layers above it.
Jambi is one of the state in Indonesia that is rich in natural resources especially coal
with 42.447 hectares providing almost 1.59 billion tonnes coal which equals to
2.75% of the national coal potential of 57.8 billion tonnes spreading in some
districts in the state such as Merangin, Bungo, Tebo, Sarolangun, Batang Hari, dan
Muaro Jambi. Today production of coal mining in Jambi is around 50 thousands
metric tonnes annually.
Land degradation and soil quality degradation caused by coal mining open pit
mining combined with backfilling system is refilling the former mine pit is due to
the disposal of coal deposit over layer to be excavated and all sorts of soil
impurities covering its surface , so it would also result in addition to excavation
work more cleanly. This method leads to land degradation, among others, the
occurrence of morphological changes in the landscape and the decline in physical,
chemical, and biological properties of the soil. According to Subowo (2011), the
result of the accumulation of soil structure becomes damaged , topsoil mixed or
embedded in the deeper layers (fertile top soil is replaced by the lower layers of the
less fertile soil), as well as soil biodiversity in top layer to be embedded deeper
resulting in damaged or even dead or not functioning properly, and the capacity of
topsoil for plant growth is becoming low.
The selection of the type of ameliorant material in order to improve the physical
and chemical properties is highly dependent on its ability, the amount of
availability, and ease of obtaining the ameliorant material. One of the ameliorant
that can improve soil physical and chemical properties that is available is the coal
mining wastage, namely the use of coal as fly ash.
Fly ash is a solid waste resulting from the combustion process in the furnace at the
steam power plant, which are then carried out by the remnants of the combustion

and the capture by using the electrostatic precipitator. Fly ash is a mineral residue
in the fine grain that is produced from the combustion of pulverized coal in a power
station. Fly ash consists of inorganic substances found in coal that has been fused
during combustion. This material solidifies while in the exhaust gases and is
collected using an electrostatic precipitator. Because these particles solidified
during suspended in the exhaust gases, fly ash particles are generally spherical. The
particles of fly ash collected in the electrostatic precipitator normally in silt sizes
(0074-0005 mm)(Misbachul Munir,2008).
Provision of fly ash can be used for liming purposes because it contains CaO and
MgO. The ability of neutralization of the fly ash has a large variation depending on
the source of ash and weathering processes. Fly ash neutralization power negatively
correlated with the content of Fe and Si and positively correlated with Ca and Mg.
Fly ash neutralization ability is equivalent to 20 -30 % CaCO3 ( Haynes , 2009)
Therefore, returning fly ash to the original place of coal formation, with fly ash
capacity that can be used for the reclamation of coal mined land and because of its
ability to repair and restore the physical and chemical properties of soil, which is
also an effort to manage the solid waste power generation, industrial cement, and
other industries that use coal as an energy source.
Materials and Methods
This study uses some of the materials obtained that is already planned and
measured. Among these materials are: Land composite of the former coal mining
land taken from the new artificial landscape on former coal mined lands which
belongs to PT. Nan Riang in Jebak village, Muara Tembesi sub-district, Batang
Hari district with the depth of land of 0-30 cm or soil surface. For the purposes of
treatment, in this study fly ash will be tested in this study, which is the solid waste
from the combustion of coal as an energy source for electricity generation in the
District Sarolagun, Jambi and organic materials such as cow manure.

Research was carried out in the laboratory stage using a trial pot with size of 0.5 kg
and in greenhouse using 15 kg polybags with the treatment of coal fly ash and cow
manure provision. Trial level factorial design was implemented using the RAL
with two factors , namely the treatment of coal fly ash as 6 levels of 0 , 15 , 30 , 45
, 60 , 75 tonnes per hectare , and organic matter (cow manure) at 3 levels of 0 , 2.5
and 5 % by weight of the soil.
While corn varieties used are Raga Sukma of Parental Seed Centre in Jambi
Province. Each pot experiment were given artificial fertilizers (urea, SP36, and
KCl) was given after the incubation and time of planting with Urea dose of 125 kg
per hectare, SP36 80 kg per hectare, and 80 kg KCl per hectare. Each was given the
same dose for each pot. Observations made on the growth parameters of plants and
production for maize plant.
Soil parameters were observed for the study phase consisted of physical and
chemical properties of the soil such as BV , TRP , Permeability , Stability of
aggregates , C - organic , pH H2O , N - total , P - Available , K – Total, obtained
exchanged base cation, obtained exchanged acid cation. Observation of the growth
of the plant include plant height and number of leaves of plants is done after the
plant was two weeks, then the next measurement was carried out weekly until
maximum vegetative growth until the seventh week, harvesting was done when
reaching the sign of ripening, stover weight and hump weight calculations.
Results and Discussions
Soil analysis was done to the former soil before the ameliorant treatment was
provided; the soil analysis data was found and tabulated in Table 1.

Table 1. The Results of Former Coal Mined Lands Analysis of PT. Nan Riang
Coal Mine.
No Analysis Type Results Criteria
1 pH H2O 4,1 Very Low
2 pH KCl 4,1 Very Low
3 C-Organik 0,29 % Very Low
4 N-Total 0,09 % Very Low
5 C/N 8,4 Low
6 P2O5 2,4 ppm Very Low
7 KTK 2,7 Cmol/100 g Very Low
8 Al-dd 2,65 Very Low
9 H-dd 0,37 Very Low
10 Fe 0,61 -
11 S 0,11 -
12 Pirit 0,21 -
Sumber : * LPT Bogor (1983, cit Hardjowigeno 2003)
Soil Chemical Properties
The Results of soil analysis above explained that the soil reaction fell into acidic
type, P-available fell into moderate category, low base level, high aluminium
saturation. This can be concluded that the soil for this study had poor chemical
properties and fertility rate. The high level of aluminium saturation inhibited the
growth of the roots of the plant creating an acidic reaction soil (Adam dan
Parkinson, 1967). This is consistent with what was said by Hardjowigeno (1986 ) ,
the main problem found in Ultisol is the wry soil reaction, closely associated with
the AL, Fe, Mn activity, and the low-level of P-Available, exchangeable base and
fertility rate.
Soil Sample Analysis After incubation in Tables 2 , 3 and 4 can be said that with a
dose of 0 , 15 , 30 , 45 , 60 , 75 tons per hectare, there was a slight increase in the
pH value and lower exchangeable Al . The increase in pH occurs because coal ash
containing CaO and MgO , where CaO and MgO can neutralize the ions H+, which
is derived from the soil thus the higher the amounts of coal ash provided , the

greater the amount of CaO and MgO are given into the ground , thus increasing the
neutralizing the H + ions from the soil.
Table 2. Effect of fly ash and organic material on the H2O pH on experiments in
the laboratory after 15 days of incubation
Amelioran pH H2O Description
Fly Ash
A5 5,78 A
A3 5,42 AB
A4 5,24 AB
A2 5,08 BC
A1 4,69 C
A0 4,40 C
Organic materials
O2 5,22 A
O1 5,14 A
O0 4,95 A
Figures followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different
according DNMRT test (α = 5 %)
Table 3. Effect of fly ash and organic material on the pH of KCl and Al-dd on
experiments in the laboratory after 15 days of incubation
Amelioran pH KCl Description Amelioran Al-dd Description

A5O2 5,63 A A0O0 3,49 A
A5O1 5,63 A A0O1 1,33 B
A4O1 5,16 AB A0O2 1,33 B
A4O2 5,16 ABC A1O1 1,00 BC
A3O2 4,96 BC A1O0 0,67 CD
A2O2 4,94 BC A2O0 0,67 CD
A5O0 4,91 CD A1O2 0.48 DE
A4O0 4,82 CD A4O0 0,33 DE
A3O1 4,80 CD A5O0 0,33 DE
A3O0 4,69 CD A2O1 0,09 E
A1O0 4,67 CD A1O2 0,04 E
A2O1 4,64 D A3O0 0,04 E
A2O0 4,39 D A3O1 0,04 E
A1O2 4,27 D A3O2 0,04 E
A1O1 4,24 D A4O1 0,04 E
A0O2 4,11 D A4O2 0,04 E
A1O0 4,09 D A5O1 0,04 E
A0O0 4,05 D A5O2 0,04 E

Table 4. Effect of fly ash and organic material on the pH of H2O and KCl on trial
in Greenhouse
Amelioran pH H2O Description Amelioran pH KCl Description

A5O2 6,52 A A5O2 6,20 A
A5O0 5,95 AB A5O0 5,53 B
A4O2 5,93 AB A3O2 5,49 B
A3O2 5,92 AB A4O2 5,43 B
A4O0 5,85 AB A0O2 5,00 B
A3O0 5,75 BC A4O0 4,22 B
A2O2 5,04 BCD A3O0 4,93 BC
A2O0 4,81 CD A2O0 4,38 CD
A1O2 4,70 D A1O0 4,37 D
A0O0 4,49 D A1O2 4,20 D
A0O2 4,55 D A0O0 4,18 D
A1O0 4,37 D A2O2 4,17 D
The main purpose of the use of fly ash as ameliorant in this research is to increase
the soil pH. Increasing the pH by liming reduced the availability of heavy metals (
Alloway, 1995) . Described by Lindsay (1979) , with increasing pH , metal cations
form changed into forms of hydroxide or oxide . This occurs because the increase
in soil pH and increasing the negative charge of the surface of the not fixed-
charged clay minerals. The increase in the pH change of metal ions into compounds
which precipitate.
Analysis of variance showed that the fly ash has significant effect on the change in
soil acidity (pH). Tables 2 and 3 show the increase of pH after incubation (ranging
from 4.95 to 5.78) compared with the initial soil pH (4.1). Increase of pH after the
provision of fly ash in the soil due to former mining areas of fly ash is alkaline in
nature with a pH range of 10.92. Another reason is because the fly ash contains
calcium, which can serve as a lime, so as to increase the soil pH. As stated by

Inthasan et al. (2002), fly ash containing Ca and Mg in high amounts, and are
alkaline (pH 11). This statement is supported by Elseewi, et al, 1976; Phung et al,
1979 and Wolman. 1996, said that coal fly ash reacts with alkaline pH average of
12.5. Administration of fly ash with the higher dose, followed by an increase in pH,
due to the reaction of the fly ash is progressing well. Acidity can be neutralized
with fly ash containing Ca and Mg . Ca and Mg ions react with H + ions, as a
result; Ca2 + is adsorbed on soil colloids resulting H + ions which are dissolved in
the soil is reduced, thus increasing soil pH.
pH of the soil after harvest in Table 4 increased compared to soil pH after

incubation . The final pH (after harvest) the lowest (4.37) is at A0O0 treatment
while the highest (6.52) of all treatments are the treatment A5O2. An increase in
the pH of the soil at the end of the study shows possible presence of Fe2O3
compounds derived from fly ash which acts as a buffer. Fe2O3 Ca ions will bind
and then release it slowly. Therefore, not all Ca ions can be absorbed by plants
during the growing period, so that the soil pH remains increased even after passing
through the incubation period.
Coal ash can increase the availability of P (Table 6), which from Table 6 it can be
said that an increase in the availability of P in line with the increase in coal ash
treatment. Maximum increase occurred in the treatment of 75 tons per hectare with
a value of 81 ppm compared with no treatment. This is presumably because the
silicate can replace P sorption that are on the site , so the anion P will be released
into the soil solution and the site will be occupied by silicate sorption .
Giving silicate can increase soil P content into a form more available to plants.
Sanchez and Uchara (1980) reported that sodium silicate is given to the soil will
break down as follows:
NaH3SiO4 . Na ++ H3SiO4

In the process of liberation of phosphate sorption by the soil components, will

replace phosphate silicate anions through an anion exchange process . Coal ash can
increase the silica content in the soil , where the coal ash from the SiO2 content of
0.5 %. In Table 5 was found that the increase was due to an increase in the
provision of coal ash. Giving coal ash as a silica source means that more Si is given
, then some will be absorbed at the site of Si sorption and some will remain soluble
in the soil solution , however this incident gives effect positively to the availability
of P.
Table 5. Effect of fly ash and organic material to the P2O5 in laboratory
experiments after 15 days of incubation .
Amelioran P2O5 Description

A5O2 81,00 A
A4O2 75,33 A
A0O2 73,67 A
A3O2 66,67 A
A1O2 64,67 A
A0O1 60,67 A
A2O1 51,67 AB
A5O1 42,33 AB
A2O0 39,00 AB
A1O1 32,00 AB
A4O1 30,33 AB
A1O0 29,00 AB
A2O2 28,00 AB
A4O1 27,63 AB
A3O1 25,00 AB
A5O0 24,33 AB
A0O0 1,33 B
A3O0 1,00 B

Table 6 . Effect of fly ash and organic material on the P2O5 and Ca at the trial in
the Greenhouse
Amelioran P2O5 Description Amelioran Ca Description
A1O2 88,67 A A5O2 3,67 A
A2O2 60,67 AB A0O2 3,33 AB
A4O2 32,33 BC A4O2 3,33 AB
A3O2 25,33 C A5O0 3,33 AB
A1O0 20,67 C A3O2 2,33 ABC
A5O2 19,33 C A4O0 2,33 ABC
A2O0 14,00 C A2O2 2,00 BC
A0O2 10,33 C A1O2 1,00 CD
A5O0 10,33 C A2O0 1,00 CD
A0O0 8,67 C A3O0 1,00 CD
A4O0 5,67 C A1O0 0,33 D
A3O0 3,00 C A0O0 0,00 D
Effect of Ca and Mg - dd - dd to the provision of coal ash also increased with

increasing dose of the treatment , even if the criteria are still low . Increased Ca and
Mg - dd - dd maximum occurs in the treatment of 75 ton / ha , respectively of 3.67
me / 100 g and 0.05 me / 100 g compared with no treatment , while the maximum
increase and Na- K - dd dd also occurred in the treatment of 60 tons/ha respectively
of 0.10 me / 100 g and 0.33 me / 100 g . This increase occurred because the coal
ash containing CaO, MgO 4.55, respectively ; 2.22% .
Table 7 . Effect of fly ash and organic material to Mg on trial in Glass Houses
Amelioran Mg Description
Fly Ash
A5 0,33 A
A0 0,17 A
A2 0,17 A
A3 0,17 A
A4 0,17 A
A1 0,17 A
Organic Mater
O2 0.33 A
O0 0,06 A

The increase of bases value can be changed through the provision of coal fly ash
due to the presence of bases that is provided from the coal fly ash to the Oxisol.
According to Hakim et al (1986), Ca and Mg that was provided into the soil served
as Ca and Mg source to the soil beside its main purpose of increasing soil pH. The
increase of coal fly ash into the soil showed direct effect by directly increasing its
contribution of K and Na into the soil solution. This condition increased the K and
Na amount in the soil. The decrease of Al-dd of the soil is suspected due to the
increase soil pH value. According to Adriano 1980 cit. Sugiyarto, 1996, for
reclamation of soil with pH of 4.4 and 5.0, 70 tonnes per hectare coal fly ash is
needed.
OH - compounds in the Al + 3 land capable of binding to a compound formed Al (

OH) 3 is precipitated . This resulted in a decrease in soil exchangeable Al content .
Jones and Handreck (1967 Hermansah CIT (1993 ) stated that Al oxides readily
reacts with soluble silicate. This can also be attributed to what is said Iller (1995
CIT Sari , 1998) , polisilisik acid will react with metals have at least one hydroxyl
group , this gives a greater chance of occurrence of the Si and Al .
Table 8. Effect of fly ash and organic material to the total bases and Base
Saturation on trial in Glass Houses
Base
Amelioran Amount of Base Description Amelioran
Decription
Saturation
A5O2 5,00 A A5O2 182,33 A
A0O2 4,67 AB A4O2 165,67 A
A5O0 4,67 AB A3O2 164,67 A
A4O2 4,33 AB A4O0 156,00 AB
A3O2 3,67 ABC A0O2 116,33 ABC
A4O0 3,33 ABCD A5O0 116,33 ABC
A2O2 3,00 BCDE A2O2 115,67 ABC
A1O0 2,00 CDE A3O0 112,00 ABC
A3O0 2,00 CDE A2O0 87,00 BCD
A2O0 1,67 DEF A1O2 81,00 BCD
A1O0 1,33 EF A1O0 71,33 CD
A0O0 0,00 F A0O0 26,00 D

Growth and Production
Results of analysis of variance showed that the administration of the coal ash with
organic matter significantly affect plant height , number of leaves , plant dry weight
and nodule weight of corn plants is shown in Table 13 and 14.
Table 13. Effect of fly ash and organic matter on plant height (cm) and
Exgrescence wieght (gr) experiment in Greenhouse
Amelioran Plant Height Description Amelioran Excrescence Description
(cm) weight(gr)
A4O2 135,67 A A4O2 94,67 A
A2O2 132,67 A A3O2 93,33 A
A3O2 131,00 A A5O2 92,33 A
A0O2 129,67 A A2O2 86,67 A
A1O2 126,33 A A1O2 71,67 AB
A5O0 117,00 AB A0O2 65,00 ABC
A5O2 115,00 ABC A5O0 65,00 ABC
A3O0 98,33 BCD A2O0 45,33 BCD
A2O0 91,67 CDE A3O0 42,00 BCD
A4O0 91,00 DE A1O0 41,00 CD
A1O0 90,00 DE A0O0 36,67 CD
A0O0 72,00 E A4O0 34,33 D
The addition of coal ash at 60 t ha- 1 and 5 % organic matter of the soil weight can
increase the maize plant height increase .However the increase of coal fly ash
dosage that was included with the height enhancer is not significant. The increase
of growth of the plant was caused by the increase level of nitrogen, phosphor and
kalium which absorbed by the maize plant. The increase of coal fly ash provision
and organic materials into the soil accelerate the process of mineralization of
organic matter (khan and Khan, 1996), thus increasing the availability of nitrogen .
Lee et al (2007 ) reported that the land was given to the amount of 120 tonnes per
hectare coal fly ash in south Korea lead to an increase of P in soil thus also increase
the soil pH level. Further research Swain et al . (2007 ) in rice and groundnut
showed that administration of coal ash in rice and peanuts can increase the uptake
of N, P and K by 106-149 % .

The increase of nutrient supply in the soil for the plant growth is due to the increase
of coal fly ash provision into the soil. Another explanation is suspected to be
related with the tolerance level of the plant itself to the level of the acid in the soil.
The provision of maximum dose of coal fly ash to the soil can increase the pH level
of the soil thus the required nutrient content for the plant growth is available. As
stated by Hart et al.(2003) the administration of coal fly ash can increase the pH
level of the soil and also repair the soil properties by increasing the amount of
soil‘s macro and micro content such as P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu dan Co.
Other than being the nutrient source to the plant, organic materials also contain
various functional groups compound which in hydrogenated form can increase the
ability of the soil to bind heavy metal (Parfitt, 1995). The content of humic
compounds in soil organic fractions ranging from about 10 to 20 % ( Tan , 1993) .
Conclusion
Analysis results show presence of interaction between coal fly ash and the organic
materials from cow manure based on the soil weight in term of plant growth, the
knob weight of maize. Coal fly ash and organic materials were also taken part in
increasing the pH level of H2O, KCl, Ca and Mg, then also the amount of bases
and porous space, and also decreasing the slow drainage pore and the agregat
stability.
The results also show that the provision og 75 tonnes per hectare coal fly ash and
5% organic materials based on soil weight can improve the pH of H2O, KCl, Ca
and Mg, the amount of bases, base saturation, Al-dd, H-dd, and also significantly
effecting the growth and production of maize, however the provision of 60 tonnes
per hectare coal fly ash statistically increase the production but not significantly
different with the provision 75 tonnes per hectare fly ash

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Agricultural Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant Science 57, 201-211

DISASTER MITIGATION IN DISASTER PRONE AREA SIMEULUE OF
ACEH PROVINCE
DESI SRI PASCA SARI SEMBIRING

Sekolah Pascasarjana Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan USU Medan
Jl.Prof. T.Maas.Medan
email: kifa_gs@yahoo.com
ABSTRACTS
Simeulue is categorized as the prone area which experienced the earthquake and tsunami,
the BPBD (Regional Disaster Response Board) of Simeulue recorded strong earthquake
and tsunami occurred in 1907. Furthermore, on November 2, 2002 an earthquake reaching
9.3 on the Richter Scale (SR), December 26, 2004 reached 9.1 magnitude and tsunami
reached 30 meters, March 3, 2005 9.1 magnitude earthquake, February 20, 2008, April 5,
2009, August 18, 2009 and December 19, 2009. January 16, 2011 an earthquake 5.9 SR,
January 18, 2011 5.7 magnitude force on April 5, 2010 with a strength of 7.2 Richter. On
October 17, 2011 in Simeulue earthquake occurred again with a magnitude of 5.2 SR and
January 11, 2012 with a strength of 7.1 SR and April 2012 with a strength of 8.5 Richter
Scale. The research problem is how the most appropriate mitigation in disaster-prone
areas. Data was collected through interviews, literature studies and field observation. The
method of analysis used descriptive. To complete the analysis used descriptive explanation
of the CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis). Disaster mitigation that can be developed in
the area of Simeulue as disaster-prone areas are: information distribution system (1.49) and
the evacuation area (1.26)
Keywords: Mitigation, disaster, Information Distribution, Traditional Knowledge,
Introduction
The experience of disaster incidence within the last twenty years in some parts of
the world has increased all people‘s awareness of thinking about the ways of
mitigating and managing the risk of the disaster. Up to the present time many
international agencies, pioneered by the United Nations, have formulated the
method and the strategy for the program of mitigating the risk of disaster in various
regions. All actions toward it are aimed to mitigate and to curb the disasters which
are threatening.
It seems that the impact of disasters become worse and worse. There are some
factors which cause it, such as the increasing number of people who live in the
Page - 55
viciny of the prone area of disaster, the lack of alertness and preparedness,
mitigation in the governmental level, and the lack of people‘s awareness of
preparing themselves in facing disaster.
Besides the incidence of earthquakes and tsunami in Aceh and Nias in December,
2004, Indonesia still undergoes various disaster incidences such as tsunami,
tremendous floods, landslides, hurricanes, threatening volcano eruptions, and forest
fire. Indonesia as the member of the United Nations has showed its positive attitude
and commitment in the issue of mitigating the risk of disaster. The issuance of
laws, government regulations, and the Regulation of the Minister of Internal
Affairs in Indonesia are the reality that the government cares about disaster
problem in Indonesia.
Disaster mitigation is a systematic effort in reducing the risk of disaster, either

structurally through the construction of physical facility and infrastructure or non-
structurally through institutional legal provisions, laws, and regulations and
through trainings (Latief, 2008). Disaster mitigation is an attempt to eliminate or
mitigate the threat. The example of this preventive action is by making artificial
rain for preventing from the incidence of drought in a certain area, prohibiting or
terminating illegal cutting, planting alternative plants for staple foods, and planting
trees on the sloping mountain. Mitigation is an attempt to mitigate or reduce a risk.
Some examples of mitigating or reducing the threats are constructing dams, dikes,
and canals for controlling flood, the construction of dams, rivers, and so on. Some
others are decrees and the implementation of regulations, sanctions, rewards on
land use, residences, building regulations, providing infomation, counseling,
organizing educational curriculum, and mitigating disaster.
Local wisdom constitutes local concepts which are wise, full of abilities, and good
behavior embedded and followed by the community (Sartini, 2004). According to
Kongprasertamorn (2007), local wisdom is referred to the knowledge which comes

from the experience of a certain community and is the accumulation of local

knowledge. It is found in a community and in individuals. Revitalizing local
wisdom is very important in attempting to save people from tsunami. Local
wisdom which is understood and applied in the number of regions has been
confirmed by evidence in reducing casualties. For example, people in Simeulue
District, Aceh Province, have fully understood local wisdom which they called it
as Smong. Of around 400 thousand people in Simeulue, only a few of them died
from the tsunami in 2004. Smong is the local wisdom of the people on Simeulue
Island in identifying the phenomena of the coast; it has saved many of them from
tsunami disaster. The yelling of Smong is the early warning for the token of the ebb
tide of the sea water which gives the signal for the people to run away to the hills
immediately. This is the knowledge which comes from the old generation that
underwent the same incidence (tsunami) tens of years ago. Smong has saved the
people on Simeulue Island although geographically the island is very close to the
center of the earthquake. The people on Simeuue Island have been socializing
Smong from generation to generation through folktales and legend by the public
figures so that this term becomes popular and accepted by the people of this island.
Based on the background above, it could be said that Simeulue District is a disaster
prone area, and the writer formulated the problem as follows: What is the most
approprite mitigation for a disaster prone area?
Research Method
The samples of the research were families who dwelled in Simeulue District. The
amount of sample percentage was calculated, based on the reliability level of 95%.
According to Rahmad (2002), the parameter of the samples was based on the
assumption of the population proportion which was calculated with simple
formula:

N
n
N 2  1
where : n = the number of samples

N = population
α = 1 – precision (reliability level)
Based on the formula above, it was found that the number of population was
21,690 families, and the samples were:
21.690
n
(21.690 x0,05 )2  1
= 392,76 (rounded off to 393 families).
Table 2.1 Variable and Parameter of the Research

No Variable Parameter
Mitigation 1. Control and standardization
2. Education for the people
3. Developing early warning
4. Construction of safe houses and schools
5. Understanding rescue methods
6. Provincial Regulation on disaster
7. Evacuation Line
8. Information distribution system
9. Tree Planting
Research Location in Simeuleu District. This district consists of 8 subdistricts, 16

bano/mukim (administrative unit one step above a village) and 135 villages.
Table 2.2. Names of Subdistricts, the number of villages and Dusun (hamlets) in
Simeulue District:
Area Number of dusun
Subdistricts Number of villages
(hamlets)
(ha)
South Teupah 271,53 19 54
East Simeulue 381,73 29 86
West Teupah 193,95 18 52
Middle Simeulue 265,28 24 75
Teluk Dalam 138,79 10 26
Salang 222,73 16 44
West Simeulue 415,99 14 50
Alafan 235,12 8 28
Total 2125,12 138 415
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics of Simeuleu District, 2011

The technique of gathering the data was done by using Focus Group Discussion
(FGD) or group discussion. This method relied on the gathered data or information
from the interaction with informants or respondents, based on the result of the
discussion in a group which was focused on doing the discussion in settling a
certain problem. This FGD was done during the data gathering from public figures
(village heads, religious figures, and traditional figures), woman representatives,
teenager representatives, old people representatives, children, and other laymen.
Each representative became the participant of FGD in the research. In the process
of FGD, each respondent gave information according to the questions asked by the
other respondents. Descriptive analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
which described the facts in each study were used to describe the mitigation of
disaster risk in the research area.
Result and Discussion
Disaster mitigation is a series of attempts to mitigate disaster risk, either through

physical development or through the awareness and improvement of the ability to
face disaster (PP No. 21/2008). Mitigating disaster risk is done systematically; it is
very important to be be done in the disaster prone area of Simeulue Island. Some
factors are considered important in influencing mitigation program, as they are in
Table 3.1 below:
Table 3.1 Disaster Mitigation Coefficient
No Indicators AHP Coefficient
1 Information Distribution System 1,49
2 Evacuation line 1,26
3 Understanding rescue method 1,17
4 Tree planting 1,11
5 Constructing safe houses and schools 1,00
6 Perda on Disaster 0,91
7 Control and Standardization 0,90
8 Developing early warning 0,70
9 Education for the people 0,26
Source : Processed Primary Data (CFA), 2013

The people in Simeulue is very familiar with the information distribution system in
mitigating the risk for disaster of tsunami (big waves) in the form of Smong (local
dialect for tsunami) in which the village leaders will immediately know about it.
When the token of the coming of big wave/Smong/tsunami, the village leaders will
yell the word, ―Smong‖, followed by the sound of beduk from the mosques and
kentong. They order the whole villagers to run away to the hills nearby by taking
their tents, rice, pans, cooking pots, and other valuable documents. In this system,
the yelling of the word, Smong will be followed by the whole people, and they will
follow the phases of the instructions. Therefore, information distribution system
gets the coefficient of 1.49 in the ressearch which indicated that there was
significant correlation between mitigation and local information distribution
system. Information distribution about earthquake, tsunami, and their
characteristics is a very important indicator in the community. As it has been
mentioned above, information about earthquake and big wave (Smong) has been
done from generation to generation. Information distribution about Smong is also
done from generation to generation through pantun, poems, and tales before
children go to bed and through local dances which are spread through traditional
media. In the household level, the tale about big wave is known well by each
family member, from little children, teenagers, to old people. The close relationship
with disaster has caused each community member has the sense of alertness and
preparedness in order to be safe. Traditional media, which is also called people‘s
media, acts as people‘s art. In this case, Jahi (1988) defines traditional media as the
type of verbal, oral, and visual movements which is known very well by the people.
It is accepted and displayed for people‘s pleasure, but it also announces, explains,
teaches, and educates the people.
This case is in line with what Nurudin (2004) says that traditional media cannot be
separated from traditional art which is the art form dug oup from folklores by using
traditional media. Traditional media is usually called as the form of folklore. The

forms of folklore, among others, are a) folk prose (legend, fairy-tales), b) folk
expression, sayings, proverbs, c) folk poetry, d) folksongs, e) folk theater, f)
gestures, g) memory device, and h) musical instruments (kentong, bedug, and
gongs). Traditional media used to be a set of important social communication. But
today, it changes, like in the Philippines, Coseteng and Nemenzo state that the
changes occur because a) mass media and modern amusement media such as
printed media, movies, radio, and television exist, b) the use of English at schools
has caused the use of indigenous dialects dwindle, c) not many people from the old
generation are interested in developing traditional media, and d) young people have
changed their interest. This condition also happens on Simeulue Island; since the
coming of MP3 music and the trend of using cellular phones among the young
people, the tale of Smong as local wisdom through traditional media such as
dancing, recital, and song becomes faded.
In the evacuation line at the coefficient of 1.26, the evacuation line which was used
for rescuing people‘s lives had been already known by them, which way was the
nearest from their own homes. Even though simulation was not done, all
respondents said that they knew which direction they had to go. Today, evacuation
lines have been clearly specified by using evacuation markings, the evacuation
lines which are related to the information system already known by the people.The
evacuation lines have also been known since the old days, from generation to
generation, by the indigenous people or by the new comers. By the time the
research was conducted, evacuation lines had been marked so that visitors to this
island would easily trace them. Rescuing oneself from his home to the evacuation
sites when the earthquake occurs, for example, is not uncommon. People have
already known the way out to the evacuation lines. The do not need to wait for
orders or to ask someone else for this alertness because it has been the local
tradition. According to the respondents, they never found any accidence at their
homes, they never fell down when they went down the stairs to the first floor or

when they opened the door, and they were never slipped down or collided with
someone else; they did their job peacefully and calmly. At the time of the
evacuation, they knew what to pack such certificates or other important documents
which were put in one bag. All areas on Simeulue Island have evacuation lines at
the higher places (hilly areas) which are nearest to their residence. This evacuation
sites can accomodate people who are affected by disaster. If one evacuation site has
been full, the evacuees will be moved to another hill. It seems that the evacuation
sites are in bad condition from some aspects such as accomodation, facility and
infrastructure, security, and so on. The result of the survey showed that the hill was
used only when a disaster occurred. The road to the evacuation site was too small
and neglected so that it was very difficult for the evacuees to reach the site quickly.
But some respondents said that there was still time to reach the evacuation site
since the span of time between the earthquake and tsunami is around 30 minutes,
and it was possible for the evacuees to reach the site within this span of time. The
marks along the road to the evacuation sites which were made by BPDB of
Simeulue District were found in some subdistricts.`
In the implementation of the evacuation process for weak people (very old people
and the paralyzed), there are some methods and accessories which are used, but it
highly dependes on the conditions and situations, such the field, condition of the
casualties, the availability of the equipment, and so on. The technique used to take
the sick old people or the paralyzed is by carrying them on the back or carrying
them on a stretcher, such as permanent litter, emergency litter, twilled
cloth/poncho/long sleeve jacket, and rope/webbing. According to Riad (1999),
besides the problem of experience and knoweledge, there is one thing which
impedes the process of decision making to evacuate: the responsibility of the other
family members of protection motivation. The parents usually ignore their own life
for the sake of the other family members, especially children, whereas the children
actualy know very well about tsunami. The important thing to be understood is that

evacuation from tsunami is absolutely the responsibility of each individual.

Therefore, it is important that Tsunami Drill or disaster simulation/training should
be carried out, and various facilities for evacuation should be provided.
Meanwhile, in understading the technique for rescuing at the coefficient of 1.17, it

was found that people had already known the technique how to rescue themselves
and their families when there is an earthquake or a tsunami. This technique has
been known from generation to generation: the characteristic of tsunami is that
tsunami will come after a very strong earthquake occurs and sea water will
immediately recede. Most of the respondents in eight subdistricts said that they had
already known how to save themselves. The new comers also knew about it since
they had been informed by their neighbors.
Indicator of planting trees at the coefficient of 1,11 indicated that this tree planting
was also very important in mitigating disasater in Simeulue District. Tree planting
is also important for mitigating flood in the low land areas on Simeulue Island.
Besides that, it is also used to keep the evacuation area from landslide. The hilly
area as the evacuation site was protected from landslide so that it was still
functioned as the evacuation site. Public participation in planting trees was low
because they lacked of knowledge of the use of trees in arranging hydrological
cycle and micro climate change. The activity of planting trees was not done
optimally. It was only done on the National Environment Day on July 12 and on
Disaster National Day on October 13.
Houses built by the people since the old days (0.90) have been referred to the
concept of earthquake resistant. Houses were made of wood with simple concept,
but they were saved from earthqualke. We could see two-story frame houses in
East Simeulue Subdistrict, in Salang Subdistrict, and in Teluk Dalam Subdistrict.
Earthquake oscillation which routinely occurred in these areas did not cause the
houses to fall down because the foundation was strong enough and the pillars and

trestles were balanced. Nails were used for the fasteners between pillars, walls, and
roofs. New houses also were not fallen down by the earthquake which occurred
regularly because of their balanced proportion. Not all school buildings constructed
in Simeulue District applied the safety concept for the children, but they were all in
the category of earthquake resistant. There was no school building which fell down
and fell on children. Fortunately, the earthquake which occurred on December 26,
2004 occurred when the schools were on holiday so that no children went to school
at that time. Information from the respondents revealed that some school buildings
fell down and swept away by big wave. It was different from what happened to the
earthquake in Padang (2009) when the earthquake with 7.6 Richter Scale occurred
in the afternoon, and many children who were still studying in the classrooms were
buried under the pile of ruins.
Perda (Provincial Regulation) on disaster (0.91) is one of the important things since
it becomes the basis for the birth of various government policies to anticipate the
incidence of the next disaster. Some of the policies, among others, are as follows:
Indonesia has built the construction in mitigating disaster risk through the national
policy in Mitigating Disaster by the issuance of Law No. 24/2007 on Mitigating
Disaster. The law clearly states that each individual has the right to live safely. The
Regulation of the Head of BNPB No. 3/2008 on the Gudelines for Establishing
Regional Disaster Response Board in Aceh Prtovince had issued Qanun Aceh No.
5/2010 on Disaster Mitigation, and BPBA of Aceh Province and BPBD (Regional
Disaster Response Board) Simeulue were established. These institutions prove that
Indonesia has participated in disaster risk mitigation.
Control and standardization at the coefficient of 0.90 indicated that anything was
done by village leaders on controlling and making sure that all community
members had run away safely to the hills and left everything without forgetting to
take tents to be used as shelter, cooking pots, rice, and other important documents.
Usually, the village leaders would spontaneously control and make sure that no

person went back to pick up their belongings such as motorcycles and electornic
devices. One of the seven casualties of tsunami in 2004 came back to his house to
pick up his motorcycle. This case has become the system of the community since
the old days and the local wisdom saved Simeulue people, basides the information
distribution of Smong.
Education for the people at the coefficient of 0.26 indicated that education for the
peole, which was intended to mitigate disaster, did not have much influence on
mitigation. This was because, all in all, the people had been familiar with rescuing
themselves from earthquake and tsunami. However, along with over time,
education in mitigation should be improved and should be in line with the local
culture. For example, education in simulation of rescuing should continuously be
done since there are many aspects which can influence the process of rescuing such
as the increasing number of motor vehicles and teenagres‘ habit of installing
headsets which can disturb the distribution of information about the alarm.
The importance of education on disaster, particularly simulation at schools is in

line with Muhri et.al., who state that curriculum in schools in Japan, either in the
elementary schools or in the junior high schools, is integrated into one. For
example, in Kamaishi, Japan, education on how to rescue from tsunami which
began since 2006 has proved its success when tsunami with the height of 10 meters
which occurred in 2011 devastated this town. Only five students died of the total of
1,927 elementary school children and 999 junior high school children of this town.
Education on disaster is integrated not only in the extra-curricular activities but also
in the required subjects such as Mathematics in order to establish strong alertness
and preparedness when the real tsunami occurs.
Early waning at the coefficient of 0.70 indicated that early warning system which
had been established by the people on Simeulue Island since the old days was
stronger than that of TEWS (Tsunami Early Warning System) which was

established on December 26, 2004. This device did not function, and it was known
when the earthquake with 8.8 Richter Scale occurred on April 14, 2012. Siren was
not heard at the time the earthquake occurred and people were afraid if it rang
when there was no earthquake which would make them panicky. It seemed that
people liked to apply local wisdom which had been known from generation to
generation so they would immediately ran away to the safe places. This traditional
wisdom is cheaper and more efficient than establishing sophisticated technology in
tsunami early warning.
In the post-tsunami of 2004, some new school buildings which were constructed by
NGO Cordaid in East Simeulue Subdistrict, in West Tepah Subdistrict, in South
Tepah Subdistrict, and in Salang, had met the requirements of earthquake resistant
and safe for children. Each school building had two doors in the front and in the
back of the building and many windows which were opened to the outside so that
the children would easily get out through the windows when earthquake occurred.
The children also larned how to be alert and well-prepared in the rescuing
simulation regularly. According to Albani (2011), the type of the building which
had earthquake resistant system was light and daktail (hard to break and elastic).
The lighter the building in receiving the rocking load is, the less the rocking. On
the other hand, the heavier and the frailer the building is, the more vulnerable it is
to earthquake rocking. These weaknesses make the building vulnerable to
earthquake. From the experience of earthquake disaster, it was found that brick
houses would cause many casualties and losses. The construction of brick houses
meets the requirement for earthquake resistant, the quality of the materials,
implementation method, and the qualification of manpower. According to
Purwanto and Gayatri (2007), the concept of constructing vernacular houses in
Nabire which had traditional architectural wisdom was in line with the concept of
constructing houses for the shelter of disaster casualties. Besides that, they could
minimize the possibility of incidence of the ruins.The construction was planned by

considering quick erection, human beings as the residents, climate, and

environment. This concept was nearly the same as the concept of constructing
frame houses in Simeulue in preventing from the falling down by earthquake.
The establishment of early warning in Simeulue (coefficient of 0.70) was low

SKPD that had to carry out early warning was done by BPBD. But in its
implementation, BPBD faced several problems of human resources and finance.
The budget allocation, according to Misrizal (2012), a BPBD staff, for the disaster
mitigation program was insufficient. In this case, the local government expected
foreign support. In the response to tsunami in 2004, almost 60% of the support
came from foreign countries, either from NGO or from International Red Cross.
Early warning is always needed because this area undergoes tremor earthquake; it
is needed in the emergency situation. But in practice, the early warning from the
government is not functioned. There is only the distribution of local
information/local wisdom when the disaster occurs as the substitution of TEWS
early warning. In the emergency situation in Simeulue, there is no worriness about
the safety because in some areas the population is not dense enough, and so are
motor vehicles. Earthquake is not something which frightens the people since they
are getting familiar with it. Early warning as local wisdom has been owened by
them, and the hilly area as the safe place for them becomes a grace in the disaster
prone area.
Education for the people at the coefficient of 0.26 was small because counseling
about disaster mitigation was rarely provided. It was only presented from
generation to generation through humming, nafi-nafi, fairy-tales, telling stories
before sleep, and recited poetry while swaying babies to sleep. However, after the
tsunami occurred, NGO program helped strengthen local wisdom through local
content at schools about disaster education. According to the Head of the Education
Service Office in Simeulue, there was a plan for including the subject of Local

Content about disaster in the curriculum, but deficit in the budget had caused this
plan to be postponed.
According to Bishnu and Kenji (2004), to reduce the vulnerability of children at

schools from disasSter on Fiji Island, India, and Uzbekistan, the government
established groups of local people who had the capacity in providing disaster
education for children, increassing the government participation in training,
constructing safe buildings for schools, providing evacuation lines, and activating
simulation. According to Setyaningrum (2010), education of disaster mitigation
should be done since the early childhood informally when they are in the
Kindergarten. They listen to the songs which tell about the message and warning of
earthquake. Role-play teaching method is very interesting for children, let alone if
the lyrics are simple and easy to remember such as ―If there is an earthquake, cover
you head. If there is an earthquake, hide under the table. If there is an earthquake,
avoid closing to mirrors. If there is an earthquake, run to the open space.‖
Besides the damage of school buildings, there was also the lack of teachers in
Simeulue, especially in the remote areas such as at Alafan, at Salang, in West
Simeulue, and in Teluk Dalam, for they are difficult to reach by transportation.
They are far from the District capitals, and many teachers who come from the
mainland of Sumatera can only maintain their position from six months to one
year. Therefore, education in Simeulue is left behind, compared with the education
in the main land.
Conclusion and Suggestion
Disaster mitigations which can be developed in Simeulue Island as a disaster prone

area are as follows: 1) Information distribution system (1.49), 2) Evacuation Lines
(1.26), 3) Understanding Rescuing Method (1.17), 4) Tree Planting (1.11), 5)
Constructing safe houses and school buildings (1.00), 6) Perda on Disaster (0.91),

7) Control and Standardization (0.90), 8) Establlishing Early Warning (0.70), and

9) Education for the people (0.26).
In the disaster phases, traditional wisdom which supports the disaster response
process shoould be maintained such as the mitigation of information distribution
system and evacuation lines are the important things to be maintained. The road to
the evacuation sites should accomodate people, especially the groups of old people
and children. If possible, helicopter is provided in the safe area for logistic. The
indicator of information distribution system in the variable of mitigation and the
evacuation sites can be replicated to the other areas which have the same
geographical condition as Simeulue District. Information distribution in this area
uses traditional media in the forms of pantun, proverbs, story before sleep,
humming, and other traditional media. This traditional social media can be
maintained since almost all areas in Indonesia have this kind of potency. Food
reserves should be increased for the preparation for the food standard such as
carbohydrate, protein, mineral, and vitamins (and the availability of tubers or roots,
vegetables, fruit, and cattle) . The next researches related to disaster on Simeulue
Island, from the historical aspect, should be developed in order to maintain local
wisdom in this area in a written form and in publication.
REFERENCES
Albany, M, 2011, Deskripsi Pengetahuan Mandor Konstruksi dalam Bidang
Rekayasa Bangunan Tahan Gempa, Jurnal Penanggulangan Bencana
Volume 2 Nomor 2, Tahun 2011. Hal 9-14
Bishnu,P, dan Kenji,O, 2004 Community Based Disaster Management
Empowering Communitas to Cope with Disaster Risks. United Nation
Centre for Development, Japan.
BNPB, 2011, Jurnal Penanggulangan Bencana, Volume 2 no 1 Juni tahun 2011,
ISSN 2087636X,Jakarta
Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah Kabupaten Simeulue, 2011,

Coburn,A.W,R,J,S.Spence and A.Pomonis. 1994. Mitigasi Bencana (Edisi Kedua)

Program Pelatihan Manajemen Bencana,UNDP.Cambridge Architectural
Reseach Limited.United Kingdom
Jahi, A 1988, Komunikasi Massa dan Pembangunan Pedesaan di Negara- Negara
Dunia Ketiga, PT Gramedia
Kongprasertamorn, K. (2007). Local wisdom, environmental protection and
community development:the clam farmers in Tabon Bangkhusai,
Phetchaburi Province, Thailand. Manusya: Journal of Humanities,10,1-10.
Krishna dan Ayu K, 2006, Pendidikan Siaga Bencana Gempa Bumi Sebagai
Upaya Meningkatkan Keselamatan Siswa, KPP Mitigasi Bencana ITB
Muhari, et.al, 2011, Belajar dari Bencana Jepang. Dampak Tsunami Jepang 2011
Terhadap Manusia: Permasalahan dibalik tinginya angka korban jiwa.
Disaster Control Reseach Center, Tohuku, University
Nurudin, 2004, Sistem Komunikasi Indonesia ,PT Raja Grafindo Persada, Jakarta
Purwanto dan Gayatri, 2007, Arsitektur Vernakular Nabire dan Kondisi Nabire
Pasca Gempa. Jurusan Teknik Arsitektur, Fakultas Sipil dan Perencanaan.
Universitas Kristen Petra.Semarang
Riad J , Norris F, Rubback R, 1999, 'Predicting evacuation in two major disaster;
Risk perception, Social Influence and access to resources' Journal of
Applied Phsyclogy, 29 (5), 918-934
Sartini. (2004). Menggali Kearifan Lokal Nusantara:Sebuah Kajian Filsafat. Jurnal
Filsafat, 37, 111-120.
Sanny A,T. 2007. The Smong Wave From Simeulue. Awakening and
Changing.Pemerintah Kabupaten Simeulue
Setyaningrum, 2010, "Persepsi Masyarakat tentang Mitigasi Bencana Kegempaan
di Kecamatan Pleret, Kabupaten Bantul". Tesis S-2 Yogyakarta; Program
Pasca Sarjana. Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan Universitas Islam
Indonesia
Silbert,M, 2011, Small Island Economic Vulnerability To Natural Disasters,
Dissertation.Graduate School Of The University Of Florida In Partial
Fullfillment Of The Requirements For The Degree Of Doctor Of
Philosophy.University of Florida

EFFECTS OF EXCAVATIONS PEAT COMPOST ON FORMATION AND
STABILITY OF AGGREGATE ULTISOL AND SWEET CORN YIELD”
Zurhalena1), Yudhi Achnopha1) and Elzi Trioksi2)

Lecturer of Agriculture Faculty, University of Jambi1)
Student of Agroekoteknologi Studies Program, Agriculture Faculty, University of Jambi 2)
Abstract
Aggregate stability is very important for agricultural land. The well aggregated soil will
help the functioning of the plant growth factors optimally, whereas the bad aggregated will
cause the plant growth hampered. One effort that can be do to fix the problem on stability
of aggregate Ultisol is by the addition of organic matter. Organic matter has role in
forming soil aggregates and stabilize. Peat is an organic soil and has carbon content (C-
organic content) was much high. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of
peat compost on aggregate formation and aggregate stability of Ultisol and sweet corn
yield. The research was carried out at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of University of
Jambi, Mendalo, Muaro Jambi. Compost and soil analysis is carried out in the laboratory
of soil science, Agriculture Faculty, University of Jambi. The research was carried out in
July and November 2013. The research design used was Random Design Group consists of
6 treatments and four replicates. They are a measure of peat compost: compost without
peat (K0), compost peat 5 ton ha-1 (K1), compost peat 10 ton ha-1 (K2), compost peat 15
ton ha-1 (K3) of peat, compost 20 ton ha-1 (K4), peat and compost 25 ton ha-1 (K5). The
parameters observed in this research include: soil physical which include: bulk density,
total porosity, percent aggregate formed, aggregate stability. Soil chemical properties
which include: C-organic, N-total. The results showed that giving doses of peat compost
20 ton ha-1 can already fix percent aggregate formed until 84,850%. Giving of peat
compost doses 5 ton ha-1 can already improve the stability of soil aggregates be 76,678%.
Giving of peat compost doses 15 ton ha-1 can already raise fresh sweet corn with cornhusk
weights to 21,828 ton ha-1.
Keywords: peat compost, ultisol, aggregate stability, sweet corn
INTRODUCTION
Judging from the breadth, Ultisols have a high potential for the development of dry
land agriculture. However, this land uses the characteristics of the soil face
obstacles that can inhibit the growth of crops, especially food crops if not managed
properly (Prasetyo and Suriadikarta, 2006). Aggregate stability is very important
Page - 71
for the agricultural land and the plantations. Aggregates can create good physical
environment for the plant root development through its influence on porosity,
aeration and water holding capacity (Santi et al., 2008). The soil which have a good
Aggregates will help the functioning of plant growth factors optimally, while poor
soil will impede plant growth. The Soil aggregates can be said to be good if in it
there is a good spread of the pore space, which is contained in the pore spaces
within and between aggregates that can be filled with water and air at the same
steady situation. The good soil which have a good Aggregates will affect the
formation of a stable crumb structure. The Crumb structure of the soil which can
cause the plant roots will easily penetrate due to loose soil, good water movement,
the amount of water retained quite a lot, so the activity of soil organisms both
current overhaul of organic matter resulting in the release of nutrients in the soil
either (Sarief, 1989).
The addition of organic matter in the soil can improve soil physical properties
through its role in the formation of soil structure and increased preponderance and
improve aeration and percolation (Sitorus and Soewandita, 2010). The Organic
materials improve soil physical properties through its function as a granulator
which stimulates granulation of soil particles and the formation of a stable structure
(Stevenson, 1982 in Saidi, 1994).
The Peat soil as an organic soil, which has a carbon content (C-organic content)
high (Wahyunto and Mulyani, 2011). The development of these lands are in large
scale networks require drainage channels fitted with sluice gates to control the
water table throughout the region (Subiksa et al., 2011). The rest of the peat soil
disposal resulting from the creation of drainage channels can be utilized to increase
the organic matter content in the Ultisol. For example, the manufacture of primary
drainage channel (width over 6 m wide and less than 2 cm) with a depth of 50 cm
produces about 200 million tonnes of heavy peat soils within 1 km of the primary
drainage channel excavation. This is a potential for peat excavation drainage are

not used to be used in the rehabilitation of marginal land such as Ultisols.

The weakness of the provision of organic matter in the form of fresh ingredients is
the decomposition of a relatively long time (Lubis and Vidanarko, 2011). In
addition, according Subiksa et al. (2011) peat is very sour because of the levels of
organic acids is very high from the decay of organic matter. Some of the organic
acids, phenolic acid groups in particular, are toxic and inhibit the development of
plant roots, so plant growth is very disturbed. Therefore it is necessary for the
composting of peat before applied to the Ultisol.
The utilization of peat compost on Ultisols will be tested on corn. The corn crop is
a plant that does not conform planted on solid ground as well as the response to the
addition of soil organic matter. In accordance with the opinion Hardjowigeno
(2010) that the more dense the ground it is increasingly difficult to continue water
and penetrated by plant roots. According Aak (1993) the roots of corn plants can
grow well in soil conditions that allow for plant growth. Rukmana (2010) adds the
best soil for corn is ground fertile, friable, contains a lot of humus (organic matter).
METHODS
The experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty
of Agriculture, University of Edinburgh in the village Mendalo Army, District Out
side the City of Jambi, Jambi Muaro. The analysis of compost and soil analysis
carried out in the Laboratory of Soil Science Faculty of Agriculture, University of
Edinburgh and Edinburgh University Faculty of Animal Sciences Laboratory. The
experiment was conducted in July 2013 to November 2013.
This experiment used a randomized block design (RBD), with 6 treatments and 4
replications (group), so there are 24 experimental plots.
The treatment in this study was rate of peat compost consisting of: K0 = control
(without compost peat), K1 = peat compost 5 t ha-1, K2 = peat compost 10 tons ha-
1, K3 = peat compost 15 tons ha-1 , K4 = peat compost 20 tons ha-1 and K5 = peat

compost 25 tons ha-1. The parameters observed in this study: soil bulk density,
porosity, percent aggregates are formed, the stability of the aggregate; C- Organic
and N-total. The observations crops includes corn berkelobot fresh weight and
fresh weight without corn husk corn stems. The data were analyzed by analysis of
variance at 5% level and followed by Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Soil Physical Properties Prior Research
The soil in the study site has poor physical properties, such as: weight volume was
included in the criteria which amounted to 1.419 g cm-3, total pore space including
low criteria of 34.499% by volume, soil organic matter of 6.218% including the
criteria for being, while the stability of soil aggregates of 65.591% (Table 1). This
situation indicates that the soil at the study site had a low level of aggregate
stability.
Table 1. The physical properties of the soil before applying fertilizer in accordance
with the treatment
The Type of Analysis Value Criteria*
Fill weights (g cm-3) 1,419 Medium
Total Pores Space (%) 34,499 Low
Organic Matter (%) 6,218 Medium
Aggregate Stability (%) 65,591 -
Agregate Formed (%) 80,913 -
Texture
Sand 64,770
Dust 5,497 Sandy Loam
Loamy 29,733

The Content of Soil Organic Matter, The Percent of Aggregate Formed and
Stability
The application of compost peat has not significant effect on soil organic C content
(Table 2). The results of the initial analysis (Table 1) inform the study site soil
organic matter is highly enough, the addition of 6.218%, so the application of
organic matter into the soil to respond less. In addition, the soil organic matter
content has not significant effect of peat compost alleged contribution is not
optimal. The peat compost which was given into the soil is not completely
decomposed, it can be seen from the value of C/N compost peat is still high at
37.25.
Giving peat compost significantly affect the percent aggregates are formed (Table
2). Percent sized aggregate form> 2mm in the treatment of 0, 5, 10, and 15 ton ha-1
has not given a real difference. Giving new peat compost can show significant
effect on the percent of aggregate size formed > 2mm in the treatment of 20 and 25
tons ha-1. The percent of the newly formed aggregates showed significant
differences in the doses of peat compost 20 tons ha-1 thought to be caused by the
contribution of peat compost is not optimal. The compost Peat has a value of C/N
is high enough, ie 37.25. The high value of C/N compost peat causes the
decomposition process long enough, it causes the humus which acts as a granulator
to stimulate granulation soil particles has not been established. The percent sized
aggregate form <2mm inversely proportional to the percent of aggregate formed
measuring> 2 mm. The increasing of soil organic matter content, the percent
aggregate form measuring <2 mm tends to decrease as the organic material acts as
an adhesive small aggregates forming larger aggregates so that the aggregate size
of <2 mm have an amount less than the aggregate size of> 2 mm.
The providing compost peat significant effect on the stability of soil aggregates
(Table 2). The results of analysis of variance showed that the stability of soil

aggregates in treatment 5, 10 and 15 ton ha-1 compost peat administration has not
provided a noticeable difference when compared to treatment 0 tonnes ha-1
compost peat. The organic material effect on the aggregate stability of the soil, the
more organic matter content in the soil increased soil aggregate stability. This is in
accordance with the opinion Dariah et al. (2004) that organic matter plays an
important role in the formation and binding and stabilizing soil aggregates. The
binding and stabilizing soil aggregates by organic matter can be done through
physical binding of the primary grains of soil by mycelia fungi, actinomycetes, or
fine roots of the plants. The composting is a fairly short time (± 1 month) percent
of the aggregate value is formed and the stability of the highest aggregate value at
the dose of 20 tons ha-1, respectively at 84.850% and 84.789%. It is possible with a
longer composting time will provide greater opportunity to percent organic matter
decomposes to form aggregates and aggregate stability would give a higher value
even possible in the treatment of less than 20 tons ha-1 administration peat
compost.
Table 2. The percent of aggregates formed after administration of peat compost
Organic Matter Aggregates Formed (%) Aggregate
Treatment Stability (%)
(%) Θ > 2mm Θ < 2mm
K0 6,435 a 79,910 b 20,090 a 66,141 c
K1 7,138 a 82,080 ab 17,920 ab 76,678 ab
K2 6,658 a 83,050 ab 16,950 ab 78,117 ab
K3 6,688 a 82,652 ab 17,348 ab 69,954 bc
K4 6,787 a 84,850 a 15,150 b 84,789 a
K5 7,125 a 84,720 a 15,270 b 81,248 a
Note: The figures which are followed by the same letter in the same column are not
significantly different according to Duncan test at 5% level. K0: 0 tons / ha, K1: 5
tons / ha, K2: 10 tons / ha, K3: 15 tons / ha, K4: 20 tonnes / ha, K5: 25 tons / ha.
The Weights Volume (BV) and Total Pore Space (TRP) Land
Table 3 shows a decrease in weight due to the increasing volume of peat compost
dose given into the ground. Giving peat compost at doses of 0 tonnes ha-1, 5 ton

ha-1, 10 ton ha-1, and 15 tons ha-1 has not significant effect. While on treatment
provision peat compost 20 tons ha-1 was able to demonstrate a real effect when
compared with the treatment without the administration of peat compost (0 tonnes
ha-1) and can reduce the weight of the volume of soil to 1.223 g cm-3.
The decrease of the weight volume on the soil with peat compost provision due to
higher organic matter contents of the soil caused by the increase in the doses given
peat compost into the soil. This is in accordance with the opinion of Saidi (1994)
that the organic material that exists between particles of soil are a source of food
for microorganisms, such as organic materials overhauled will form the cavities
between the soil particles, so that the weight of the soil volume will be low. In
addition, there is a relationship between the aggregate weights of the volume of soil
formed. Giving peat compost affect the formation of soil aggregates in a dose of 20
tons ha-1. Soil aggregates that form will result in the space between the larger
aggregates than soils not form aggregates, so that the land was occupied by the air
and reducing the weight of soil volume.
Giving peat compost can not give real effect to the total soil pore space (Table 3).
This can be caused by short-term composting (± 1 month), with a short time so that
the decomposition process is not perfect yet formed granulation soil maximum and
the total value of the pore space is not a real effect. Also, it can be caused by peat
compost administration also has not shown any significant effect on soil organic
matter content, so the organic matter added to the soil can not affect the total soil
pore space. It is accordance with the opinion of Saidi (2006) that the effect of
organic matter to the soil and then to the plant depend on the rates of
decomposition process. The length of the process of decomposition of organic
matter causes soil aggregates formed slightly so it can only result in the space
between the aggregate less than the soil that has a lot to form aggregates.

Table 3. Weight and volume of the total soil pore space after administration of peat
compost
Weights Volume (WV) (gr cm-
Treatment 3 Total Pores Space (TPS) (%)
)
K0 1,365 a 43,250 a
K1 1,320 ab 45,250 a
K2 1,318 abc 43,975 a
K3 1,300 abc 45,025 a
K4 1,223 c 43,875 a
K5 1,225 bc 46,000 a
significantly different according to Duncan test at 5% level. K0: 0 tons / ha, K1: 5
tons / ha, K2: 10 tons / ha, K3: 15 tons / ha, K4: 20 tonnes / ha, K5: 25 tons / ha
The Weight of Fresh sweet Corn
Giving peat compost at doses of 0 tonnes ha-1, 5 ton ha-1, and 10 tons ha-1 has not
significant effect on fresh weight of sweet corn berkelobot. Giving peat compost at
a dose of 15 tons ha-1 was able to demonstrate a real effect when compared with
the treatment without the administration of peat compost (0 tonnes ha-1) and can
increase the fresh weight of sweet corn berkelobot of 4.401 tons ha-1. Fresh weight
of sweet corn without cornhusk tends to increase with increasing dose given peat
compost into the soil. Giving peat compost at doses of 0 tonnes ha-1 and 5 ton ha-1
has not significant effect on fresh weight of sweet corn without cornhusk.
However, the provision of peat compost at a dose of 10 tons ha-1 was able to
demonstrate a real effect when compared with the treatment without the
administration of peat compost (0 tonnes ha-1) and can increase the fresh weight of
sweet corn without cornhusk of 4.073 tons ha-1. While the results of the fresh
weight of sweet corn are highest in the administered dose of peat compost 20 tons
ha-1 which is 17.108 tons ha-1.
Giving new peat compost can exhibit significant effect on the fresh weight and
fresh weight of corn berkelobot cornhusk corn without each at a dose of 15 tons ha-
1 and 10 tons ha-1. It is thought to be caused by the new administration of peat

compost can give real effect on the formation and stability of aggregates Ultisol
soil volume and weight of the administered dose of peat compost 20 tons ha-1. The
physical properties of the soil can affect crop yields. By fixing some soil physical
properties including soil volume weight, total soil pore space and percent aggregate
stability of aggregates formed and to increase crop production. This is in
accordance with the opinion Sarief (1986) that the conditions of good soil physical
properties will increase the availability of sufficient water and air as well as the
development of the roots where it will affect the growth and production of plants.
Table 4. The Weight of fresh corn after administration of peat compost
Weight of Fresh sweet corn Weight of Fresh sweet corn

Treatment -1 without cornhusk (Ton Ha-1)
with cornhusk (Ton Ha )
K0 17,427 b 11,304 b
K1 17,309 b 13,941 ab
K2 18,379 b 15,377 a
K3 21,828 a 16,286 a
K4 21,926 a 17,108 a
K5 22,497 a 16,426 a
significantly different according to Duncan test at 5% level. K0: 0 tons / ha,
K1: 5 tons / ha, K2: 10 tons / ha, K3: 15 tons / ha, K4: 20 tonnes / ha, K5:
25 tons / ha
CONCLUTIONS
Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded as follows:
1. Provision of peat compost dose of 20 tons ha-1 can improve the percent of
aggregate formed to 84.850% and the stability of soil aggregates become
84.789%.
2. Provision of peat compost dose of 15 tons ha-1 can increase the fresh weight of
sweet corn berkelobot to 21.828 tons ha-1. Giving a dose of peat compost 10
tons ha-1 can increase the fresh weight of sweet corn without cornhusk to
15.377 tons ha-1.

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pengelolaan tanah ultisol untuk pengembangan pertanian lahan kering di
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Application of Indigenous Mycorrhizal Fungi and Organic Fertilizers and the
Effect on Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Seedling Growth at Marginal
Land in the Main Nursery
Elis Kartika1, Made Deviani Duaja1 dan Gusniwati1

Agriculture Faculty, Jambi University, Jambi. Indonesia
email: elisk63@yahoo.com
Abstract
Oil Palm is an important commodity in Indonesia and Jambi, but until now the oil palm
productivity is still low. In order to increase the production, it could be done through
expansion the plantation to marginal land where is still very widely available. To
improved the fertility at marginal land, it could be done through application organic
fertilizers combined with mycorrhizal fungi. Oil palm has a high nutrient demand
especially in main nursery. Some experiments showed that mycorrhizal and organic
fertilizers have a benefit to increase oil palm growth. This research was investigated to
obtain the type of indigenous mycorrhizal isolate from marginal lands and which are
effective isolates to combined with organic fertilizer in order to improved oil palm
seedlings growth in the main nursery. This experiment was using factorial pattern with
completely randomized design. The first factor is five indigenous mycorrhizal isolate level
(no mycorrhizal inoculation, inoculated with Glomus sp-3, Glomus sp-6, Glomus sp-15,
and Glomus sp-16), and the second factor is four types of organic fertilizer (no organic
fertilizer, oil palm empty bunch ash 10.0 tons ha -1, oil palm empty bunch compost 20.0
tons ha-1, cow dung compost 20.0 tons ha-1). The results showed that the various types of
mycorrhizal and organic fertilizers and the interaction between the both treatments could
increase the growth of oil palm seedlings. The isolate of mycorrhizal indigenous fungi
Glomus sp-16 and cow dung compost enhances the best growth of oil palm seedlings.
Keywords : Marginal land, mycorrhizal, organic fertilizer, oil palm
INTRODUCTION
Oil palm is an important commodity in Indonesia and Jambi. It takes a very

important contribution to Indonesian economy. The main problem raised in oil
palm plantation is its low production. In order to increase the production and the
quality of this plantation; intensification, extensification and rehabilitation could be
done regularly. In Jambi, extensification could be done through expansion the
plantation to marginal land where is still very widely available. Marginal land has
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low fertility, a shallow solum, low water holding capacity, sensitive to erosion and
has a low pH and high Al levels so as to reduce the availability of Ca, Mg, and P.
Various attempts have been made to utilize the soil and optimize oil palm growth
and production. Sustainable practices in the oil palm plantation involving careful
fertilizers management to reduce excess application over are required in the field.
The application of indigenous mycorrhizal technology combined with organic
fertilizers to increase oil palm growth and production is one of the alternative
strategies.
Indigenous mycorrhizal fungi combined with organic fertilizers can help plants in
nutrient absorption and increase plant resistance to drought, and can improve
fertility soil (physical, chemical and biological soil properties). Oil palm empty
bunch ash, oil palm empty bunch compost and cow dung compost is an organic
fertilizer that is abundant and continuously available. Therefore, the application of
indigenous mycorrhizal where is combined with various types of organic fertilizer
were effective to optimize the rehabilitation of marginal lands.
According Setiadi (2001), Subiksa (2009), and Prasetyo, et al., (2010), mycorrhiza
is an alternative technology to increase growth, increase productivity and quality of
crops mainly grown on marginal lands. This is due to mycorrhiza has various
biological potentials such as in terms of improved plant nutrition, as a protector of
biodiversity, increasing the resistance of plants to drought, is involved in a cycle of
bio - geo - chemical, synergistic with other microorganisms and is able to maintain
plant diversity.
It has been widely demonstrated that mycorrhizal able to improve nutrient

absorption and enhance plant growth. Nutrients are absorbed by plants infected
with mycorrhizal especially P, because P is required in relatively large amounts,
but its availability especially in acidic soils is limited so it often become the
limiting factor in increasing crop production. Kartika (2006) reported that oil palm

seedlings that symbiosis with mycorrhizal provide growth and seed nutrient uptake
responses is higher than non-mycorrhizal seedlings in each drought stress as well
as more efficient use of water than without mycorrhizal seedlings.
Besides of mycorrhiza, to get a good growing medium, marginal lands require

growing environmental management and cultivation techniques, including the
supply of nutrients through fertilization. To reduce bad impact of inorganic
fertilizers, the use of organic fertilizer is an advantageous alternative, to restore soil
fertility in order to maintain land productivity as well as for environmental
sustainability. Organic fertilizers also can improve the physical and chemical
properties of the soil, also increase the activity of soil microbes. Ash and compost
of oil palm empty bunch and cattle dung compost application able to act as a
substitute for inorganic fertilizer that are cheap, abundant and continuous available
with nutrient content reasonably sufficient to replace sources of nutrients that
plants need.
This research was investigated to obtain the type of indigenous mycorrhizal isolate
from marginal lands and which are an effective isolates to combined with
organic fertilizer in order to improved oil palm seedlings growth in the main
nursery.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted in Agriculture Research Farm, Jambi University,

Jambi. The research was using factorial experiment that arranged as completely
randomized design with three replications. The first factor is the indigenous
mycorrhizal types, consists of five levels: M0 (no indigenous mycorrhizal
inoculation), M1 (isolate of Glomus sp-3), M2 (isolate of Glomus sp-6), M3 (Isolate
of Glomus sp-15) and M4 (Isolate of Glomus sp-16). The second factor is types of
organic fertilizer composed of 4 levels ( K0 = No organic fertilizer, K1 = oil palm
empty bunch ash 10.0 tons ha-1 , K2 = oil palm empty bunch compost 20.0 tons ha-

1
, K3 = cow dung compost 20.0 tons ha-1). The growth variables measured were
seedling height, stem diameter, number of leaves and dry weight of seedling.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Adding of Seedling Height
Table 1 shows that adding of seedling height on M0 (no mycorrhiza), M1 (Isolate

of Glomus sp-3), and M2 (isolate of Glomus sp-6), for all treatments of various
types of organic fertilizer application showed no significantly different, while the
M3 (isolate of Glomus sp-15), the highest adding of seedling height is obtained in
the Ko (no organic fertilizer) and K2 (oil palm empty bunch compost) and the
lowest in the K1 (oil palm empty bunch ash). Furthermore, in all treatments
application of various types of organic fertilizer, M0 (no mycorrhiza) showed the
lowest adding of seedling height and significantly different from other treatments.
In the treatment of K3 (cow dung compost), M4 treatment (isolates of Glomus sp-
16) gives the highest seedling height compared to other treatments.
Table. 1. Mean of adding of oil palm seedling height at every treatments of

indigenous mycorrhizal isolate and organic fertilizer type
Isolate Organic Fertilizer Type
Mycorrhiza K0 K1 K2 K3 Mean
M0 3,92 a 4,25 a 3,58 a 2,58 a 3,58
A A A A
M1 34,58 a 44,33 a 38,17 a 37,23 a 38,58
B C B B
M2 36,08 a 38,58 a 39,78 a 37,33 a 37,95
B BC B B
M3 45,20 b 26,72 a 41,33 b 38,17 ab 37,85
B B B B
M4 43,40 a 47,67 a 47,25 a 69,67 b 52,00
B C B C
Mean 32,64 32,31 34,02 37,00
Note : Values followed by uppercase within the same column and lowercase within the
same a row are not significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 using Duncan‘s Multiple
Range Test (DMRT).

Adding of Seedling Stem Diameter
Table 2 shows that in the single treatment of various types of mycorrhizae, M0 (no
mycorrhizal inoculation) showed the lowest of adding of oil palm seedlings
diameter and significantly different from other treatments, except the M2 (isolates
Glomus sp-6). The highest of adding of seedling stem diameter tend to be
obtained on the M4 treatment (isolates Glomus sp-16). In the treatment of various
types of organic fertilizers application shows that the lowest an increase in the
diameter of oil palm seedlings obtained in the K0 (no organic fertilizer) and
significantly different from other treatments, except the K1 treatment (oil palm
empty bunch ash). The highest of adding of stem diameter of oil palm seedlings
tend to be obtained at K4 (cow dung compost).
Table 2. Mean of adding of oil palm seedling stem diameter at every treatments
of indigenous mycorrhizal isolate and organic fertilizer type
Isolate Organic Fertilizer Type
M0 5,12 6,17 4,78 6,13 5,60
A
M1 8,02 8,92 8,20 8,37 8,38
B
M2 7,40 7,33 8,08 7,68 7,63
AB
M3 5,88 6,90 13,23 8,97 8,75
B
M4 6,28 8,58 8,17 13,88 9,23
B
Mean 6,54 a 7,62 ab 8,50 b 9,01 b
Range Test (DMRT).
Adding of Number of Seedling Leaf
On various types of mycorrhizal treatment, M0 (no mycorrhiza) shows the lowest

of adding of number of seedling leaf and significantly different from other
treatments, except M1 (isolate of Glomus sp-3). While on the organic fertilizer

treatments, all treatments showed no significant differences in adding of seedling

leaf number (Table 3).
Table 3. Mean of adding of leaves number of oil palm seedling at every

treatments of indigenous mycorrhizal isolate and organic fertilizer type
Isolate organic fertilizer type
M0 3,83 3,50 5,33 4,17 4,21
A
M1 5,17 5,50 5,33 4,33 5,08
A
M2 4,67 6,17 5,50 4,50 5,21
B
M3 6,00 5,17 4,83 5,17 5,29
B
M4 4,67 5,17 6,50 6,83 5,79
B
Mean 4,87 a 5,10 a 5,50 a 5,00 a
Range Test (DMRT).
Dry Weight of Seedling
In the treatment of various types of mycorrhizal isolates, the lowest of dry weight
of seedling is in M0 (no inoculation of mycorrhiza) and significantly different from
other treatments except M1 (isolate Glomus sp-3). In the treatment of various types
of organic fertilizer application, it appears that K0 (no organic fertilizer) shows the
lowest of the dry weight of oil palm seedlings and significantly different from other
treatments (Table 4).

Table 4. Mean of dry weight of oil palm seedling at every treatments of

indigenous mycorrhizal isolate and organic fertilizer type
Isolate organic fertilizer type
M0 18,67 19,93 20,00 22,87 4,21
A
M1 33,70 63,60 47,30 50,07 5,08
A
M2 26,40 46,13 45,93 43,57 5,21
B
M3 21,83 46,10 49,53 51,10 5,29
B
M4 22,37 48,20 59,07 76,67 5,79
B
Mean 24,59 a 44,79 b 44,37 b 48,85 b
Range Test (DMRT).
Discussion
The results of this study indicate that the variability of growth of oil palm seedlings
inoculated mycorrhizal isolate is generally better than no mycorrhizal seedlings as
shown in all the observed variables. Similarly, the application of treatment of
various types of organic fertilizers, growth of oil palm seedlings were combined
with the organic fertilizer is better than non-organic fertilized (Table 1-4).
Mycorrhizal seedlings showed the higher increasing of seedling height (Table 1),
seedling stem diameter (Table 2), the number of leaves (Table 3) and seedling dry
weight (Table 4) were compared to non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Mycorrhizal plants
can assist in the absorption of water and nutrients; mycorrhizal hyphae that form
intensively will assist and facilitate the plant to absorb water and nutrients. These
results are in accordance with several studies have reported that application of
mycorrhizae increase the dry weight of roots and canopy on the cocoa plant (Sasli,
1999), as well as increasing of the growth Ipomea sp. (Amaya-Carpio, et al.,
2009), increasing the growth of the oil palm (Phosri, 2010).

Application of mycorrhizal isolates were able to increase the growth of oil palm
seedlings. It is caused by an enzyme mycorrhizal phosphatase able to free up
available P in the soil. ATP is the energy source to perform a variety of metabolic
processes in the plant body. P nutrient availability will affect the formation of ATP.
The presence of mycorrhizae can increase the absorption of nutrients, especially the
element of P. Increasing P content in plant tissues may accelerate cell division,
especially in the plant meristem tissue resulting in further on the growth and yield
(Muzakkir and Hardaningsih, 2010).
Mycorrhizal ability to improve and enhance plant growth associated with its role in
the absorption of phosphorus (Kartika, 2006; Widyati, 2007; Purnomo, et al., 2008;
Zuhry and Puspita, 2008; Sasli, et al., 2008; Ramirez, et al., 2009; Borde, et al.,
2009; Hwang, et al., 2009). Increasing of P uptake by mycorrhizal plants largely
due to external hyphae of mycorrhizal root systems that act as external hyphae
which provides a surface that is more effective in absorbing nutrients from the soil
which is then transferred to the host root.
All types of mycorrhizae in this research (Glomus sp-3, Glomus sp-6, Glomus sp-
15, and Glomus sp-16) have the potential to be used in oil palm plantations,
especially if combined with organic fertilizer. In the single treatment, application of
organic fertilizer type shown that oil palm seedlings were combined with organic
fertilizer appeared to have a higher increasing of stem diameter and seedling dry
weight than non-treated of organic fertilizer. This is due to organic fertilizer can
improve fertility of chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil, as well as
a source of plant nutrients. Organic fertilizer or organic matter is the main source of
soil nitrogen and organic fertilizers in the soil will be overhauled by
microorganisms into a humus, or soil organic matter. Although it contains low
nutrients and slow decaying, organic matter is important in : ( 1 ) providing macro
and micro nutrients such as Zn , Cu , Mo , Co , Ca , Mg , and Si, ( 2 ) increase the

cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil, and (3) can react with metal ions to
form complex compounds.
Oil palm seedlings inoculated with Glomus sp-16 (M4) and combined with cow
dung compost (K3), gave the best growth response as indicated by all variables
observed. This is due to mycorrhizae can absorb organic phosphate and convert it
into inorganic P that can be absorbed by plants.
Furthermore, cow dung compost can increase the growth and development of oil
palm seedlings because this compost contains a high of N, P and K that can
supply the necessary nutrients and improve soil structure. In good soil, solubility
inorganic elements will increase, and the availability of amino acids, sugars,
vitamins and bioactive substances are resulted from the activity of effective
microorganisms in the soil will increase, so it becomes more optimal plant growth.
CONCLUSION
The various types of mycorrhizal and organic fertilizers and the interaction
between the both treatments could increase the growth of oil palm seedlings at
marginal land in the main nursery. The isolate of mycorrhizal indigenous fungi
Glomus sp-16 and cow dung compost enhances the best growth of oil palm
seedlings.
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Utilizing Various Types of Organic Composts as Ameliorant in
Accelerating Reclamation of Ex Coal Mining Land
Lizawati, Gusniwati, Dedy Antony dan Weni Wilia
Agroecotechnology Study Program, Agricultural Faculty, University of Jambi

Kampus Pinang Masak Mendalo, Darat Km-15 Jambi 36361
Phone/Fax : +62 741-583051
E-mail : liza_wati@unja.ac.id
Abstract
The aims of research were to find out type of the best organic compost as
ameliorant for ex coal mining land and to obtain best organic compost ingredients
for growing oil palm seed in pre nursery stage. The study was done in three steps,
that were; 1) Chemical analysis of some organic compost source (top soil, empty
fruits bunch (EFB), municipal waste, ash of EFB); 2) amelioration of former coal
mining land using organic compost (with some level compositions, 25%; 50% and
75%; and 3) Oil palm seedling in soils which have been applied organic compost.
Trials were conducted in randomized group design with one factor, that was
various composition of compost (p0 = top soil but not from ex coal mining land,
p1 = compost of EFB 25%, p2 = compost of EFB 50%, p3 = compost of EFB
75%, p4 = compost of m9unicipal waste 25%, p5 = compost of municipal waste
50%, p6 = compost of municipal waste 75%, p7 = compost of ash of EFB 25%, p8
= compost of ash of EFB 50%, p9 = compost of ash of EFB 75%). The result
showed that based on chemical analysis from top soil, EFB, urbane organic waste,
and ash of EFB had good enough chemical properties to be applied as soil
improver after coal mining activity. Former coal mining land ameliorated using
various composition of organic compost and after 15 days incubation indicated
increasing of nutrients (N,P,K), pH, and soil C-organic. Improving ex coal mining
soil using EFB compost resulted higher average growth of oil palm seed than
compost from urbane waste and compost of ash of EFB. Treatment using EFB 50%
obtained the highest result in variables of seed height, diameter, and number of leaf
than other treatments.
key words: Elaeis quinensis, empty fruit bunch, municipal waste, nutrients
Introduction
Oil palm plantation in Jambi Province has become superior commodity and planted
in large scal since midlle 1990s. Almost in every regencys in Jambi Province
developed this commodity through various development pattern, such as private or
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state plantation, by local people, and local-company cooperation pattern (BPMD

Provinsi Jambi, 2007).
The increasing of world demand of oil palm commodity in the future cause some
consequences. One important thing is to enhance its productivity by enlarging the
plantation area that is supported by upgrading pre-harvest technology. Especially,
the development area location is as marginal land category which needs specific
approach to raise land productivity.
One type of marginal soil and having vast area is ex coal mining land. According to
Directorate Technique and Environtment of Mineral, Coal, and Geothermal (2006),
only 20826.58 hectares of 57703.59 hectares have been done for reclamation. It
remains wide area of degraded land. Another problem about reclamation activity
that has been applied cannot create yet best land condition for plant to grow.
Former coal mining area has many constraints to plant growth. Land amelioration
by increasing soil organic matter (SOM) could optimized plant growth, particularly
seedling growth in such that land type. Some sources of SOM are compost, animal
manure, and dust of burning activity. Meanwhile, due to vast area of degraded land
in Jambi Province cause problem in supplying SOM. Potential sources of SOM in
Jambi Province are compost of empty fruit bunch (EFB), ash of EFB and compost
of municipal rubbish.
EFB is waste product of oil palm plant which are abundant every year. It contains
organic matter that can be used as fertilizer. Moreover, utilizing EFB for
agricultural purpose also reduce pollution effect if it is just left as rubbish. In 2008,
production of EFB in Jambi Province was about 1203433 ton with total area
484137 hectares. The productivity of EFB reached 3307 kg per hectares.
Some researches have been conducted related the application of EFB as compost
and dust to fertilize oil palm plantation. Chemical analysis of EFB by Joint Team
of Manufacturing Agronomy and Smartri (2000) showed that EFB compost

ingredients were N .,84%, P 0.36%, K 1.52 % , Mg 0.67 % Ca 1.31%, Cl 0.02 %,

B 35 ppm, Cu 47 ppm, Zn 127 ppm, and Mn 287 ppm.
Henceforth, waste of city also available plentiful and easy to collect. In general,
municipal rubbish that is managed by city agency come from household, shops,
market and offices. The benefit of using compost made from municipal waste not
only help the city to solve the sanitary issues, but also help soil to get better in
chemical, physical an biological properties. So, there are more nutrients for
growing plant better.
The aim of the research was to find out the best organic fertilizer as ameliorant of
ex coal mining soil and to get best organic fertilizer composition for growing oil
palm seedin pre nursery
Methods
Characterizing of organic compost
This step conducted the analysis of macro nutrients available in organic compost
using standard method.
Amelioration ex coal mining soil by applying organic compost at greenhouse
Former coal mining soil were taken from company located in Sungai Gelam
village, District of Sunagi Gelam, Muaro Jambi Regency, Jambi Province.
Furthermore, soils were refined and sieved using 25 mesh size. It would result
fine-grained soil that had wide surface contact with ameliorant. In this step were
used organic matter as ameliorant, which were comprise of compost of EFB, ash of
EFB, and compost of city waste. The treatments made were: control (top soil of
non ex coal mining soil), 25% (3 parts of ex coal mining soil mixed with 1 part
organic fertilizer), 50% (2 parts of ex coal mining soil mixed with 2 parts organic
fertilizer), 75% (1 part of ex coal mining soil mixed with 3 parts organic fertilizer).
After each treatments mingled homogenously, taken 1 kg from each treatments and

put in to plastic bag 2 kg size. All treatments were watered till get saturated and
incubated as long as 15 days (Widyati, 2006). After incubation process finished,
each treatments were taken for macro nutrients analysis.
Oil palm seedling on ex coal mining soils that had been ameliorated with
organic compost
This activity used ameliorated soil from experiment no 2. Each plastic bag that was
contained incubated soil then planted with seed of oil palm. Trials used Randomly
Group Design with one factor, that was various composition of compost (p0 = top
soil but non ex coal mining land, p1 = compost of EFB 25%, p2 = compost of
EFB 50%, p3 = compost of EFB 75%, p4 = compost of municipal waste 25%, p5 =
compost of municipal waste 50%, p6 = compost of municipal waste 75%, p7 =
compost of ash of EFB 25%, p8 = compost of ash of EFB 50%, p9 = compost of
ash of EFB 75%). Every treatments had six replications and every unit contained 4
plants.
Observation was done along 18 weeks to see growth variables that were height,
diameter, and leaf number of oil palm seed. Data taken analyzed statistically using
analysis of variance and if significant value happen continued with Duncan
multiple range test.
Results and Discussions
Organic compost characterization
Result showed that very acid criteria found in top soil treatment. Then normal pH
were found in compost of EFB and urban waste which was the normal value for
organic compost (Isroi, 2008). Meanwhile, ash of EFB pH was very base criteria.
Macro nutrients analysis found N, P, K and C-organic content for all organic matter
sources had high enough category (Table 1). Those chemical data indicated that

organic compost had good enough ingredients to be used as ameliorant of ex coal

mining land.
Table 1. Chemical analysis of top soil, EFB compost, EFB ash and municipal
waste compost
Variable Top Soil EFB EFB Municipal waste
(Method, unit) compost ash compost
pH H2O
4,93 7,40 11,07 6,08
(pH metre)
N-total (Kjedhal, %) 0,24 2,61 0,05 1,98
P available
129,48 686,89 261,07 923,29
(Bray 1, ppm)
K
(saturation with
0,52 1,93 365,01 5,73
NH4OAc, me/100g)
C-Organic
(Walkey& Black, %) 2,65 23,48 0,55 30,39
Note: Laboratory of Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat, Cimanggu Bogor (2013)
Amelioration ex coal mining soil by applying organic compost at greenhouse
Reclamation of former mining land to be farming land can be done by adding good
soil layer, ameliorant, and fertilizer. Ameliorant matter is material that can be able
to repaire and increase soil physical condition and soil fertility. The result
described that amelioration of ex coal mining using various organic compost gave
increasing in macro nutrients, pH and C organic. Table 2 evinced that amelioration
of previous coal mining land applied with EFB compost 25% and 75% and urban
waste compost 75% could increase the highest nitrogen than control treatment after
15 days incubation, aproximately 562.5 % ; 1700 % and 637.5 % respectively.
Phosphor enhanced in range 475,35 % till 6374 % compared with control.

Amelioration using ash of EFB 25 %, 50 % dan 75 % might raise the haighest
kalium content in comparison with EFB compost and urban waste compost around
5962 %, 1165 % dan 26755 % respectively. Enhancement of N, P, K contents as

effect of organic compost application due to the decomposition process of compost

materials that released those unsures to be available for plant.
Table 2. Contents of N, P, K, C-Organik and pH of ex coal mining soil after 15

days incubation using organic compost
%
Treatments N K C-organik
compost P (ppm) pH
(type compost) (%) (me/100g) (%)
/polybag
Ex coal mining 0,08 9,98 0,27 1,28 3,68
land 0
Empty Fruit 25 0,31 67,77 2,9 3,36 4,88
Bunch 50 0,53 193,87 5,84 5,21 6,04
(EFB) 75 1,44 403,87 11,92 12,25 7,55
UrbanWaste 25 0,15 57,42 0,78 4,09 2,44
50 0,22 172,66 1,58 5,68 4,57
75 0,59 344,21 1,1 5,51 10,98
Ash of EFB 25 0,19 376,19 16,37 1,28 9,35
50 0,13 586,07 31,73 1,68 10,06
75 0,1 646,11 72,51 1,72 10,81
Note: Laboratory of Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat, Cimanggu Bogor (2013)
According to table 2, there was increasing in C organic content after applying

organic compost amelioration. The highest C-organic content occured at
amelioration using EFB compost and municipal waste compost at 25 %, 50%, and
75% trials. The same upgarding also happened in pH after 15 days soil incubation
in line with increasing of organic compost composition. Stevenson (1994)
confirmed that organic matter acted as buffer in soil, so it will up soil pH if soil pH
is low. The result research of Widyati (2009) reported that amelioration using
sludge from pulp industry with dosage 25% could upgrade pH in ex coal mining
land to 6.41 after 15 days incubation.
Oil palm seedling on ex coal mining soils that had been ameliorated with
organic compost
Base on analysis of variance indicated that treatments applied using organic
compost gave very significant influence on height, leaf number, and diameter of oil

palm (table 3). The usage of organic fertilizer sourced from empty fruit bunch
(EFB), urban waste, and ash of EFB was very usefull as ameliorant to restore
previous mining land in order making better soil environment to support oil palm
growth. Organic matter has main role in chemical, physics, and biological process
in soil. Adding organic matter in to soil has function as: 1) as nutrients in soil; 2) as
binding material for micro unsure and cations; 3) enhance cation exchange capacity
(CEC); 4) increase fosfor availability (Buckman and Brady, 1982). Moreover,
organic material contained in compost can be used as energy supply for soil
microorganism living and all at once add more nutrient for plant.
Table 3. Analysis of variance on oil palm seedling growth in ex coal mining

ameliorated with organic compost
Variabel of Observation
Source of Variance Height of seed Bibit Number of leaf Diameter of
(cm) (sheet) Stem (mm)
Group ns ns ns
Organic compost ** ** **
Information: ns = not significant; * = significant; ** = very significant based on F test
Table 4. Average of oil palm seedling growth at 18 weeks age in ex coal mining
ameliorated with organic compost
Treaments % Height of Number of Diameter of
(Type of compost seed leaf Stem
compost) /polybag (cm) (sheet) (mm)
Control Top Soil 26,17 a 3,58 f 34,08 f
Empty 25 25,68 ab 5,17 abc 43,33 b
Fruit Bunch 50 27,10 a 5,42 a 45,58 a
(EFB) 75 26,37 a 5,25 a 43,00 bc
Municipal waste 25 20,34 c 4,58 de 37,08 e
50 19,64 cd 4,33 ef 41,03 cd
75 21,98 bc 4,92 bcd 43,25 b
Ash of EFB 25 18,23 d 3,17 fg 27,75 g
50 15,30 e 3g 25,48 h
75 13,99 f 2,92 g 24,25 i
Information: Numbers followed by same letters in the same coloum mean not significant
difference based on Duncan Multiple Range α = 5%

Advanced test analysis at table 4 described that variable of seed height has not
significant difference between EFB compost (25%, 50%, and 75%) and control
(top soil) treatment, but has significant difference in comparison with municipal
waste compost and ash of EFB compost. Result on leaf sheets variable showed that
EFB compost has greater leaf number than control, municipal waste, ash of EFB
compost.
Treatment using EFB compost 50% gave larger stem diameter than other
treatments. It was assumed that EFB compost 50% might increase pH and CEC,
supply nutrient, and reduce Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu metals located in former coal
mining land. This treatment also enhance nutrient absorbtion significantly
compared with other trials. Ermadani et al (2011) reported that EFB compost
consisted of N 1.21 %; P 0.76 %; K 3.46 %; pH 8.12 ; C-organic 17.33 % dan
C/N 14.32
Organic fertilizer made from empty fruit bunch has some advantages, that are high
potassium content, no needs starter and chemicals materials addition, enrich
nutrients in soil, and able to repair physics, chemical and biological soil properties.
Furthermore, some benefit manners related to EFB that are : 1) restore clay soil
structure become granulated; 2) helping availability of unsure that useful for plant
living; 3) homogenous and be able to degrade pest carrier risk; 4) as fertilizer, it is
hard to get leaching by infiltration water; and 5) applicable in every season
Jumin (1992) told that growth and plant harvest depend on cell and tissue activity
inside the plant, such as photosynthesis, transpiration, and respiration. External
factor include water supply, sun light, and temperature. Lingga (1991) also
confirmed that nitrogen has main function in accelerating overall plant growth and
forming chlorophyll. Phospor is used to stimulate root plant growth so nutrient
absorption getting better. Potassium is needed to open stomata that will increase
amount of CO2 diffusion in photosynthesis process (Hardjowigeno, 1995). All

three components described previously, and supported better environment will

work together to make increasing of photosynthesis. Thus plant will grow well and
give yield optimum.
Conclusion
Chemical analysis of top soil, EFB compost, municipal waste compost, and ash of
EFB had good enough chemical contents to be applied as ameliorant for ex coal
mining land. Former coal mining land ameliorated with various organic compost
after 15 days incubation showed increasing in nutrients content (N, P, K), pH, and
soil organic carbon.
Repairing ex coal mining soil using EFB compost as ameliorant resulted average
seedling of oil palm higher than ameliorant from municipal waste and ash of EFB.
Treatment EFB compost 50% showed the highest height, diameter, and leaf
number of oil palm seedling in comparison with other treatments.
References
Badan Penanaman Modal dan Promosi Daerah Provinsi Jambi. 2007. Profil
Investasi Agribisnis Perkebunan di Provinsi Jambi.
Buckman, H. O., dan N. C. Brady. 1982. Ilmu Tanah. Bhratara Karya Aksara.
Jakarta.
Ermadani, A.Muzar, I.A Mahbub. 2011. Pengaruh Residu Kompos Tandan Buah
Kosong Kelapa Sawit Terhadap Beberapa Sifat Kimia Ultisol Dan Hasil
Kedelai. Jurnal Penelitian Universitas Jambi Seri Sains. Volume 13, Nomor
2, Hal. 11-18
Hardjowigeno, S. 1995. Ilmu tanah. AkademikaPressindo. Jakarta.
Jumin, H. 1992. Ekologi Tanaman, Suatu pendekatan fisiologis. Rajawali Press.
Jakarta.
Isroi. 2008. Standar Kualitas Kompos (SNI 19-7030-2004)
Lingga, P. 1991. Petunjuk Penggunaan Pupuk. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.
Stevenson, F.J. 1994. Humus chemistry: genesis, composition, reaction. John
Willey&Sons. New York.

Widyati, E. 2006. Bioremediasi Tanah Bekas Tambang Batubara dengan Sludge

Industri Kertas Untuk Memacu Revegetasi Lahan. Disertasi. Program
Pendidikan Doktor. Sekolah Pascasarjana IPB. Bogor.
Widyati, E. 2009. Pemanfaatan Sludge Industri Pulp Dan Kertas Sebagai.
Amelioran Tanah Untuk Memacu Rehabilitasi Lahan. BS, Vol. 44, No. 1 :
41 - 48


Livestock Based Farming Systems on Beef Cattle in Dryland, Tanah Laut
Regency
(A Case Study in Banua Tengah Village, Takisung District, Tanah Laut
Regency)
Eni Siti Rohaeni

Assessment Institute Agricultural Technolofy for South Kalimantan
Jl. Panglima Batur Barat No 4, Banjarbaru, Kalimantan Selatan
Email : eni_najib@yahoo.co.id
Abstract
This article aimed to discover farming system based on beef cattle in dryland area, Tanah
Laut Regency which was a case study in Banua Tengah, Takisung Sub-District, Tanah
Laut Regency, South Kalimantan. This study was conducted in Banua Tengah Village,
Takisung Sub-District, Tanah Laut Regency. This study was conducted with survey
method using questionnaires. Respondent farmers who were interviewed were 30 random
people with a consideration that they‘re performing integrated agriculture between plants
and beef cattle. Collected data was then tabulated and analyzed. Research result showed
that there were six general agricultural patterns, which were (1) rice and cows, (2) rice,
rubber and cows, (3) Rice, rubber, soy and cows, (4) Rice, soy and cows, (5) Rice, soy,
peanuts and cows and (6) Rice, sweet corn and cows. Average size of land use for
agriculture was 2.28 ha or around 74.60% of total size. Average cattle ownership was 4.92
Animal Unit with a range between 3-8.25 ST. Agricultural waste utilization for fodder was
2,274 kg/year and livestock waste utilization was 11,087 kg/year. Agriculture which
yielded the highest income was agricultural pattern three (rice, rubber, soy and cows) with
Rp 39,074,000/year. Income contribution from cattle to total agricultural income was
around 14.72-66.52% with an average of 37.76%.
Keywords : farming system, beef cattle, dryland
Introduction
Tanah Laut Regency is a regency with an area of 3,631,35 km2, or around 9.71% of
the area of South Kalimantan Province. Tanah Laut Regency with a capital in
Pelaihari Sub-district was bordered by : In the west and south by Javanese Sea, in
the east by Tanah Bumbu Regency and in the south by Banjar Regency. Tanah
Laut Regency consists of 11 Sub-districts (BPS Tanah Laut, 2012). The size of
dryland in Tanah Laut was 273,781 ha or 73.4% of total area with land use for
Page - 102
annual dryland agriculture in 19.768 ha or around 32.57 % of annual dryland in

South Kalimantan (BPS Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan, 2010).
Dryland is one of agroecosystems with big potential as agricultural area for crops,
horticulture (vegetables and fruits) and annual plants and animal husbandry
(Abdurachman et al., 2008). However, the use of dryland for agriculture is often
ignored by stockholders who are more interested in increasing rice production in
wetland (Mulyani and Las, 2008). Guritno (2011) states that dryland has many
meanings. Some interprets it as upland or highland and dryland which means land
without irrigation. One of the characteristics of dryland if used for agriculture is the
irrigation relies on rainfall. Drylands has a dry period which can be seasonal
dryness/dryness in a certain period then rain/wet period (Barrow, 1991),
Generally, agriculture performed by farmers in Indonesia is polyculture. It‘s

because the scale is relatively small, as an alternative in case of crop failure if only
one commodity is used and as a source of food for farmer families. Several studies
conducted in Java or outside of Java on agriculture in drylands show that it consists
of several commodities and cattle. Agriculture implemented by farmers in the
dryland of upstream of Drainage Basin (DAS) in Java includes several
commodities such as rice, crops, animal husbandry, fishery, plantation and other
agriculture combined in an activity to improve welfare. Income contribution
produced by agriculture is 7,38% (Santoso, 1993).
Widiati et al. (2002) reports the result of their study in Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta is
beef cattle has continuous influence in agricultural system because it‘s synergic
with each other. Another study reported by Nenepath (2001) on agriculture in
dryland in Jayapura Regency-Irian Jaya shows that crops production isn‘t optimal
because farmers haven‘t applied technology well, so it required more intensive
socialization.

The purpose of this paper is to discover farming system based on beef cattle in
dryland area, Tanah Laut Regency which was a case study in Banua Tengah,
Takisung Sub-District, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan.
Material and Method
This study was conducted on July-October 2012 in Banua Tengah Village,

Takisung Sub-district, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan. This study was
conducted by survey method. Research location was determined based on centers
of beef cattle using LQ method. Collected data was primary and secondary data.
Primary data came from interview results using the aid of questionnaires, while
secondary data came from related institutions.
Data analyses performed was descriptive and agricultural analysis. Agricultural

income analysis is the difference between income and expended cost (Soekartawi,
1995) with the following formula :
I = ∑ (yi.Pyi) - ∑ (xj.Pxj)
where :
I = income (Rp)
Y = output (i=1, 2, 3…..n)
Py = output price (Rp)
Pxj= input price (Rp)
Xj = input (j=1, 2,3,……n)
Result and Discussion

Based on survey result, it‘s discovered that there were four general agricultural
forms with scales presented in Table 1. The agricultures were:
 Rice and cows
 Rice, rubber and cows
 Rice, rubber, soy and cows
 Rice, soy and cows
 Rice, soy, peanut and cows
 Rice, sweet corn and cows

Table 1. The farming scale in each agricultural pattern used in research location
Agricultural Pattern
No Commodity
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 Rice (ha) 0.60 0.57 1.00 0.97 0.61 0.64
2 Rubber (ha) 1.43 1.25
3 Soy (ha) 1.50 0.80 0.39
4 Peanut (ha) 0.37
5 Sweet corn(ha) 0.70
6 Cow (ST) 3.05 4.04 6.63 5.00 4.67 5.81
Note : ha : hectare, ST : Animal Unit
Based on the analysis result, it‘s discovered that the largest average of agriculture
happened in rubber commodity which was 1.38 ha which was between 0.57-2 ha
(Table 2). Average agriculture for crops was below 1 ha and agricultural scale for
cattle was 4.92 ST in a range between 3-8.25 ST. This data showed a shift of
agricultural size from crops to plantation, which was rubber. This was because
rubber gave large income, so every year there was transfer of land use.
Table 2. Average farming scale of every commodity in research location

No Commodity Range Average
1 Rice (ha) 0.26-2.00 0.70
2 Rubber (ha) 0.57-2.00 1.38
3 Soy (ha) 0.43-1.50 0.82
4 Peanut (ha) 0.14-0.72 0.37
5 Sweet corn (ha) 0.14-1.00 0.70
6 Cow (ST) 3-8.25 4.92
Based on interviews, it‘s discovered that average size of agricultural land which
was used was 2.18 ha/household/year or around 74.60% of the size of the land
owned (2.87 ha). Agriculture generally saved some land to plant forage (HMT)
with average size 0.35 ha/household/year, data in Table 3. The owned land wasn‘t
used optimally due to limited labor, whether from inside the families or outside the
families. This could be solved by agricultural equipments, especially for land
cultivation, such as tractors, rice planting tools (atabela) and harvesting tools.

Tabel 3. Use of land for farming system in a year in the research location
Agricultural land Size of HMT
Land Land size
Agriculture utilization land
utilization (%) (ha)
(ha/year) (ha/year)
1 0.83 58.79 0.16 1.41
2 2.24 70.53 0.19 3.18
3 3.50 71.50 0.75 4.90
4 2.43 94.77 0.57 2.56
5 1.35 63.82 0.23 2.11
6 2.72 88.21 0.19 3.08
Average 2.18 74.60 0.35 2.87
Agricultural systems used by farmers generally integrated one commodity with

another. This was shown in the utilization of agricultural waste, whether from
plants or cattle. Table 4 shows that average utilization of agricultural waste for
fodder was 2,274 kg/year or around 6.23 kg/day, this waste was used as feed
mixture, especially during dry. Agricultural waste used for fodder was rice straws,
soy straws, peanut straws and sweet corn straws. The most agricultural waste used
for fodder was in agricultural pattern three (rice, rubber and soy) and four (rice and
soy).
Average cattle waste in the form of manure used for fertilizer was 11,087 kg/year
(Table 4) or around 30.37 kg/day. Produced manure was used to fertilize crops,
plantation crops or horticulture such as banana and other fruits. The highest
utilization of manure was in agricultural pattern three (rice, rubber and soy) and
four (rice and soy). This showed that there was connection between them, i.e.
plants produced waste which could be used for fodder, and waste produced by
cattle in the form of manure could be used as fertilizer.

Table 4. Utilizationa of agricultural waste and HMT in a year in the research

location
Agriculture Agricultural waste (kg/year) Fertilizer (ton/year)
1 913 5,050
2 2.100 8,517
3 2.900 14,500
4 5.781 23,610
5 803 5,567
6 1,149 9,278
Average 2,274 11,087
Table 5. Farmers‘ income in a year in every agricultural pattern in the research
location
No Commodity (Rp) Total (Rp)
Rice Rubber Soy Peanut Corn Cow
1 3,563,885 3,000,000 6,563,885
2 2,958,167 19,446,667 6,416,667 28,821,500
3 4,028,000 26,340,000 2,956,000 5,750,000 39,074,000
4 3,923,300 2,923,000 6,350,000 13,196,300
5 2,279,667 983,667 1,266,000 9,000,000 13,529,333
6 3,123,525 7,492,111 4,388,889 15,004,525
The biggest total income produced by agricultural pattern 3 which was rice, rubber,
soy and cow was (Rp 39,074,000/year) in Table 5. This data showed that total
income of farmers with crops and cattle as commodities in a year didn‘t reach Rp
20,000,000. Some amount of income found in this study was below and above
farmers‘ income in Indonesia. The result of a study by Lokollo et al. (2007)
showed that the income of Indonesian farming household is between Rp 8-13
million/year, the biggest source of income from agricultural sector was 69.47%.
Data from BPS of South Kalimantan shows that poverty line in Tanah Laut
Regency in 2012 as Rp 291,918/month/capita (BPS of South Kalimantan, 2013) so
that in a year it‘s Rp 3,503,076/capita. Based on data, average household members
in Tanah Laut Regency was 3.54 people/household (BPS of Tanah Laut, 2012). It
meant that poverty line in Tanah Laut Regency was Rp 12,405,041/year/household,

compared with this value, agricultural pattern one (rice and cows) was below the
poverty line in Tanah Laut Regency.
Table 6. Income contribution of every commodity to total agricultural income in

the research location
Agricultural Commodity (%)
pattern Rice Rubber Soy Peanut Corn Cow
1 54.30 45.70
2 10.26 67.47 22.26
3 10.31 67.41 7.57 14.72
4 29.73 22.15 48.12
5 16.85 7.27 9.36 66.52
6 20.82 49.93 29.25
Based on calculation, it‘s discovered that the contribution of cattle to income was
between 14.72-66.52% (Table 6). The highest income contribution from beef cattle
was in five agricultural pattern (rice, soy, peanut and cow) was 66.52% while the
lowest contribution was agricultural pattern three (rice, rubber, soy and cows).
Another study conducted in Tanah Laut shows that income produced by beef cattle
which is integrated with corn contributes 49.96% (Rohaeni et al., 2009). Galib et
al. (2006) reports in his study in Banjar Regency that income contribution of beef
cattle are 7.63% when integrated with rice. Another study by Hartono (2011) in
Donggala Regency shows that total farmers‘ income with fattening pattern is Rp
21,801,025 and breeding pattern is Rp 26,843,716 when animal husbandry, rice
fields, plantation and other works are implemented, with income contribution from
cattle being 8.82% (fattening) and 9.63% (breeding).
Conclusion
Based on the study, it‘s concluded that a) the common agricultural patterns were
(1) rice and cows, (2) rice, rubber and cows, (3) Rice, rubber, soy and cows, (4)
Rice, soy and cows, (5) Rice, soy, peanut and cows and (6) Rice, sweet corn and
cows, b) agricultural pattern which yielded the highest income was agricultural

pattern three (rice, rubber, soy and cows) with Rp 39,074,000/year, and c) Income
contribution from cattle to total agricultural income was between 14.72-66.52%
with an average of 37.76%.
Refences
Abdurachman, A., A. Darian dan A. Mulyani. 2008. Strategi dan teknologi
pengelolaan lahan kering mendukung pengadaan pangan Nasional. Jurnal
Litbang Pertanian 27 (2) : 43-49.
Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Tanah Laut. 2012. Tanah Laut dalam Angka
2012. Tanah Laut.
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. 2010. Kalimantan Selatan
Dalam Angka. Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan.
Banjarmasin.
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. 2013. Kalimantan Selatan
Dalam Angka. Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan.
Banjarmasin.
Barrow, C. J. 1991. Land Degradation. Development Breakdown of Terrestrial
Environment. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Galib, R., Sumanto, A. Subhan, Suryana dan M. Darwis. 2006. Pengkajian
Pengembangan Sistem Integrasi Padi-Sapi di Lahan Sawah Tadah Hujan
Kalimantan Selatan. Laporan Akhir. BPTP Kalimantan Selatan.
Banjarbaru.
Guritno, B. 2011. Pola Tanam di Lahan Kering. UB Press. Malang.
Hartono, B. 2011. Analisis ekonomi rumahtangga peternak sapi potong di Kec.
Damsol, Kabupaten Donggala, Propinsi Sulawesi Tengah. J. Ternak
Tropika Vol. 12, No.1: 60-70.
Lokollo, E. M., I. W. Rusastra, H. P. Saliem, Supriyati, S. Friyatno, G. S. Budi.
2007. Dinamika Sosial Ekonomi Pedesaan : Analisis Perbandingan Antar
Sensus Pertanian. Laporan Akhir Penelitian. Pusat Analisis Sosial
Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian. Badan Litbang Pertanian. Departemen
Pertanian.
Mulyani, A dan I. Las. 2008. Potensi sumberdaya lahan dan optimalisasi
pengembangan komoditas penghasil bioenergi di Indonesia. Jurnal Litbang
Pertanian. Vol. 27 (1) : 31-41.

Nenepath, S.H. 2001. Optimalisasi Diversifikasi Ternak Sapi Potong pada

Usahatani Lahan Kering di Kabupaten Jayapura-Irian Jaya.Tesis. Program
Pascasarjana. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
Rohaeni, E. S., M. Sabran, dan E. Handiwirawan. 2009. Hasil kajian dan prospek
penerapan sistem integrasi tanaman-ternak di Kalimantan Selatan.
Prosiding Lokakarya Nasional. Sistem Integrasi Tanaman Ternak :
Pengembangan Jejaring Penelitian dan Pengkajian. P. 129-139.
Santoso, K. A. 1993. Model optimasi sebagai dasar penetapan daya tampung
ternak ruminansia di Daerah Aliran Sungai. Buletin Peternakan. Vol. 17 :
61-67.
Soekartawi. 1995. Linear Programming : Teori dan Aplikasinya Khususnya dalam
Bidang Pertanian. Rajawali Press. Jakarta. Cetakan Kedua.
Widiati, R., K. A. Santosa, S. Widodo dan Masyhuri. 2002. Optimalisasi alokasi
sumberdaya rumahtangga tani melalui integrasi usahatani tanaman dan sapi
potong di Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta. Agro Ekonomi. Vol IX (2) : 65-79.

ACIDIC DRY LAND RECLAMATION FOR THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF
PEANUT IN THE PROVINCE OF BENGKULU
Wahyu Wibawa, Irma Calista Siagian dan Taupik Rahman

Assesment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT) Bengkulu
Irian street Km. 6.5 Bengkulu 38119
Email: wahyu692002@yahoo.com
Irmaca_lista@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
To support sustainable food security, the expansion of land for agriculture

needed.Suboptimal land especially acidic dryland in Bengkulu Province is quite extensive
(1908 ha) and has potential for the development of food crops, especially peanuts. Land
reclamation is necessary because this land has the characteristics of low soil pH /acidic
and low organic matter content. Land reclamation is done by adding ameliorant in form of
agricultural lime and organic matter. The objectives of this study were 1. to evaluate the
growth and yield of four varieties of peanut in the dry land, 2. To determine the adaptive
varieties grown on acidic dry land.The assessment was carried out on acidic dry land in
Central Bengkulu Regency from January to October 2014 in the dry season. The
experimental design used was a randomized block design (RBD) with four treatments and
five replications. Peanut varieties used were Talam, Tuban, Kancil and local varieties.
Ameliorant given in the form of agricultural lime 0.5 tons / ha and manure 2.5 tons / ha.
Ferilizer used were Urea, SP-36 and KCl each with a dose of 75 kg / ha. In this study taken
initial soil analysis with results pH 5.2-5.82 with acidic criteria, the content of C-Organic
moderate (3.28-4.93%), N content was (0:22 to 0:36%), low to moderate P (13.06-39.73
ppm) and low K (0:18 to 0:26 me / 100g). The assessment results show that Kancil
varieties and Talam varieties able to adapt well with productivity of each of 1.67 tons / ha
and 1.59 tons / ha supported by the growth parameters (plant height and number of
branches cropping) and outcome variables (Weight of wet and dry stover and number
yields of dry pods (ton/Ha),). This study should be continued also during the rainy season
in order to determine the amount of fertilizer and proper ameliorant applied on acidic dry
land.
Keyword: acidic dry land, ameliorant, peanuts, land reclamation
INTRODUCTION
Peanut production in Bengkulu province on 2013 were 4.68 ribu ton/ ha. Compared
to the year 2012, peanut production on 2013 were decreace 112.000 ton or 19.36%.
Page - 111
it was closely related to to decreasing of harvested area as much as103.000 ha or

decrease 19.12% (BPS, Bengkulu Province). The demand of peanuts in indonesia
keep increasing at average 900.000 ton with average production 783.110 ton p.a. in
2011, domestic production were 691.289 ton that came from539.459 Ha harvested
area. Low production of peanut due to low the productivity that only reach 1.28
ton/ha (Ditjen Tanaman Pangan, 2012).
Dry land is one of agroecosystem that has a potency to develop agriculture land
such as crops, vegetable and plantation. Because of that reason, development of
various commodity on dry land need to be pushed and lifted due to its strategic
advantages to increase agriculture production and support national food security
(Anny Mulyani, 2006). Dry land defined as a land that never flooded by water at
most of the time in a year. Classified as acidic with soil pH below 5 and base
saturation < 50%. Al Saturation high, poor organic matters and macro nutrient
contents (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, KTK) low. However, that technical problems can
be overcome with calcication, fertilization and organic matter management. Other
technical problems were availability of water during drought that possibly
overcome by pumping. In Indonesia dry land generally from ultisol soil that not
properly handled. In large scale, this kind of soil has been used as palm oil
plantation, rubber plantation and commercial plantation forest, but on farmer scale
economic problem were the obstacle to manage this soil properly.
Total area or dry land Indonesia were 148.000.000 ha, it turn out that 102.800.000
ha were acidic dry land that suitable for crops, plantation or annual plant
102.000.000 ha. Largest distribution of acidic dry land located on Sumatera Island,
Kalimantan and Papua. Althoug, some technical problem were found but the
chances of the development of agriculture in acidic dry land still great. To increase
cropping index in acidic dry land especially in crops central, the use of surface
water or water in the soil optimally. Government role in providing irigation chanel
like in the paddy field were one of effort to increase productivity of dry land.

Generally, peanut can be planted in all kind of soil/land. In fertile soil, through
improvement of soil fertility and cultivation technic, productivity of peanut coul
reach 2.5 – 4 ton/ha, while in sub-optimum soil, with improvement of soil fertility
and cultivation technic, peanut productivity could reach up to 1.8 – 2.5 ton/ha
(Wijanarko et al, 2013).
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The assessment will be done from January to December 2014. Planted on acidic
dry land in Pasar Pedati Village, Sungai Suci, Pondok Kelapa Subdistric, Central
Bengkulu District. Material used were chemical fertilizer, pesticide (herbicide,
Insecticide, and fungicide), peanut seed (Variety Talam, Tuban, Kancil and Lokal).
Experimental design were randomized block design with 4 treatments and 5
repetition.Ameliorant used were limestone 0,5 ton/ha and manure 2,5 ton/ha.
Fertilizer used were urea, SP-36, KCl with dosage 75 kg/ha given at 7 – 10 days
after plantation on the side of plant. Initial and after harvest soil test were done.
Each plot area were 1.000 – 1.250 m2. spacing between plant that used were 40 x
15 cm, with two seed inside each planting hole. pest control using integrated pest
control method. Observed parameter were vegetative component growth (height,
number of brances/plant), yield component (number of pod/plant, number of
seed/pod, 1000 seed weight, weight of wet and dry berangkasan, weight of dry pod
ton/ha). Data of Growth and productivity peanut analyze using Analysis of Variant
(ANOVA) and Least Significant Different (LSD). (Gomez dan Gomez, 1984).
In this assessment were done initial soil test on 5 cooperating farmers`s land in
Pasar Pedati village, Pondok Kelapa subdistrict, Central Bengkulu District that
presented in table 1.
Table 1. Initial Soil Test Results Before assessment were conducted on Pasar
Pedati Village, Pondok Kelapa sub district, Central Bengkulu District

Farmers
Analysis
Rakitem Painem Sadimin Andreas
Water content(%) 5.8 6.60 6.20 5.00
pH H2O 6.85 5.82 5.57 5.20
pH KCl 5.11 4.79 4.88 4.76
C-Organik (%) 4.14 4.93 3.28 3.83
N-Total (%) 0.34 0.36 0.30 0.22
P-Bray I (ppm) 13.06 13.22 13.22 39.73
K-dd (me/100 gr) 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.24
Na (me/100gr) 0.35 0.27 0.27 0.33
Ca (me/100gr) 0.42 1.54 1.54 0.39
Mg (me/100gr) 2.05 1.63 1.63 1.29
KTK (me/100gr) 22.35 21.27 21.27 21.81
Al-dd 1.27 1.50 1.50 2.11
H-dd 0.21 0.43 0.43 0.63
From soil test in table 1 we can see that nutrient content in acidic dryland has low
fertility rates to moderate fertility rates. Replenishment of manure and agricultural
lime were to improve soil biology (increase population of soil microbe including
rizobium), increasing pH and organic matter, to neutralize saturation of Mn, Fe and
Al; as sources of Ca dan Mg. Almost all
Almost the entire peanut crop nitrogen needs satisfied from the results of N fixation
by Rhizobium (Sucahyono and Soedarjo 2007). Provision of organic materials can
improve the physical, biological and chemical soil in dryland sour khususny
infertile, thus encouraging good root formation and facilitate ginofor into the soil.
Role organiik fertilizer is also important in the formation of root nodules, which is
the main provider of nutrient elements N for peanut plants. Varieties that are
adaptive in sour land also available. However, organic fertilizers do not indicate a
direct role of physiological seed quality, although in the long term influence on
elements of K available in the soil that are important to the quality of peanut seeds
(Agus Hasbianto, 2013).
Table 2. Plant Height and number of branches/ plant on 4 varieties of peanut on
acidic dry land of Pasar pedati Village, Pondok Kelapa sub district,
Central Bengkulu district

Plant Height (cm) number of branches/ plant

No Variety
28 DAP 42 DAP 56 DAP 84 DAP 28 DAP 42 DAP 56 DAP 84 DAP
1 Talam 11.56ab 26.15a 39.80a 48.05ab 6.35a 8.5a 8.75a 8.93a
2 Tuban 9.85b 26.15a 40.65a 50a 5.75a 8.3a 8.3a 9.8a
3 Kancil 12.78a 25.63a 36.10ab 42.25b 6.6a 7.6a 7.6a 8.25a
4 Lokal 9.95b 22.55b 32.10b 41.35b 5.85a 8.7a 8.82a 9.25
Tabel 3. Weight of wet and dry stover and number yields of dry pods (ton/Ha) at
acidic dry land of Pasar pedati Village, Pondok Kelapa sub district,
Central Bengkulu district
Weight of wet Weight of dry Dry pods yield
No Variety
basah (g/ plant) (g/plant) (ton/ha)
1 Talam 30.69a 16.82a 1.69a
2 Tuban 30.16a 17.25a 1.36a
3 Kancil 22.97a 14.38a 1.64a
4 Lokal 26.67a 13.65a 1.25a
CONCLUSION
The assessment results show that Talam varieties and Kancilvarieties able to adapt
well with productivity of each of 1.69 tons / ha and 1.64 tons / ha
REFERENCES
Atman.2012.Keragaan Beberapa Galur Harapan Kacang Tanah Pada Lahan Kering
Masam di Sumatera Barat,Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan Vol.12 (2)
hal.96-102.ISSN 1410-5020
BPS Provinsi Bengkulu.Berita Resmi Statistik.No.16/03/17/Th.VIII, 3 Maret 2014
Mulyani.A.Perkembangan Potensi Lahan Kering Masam.Sinar Tani Edisi 24-30
Mei 2006
Hasbianto.A.Aplikasi Pupuk Organik Terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman dan Mutu
Fisiologis Benih Kacang Tanah (Arachis Hypogaea L) di Lahan Kering
Masam.Seminar Nasional Inovasi Teknologi Pertanian.2013 hal 359-374
Hidayat.A,Mulyani.A.Peningkatan Kapasitas Produksi Tanaman Pangan Pada
Lahan Kering.Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 3No 2. Desember 2009.ISSN
1907-0799. hal.73-84
Suriadikarta.D.A,Prasetyo.B.H. Karakteristik, Potensi dan Teknologi Pengelolaam
Tanah Ultisol Untuk Pengembangan Pertanian Lahan Kering di
Indonesia.Jurnal Litbang Pertanian, 25 (2).2006.Hal. 39-46

Sarief.E.S.Konservasi Tanah dan Air. Penerbit Pustaka Buana Bandung.1985

Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanah dan Agroklimat.Teknologi Pengelolaan
Lahan Kering Menuju Pertanian Produktif dan Ramah
Lingkungan.2002.ISBN. 979-974-21-3

SOIL CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS CONNECTION FOR
FERTILIZER REQUIREMENT FOR RICE FIELD IN
EASTERN SELUMA, SELUMA DISTRICT
Irma Calista Siagian dan Tri Wahyuni

Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT) Bengkulu
Jl. Irian Km 6,5 Bengkulu 38119
e-mail : irmaca_lista@yahoo.com
Abstract
Identification of the chemical characteristics of the soil is very important because these
properties are closely related to the estimation of potential fertility of the soil and is the
basis for strategic management of the land as fertilizer. Soil fertility is the foundation for
maintaining crop production potential. The purpose of this study was to identify the
chemical properties of the soil and its relation to the needs of NPK fertilizer, lime and
organic matter to paddy rice crops. The methodology covers the top layer of soil sampling
(0-20) cm and the second layer (20-40) cm composite taken from several locations then
performed soil chemical analysis in the laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture Land
Bengkulu from October to November 2013 and the next is done calculation of fertilizer
requirements. Analyzed soil is soil at several villages in the Eastern Seluma, Seluma
District. The chemical properties of soil are analyzed include pH, levels of C-Organic, N,
P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, CEC, texture, Base saturation (KB) and exchangeable acidity (Al and
H). The results of the analysis of the elements of N are very low to moderate with urea
fertilizer recommendations in a row is 200-250 kg / ha. Very low to low P with P fertilizer
recommendation SP-36 100 kg / ha. While nutrient elements K low to very high with KCl
fertilizer recommendation 50-100 kg / ha.
Keywords: soil chemical, fertilizer, rice paddy, Seluma eastern
INTRODUCTION
In Indonesia, many entisols land for rice cultivation was supply both technically
and rainfed rice fields in low-lying areas. Farming systems based materials high
input energy (fossil fuel) such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides can damage the
soil properties and will ultimately reduce the productivity of the land for the future.
Alternative farming systems that use low input technology (low energy input) is
believed to be capable of maintaining soil fertility and environmental sustainability
as well as to maintain or improve soil productivity.
Page - 117
Organic material is not absolutely required in plant nutrition, but for plant nutrition
efficient, its role should not be negotiable. Contribution of organic matter to plant
growth influence on the physical properties, chemistry, and biology of the soil. they
have a role in providing the chemical N, P, and S for plants, biological role in
influencing the activity of organisms and microfauna mkroflora, as well as a
physical role in influencing the structure of the soil and others. The use of organic
matter to the soil is believed to improve the physical, chemical and biological soil
(Engelstad, 1991).
Plant growth is affected by the properties of the fertility of the soil fertility of
physical, chemical and biological fertility fertility. If you prefer the physical
fertility of soil physical state that a lot of connection with ground water and air, the
chemical playing a role in determining fertility and explain chemical reactions
related to the problems availability of nutrients for plant growth. To achieve these
rnaksud, the discussion of the chemical properties of this soil we restrict on. things
that are closely related to issues such as: soil reaction (pH), soil colloids, cation
exchange and base saturation.Paddy soil chemical properties of paddy soil is very
important in relation to premises efficient fertilization technology. Application of
fertilizer type, dose, time, and manner of fertilization must consider the nature of
the chemical.
An example is the nitrogen to which type of technology, time and manner of

fertilization should pay attention to changes in the behavior of N in paddy soil so
fertilization is more efficient. Sources of N fertilizer is recommended in the form of
ammonium (NH4 +), put in layers and given 2-3 times reduction.
Bengkulu province has an area wide enough raw rice field in 2013 amounted to 100
054 hectares. This is a resource for this area to be able to provide food crops, so as
to supply the food supply independently. Seluma District has a land area of 19 862
hectares of rice fields in the largest province of Bengkulu. The purpose of this
study was to identify the chemical properties of the soil and its relation to the needs

of NPK fertilizer, lime and organic matter to paddy rice plants in the District of
East Seluma, Seluma District.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The methodology covers the top layer of soil sampling (0-20) cm and the second
layer (20-40) cm composite taken from several locations then performed soil
chemical analysis in the laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture Land Bengkulu
from October to November 2013 and the next is done calculation of fertilizer
requirements. Analyzed soil is soil at several villages in the District of East
Seluma, among other Seluma District-wide Village, the Village and Village
Swamp Sembayat Sari. The chemical properties of soil are analyzed include pH,
levels of C-Organic, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, CEC, texture, Base saturation (KB) and
exchangeable acidity (Al and H). Soil sampling conducted in composite 5 points
per rice terraces with zigzag method. A set of tools for the analysis of physical and
chemical properties prepared, as well as chemicals for analysis as follows: the
determination of organic material according to the method developed by Walkey
and Black (Prawirowardoyo et al., 1987), total soil N content Kjehdal method (Tan,
1996) , available soil P content Bray I method (Tan, 1996), available K content of
the soil (Tan, 1996), humic acid content and fulfat (Tan, 1996), cation exchange
capacity of the soil to saturation of ammonium acetate pH 7.0 (Tan, 1996).
Soil pH values can be used as an indicator of soil fertility kimawi, because it can
reflect the availability of nutrients in the soil. The content of the soil pH in the
District of East Seluma classified as sour to slightly acid.

Table 1. Soil Chemical Characteristics in East Seluma Subdistrict, Seluma District

Subdistrict
Selebar Selebar Selebar
Analysis
(Remah (Paloh (Kernanding Sembayat Rawa Sari
Kelumpang) Beringin) Jaya)
Water Content (%) 4.80 3.80 3.80 4.20 10.60
pH H2O 5.92 5.90 5.97 5.39 4.49
pH KCl 4.96 5.08 4.90 4.12 3.89
C-Organic (%) 1.61 1.53 1.43 1.65 40.60
N-Total (%) 0.13 0.21 0.23 0.15 1.66
C/N 12.38 7.28 6.21 11 24.45
P-Bray I (ppm) 5.16 3.78 6.43 4.55 4.27
K-dd (me/100 gr) 0.31 0.28 0.78 0.65 0.32
Na (me/100gr) 0.44 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.21
Ca (me/100gr) 1.41 3.25 1.74 2.13 1.78
Mg (me/100gr) 17.88 12.64 11.98 10.04 1.54
KTK (me/100gr) 34.47 28.71 28.08 22.36 28.71
Al-dd 0.21 1.66 0.42 1.88 4.03
H-dd 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.63 0.45
Base Saturation (%) 58.13 57.68 52.95 58.98 13.40
Figure 1. Base Saturation (%)
There is a positive correlation between the% base saturation and soil pH.
Generally, it is seen that the high base saturation if high soil pH. Therefore soils
dry climate regions have higher base saturation than soils in the area of the base
climate. Base saturation is usually considered as an indication of soil fertility. A
very fertile soil is considered alkaline saturation> 80%, had average fertility if

alkaline saturation between 80 and 50%, as well as infertile if alkaline saturation

<50%. Liming is a common way to increase the percent of the soil base saturation.
Figure 2. Correlation between pH and KTK
In most of the land was found that cation exchange change with soil pH. At low
pH, only permanent charge clay and some organic colloidal cargo hold that can be
replaced by ion exchange of cations. Thus the relatively low CEC. This is caused
mostly by a cation exchange organic colloids and some clay fractions (Nurhajati
Judge et.al, 1986)
Figure 3. N-Total (%)

From the figure above shows that the village of Rawa Sari has a very high N
content, it is alleged therefore only rice farmers apply urea in lowland rice fields
lead to higher nitrogen content compared to other nutrient elements. Nitrogen is an
essential nutrient elements, up about 1.5% weight of the plant and serves primarily
in the formation of proteins.
Figure 4. C/N
Organic matter content ranged from very low to very high ratio of C / N for normal
soil around 12. While in the paddy soil District of East Seluma contains the C / N
from low to moderate to tinggi.Kandungan C / N with an average low is because
the lack of provision of compost in paddy fields. Orgaik matter content in the soil
is one of the factors that play a role in determining the success of an aquaculture
farm. This is because organic matter can increase the fertility of chemistry, physics
and biology. The content of organic matter in the form of C-Organic soil should be
maintained at no less than 2 percent (Musthofa, 2007), so the time tillage, adding
organic material absolutely must be given every year.

Figure.5 P-Bray I
From the figure above shows that the content of P-Bray in District East Seluma
respective low. Old lands in Indonesia are generally naturally low P levels and
fixation of high-power, so planting regardless of P supply, are likely to fail due to P
deficiency (Hanafi, 2005). Phosphorus is most readily absorbed by the plant at a
pH of about 6-7 (Hardjowigeno 2003).
Figure 6. K-dd

Potassium is a nutrient elements nitrogen and phosphorus third after being

absorbed by plants in the form of K + ions. Availability Potassium Potassium is
interchangeable and can be absorbed by plants that depend on the addition of
external fixation by the soil itself and the addition of potassium alone (Judge et al,
1986). The content of potassium in the District of East Seluma relatively low to
high so that it still required the addition of organic matter to improve soil fertility in
paddy fields to improve productivity results.
Applicable technology
Besides as identifier Integrated Crop Management (ICM) is the basic technology

components easily diterapakn and great influence on the increase in yield and
income of farmers. In condition of option spesipik location technology components
can be used as a component of basic technology. Basic technological components
are: 1) the use of new varieties, 2) quality seed and labeled 3) fertilization based on
the needs and soil nutrient status, 4) pest control approach, 5) setting the optimum
plant population through legowo cropping systems, and 6) provision of organic
matter through the return of the straw into the fields or the provision of compost or
manure.
Component technology options including 1) the cultivation of land according to

seasons and cropping patterns, 2) planting young seedlings (<21 days) in order to
be more resistant seedlings, no stress due to lifting of dipersemaian, has a reserve
of food material in the endosperm of the seed for the growth and nitrogen content
in the leaves higher, 3) planting 1-3 stems per clump (save seed needs / ha, the
number of seeds would increase competition between the seedlings in the same
family, the seedlings die soon be embroidered later than 14 days after planting), 4)
irrigation effectively and efficiently (irrigation with intermittent techniques, shift-
sleigh, macak-macak, wet dry, glontor shift, at flowering maintain the water level
of about 3-5 cm until the harvest), 5) using the weeding hedgehog / gasrok, 6)

timely harvest (90-95% of rice already cooked), and 7) threshing the grain as soon
as possible (in the iles, slammed, combed, using a threshingmachine).
CONCLUSION
1. The results of the analysis of the elements of N are very low to moderate with
urea fertilizer recommendations in a row is 200-250 kg / ha. Nutrients P is very
low to low with SP-36 fertilizer recommendation of 100 kg / ha. While nutrient
elements K low to very high with KCl fertilizer recommendation 50-100 kg / ha.
2. The technology used is applicable PTT application with basic technological

components 6 and 7 components of the technology of choice.
REFERENCES
Hanafiah, A. K.Dasar-dasar Ilmu Tanah.PT. Rajagrafindo Perkasa. 2005
Utami.S.N.H dan handayani.S.Sifat Kimia Entisol Pada Sistem Pertanian
Organik.Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Vol 10 N0. 2.2003, hal.63-69
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Bengkulu. 2013. Bengkulu Dalam Angka. Bengkulu
Departemen Pertanian. 2007. Pengelolaan tanaman terpadu (PTT) padi sawah
pedoman bagi penyuluh pertanian. Departemen Pertanian Jakarta.
Hakim Nurhajati, Yusuf Nyakpa, A.M. Lubis, Sutopo Ghani Nugroho, Rusdi Saul,
Amin Diha, Go Ban Hong, H. Bailey. 1986. Dasar-dasar Ilmu Tanah.
Universitas Lampung. Bandar Lampung.
Kim H. Tan. 1992. Dasar-dasar Kimia Tanah. Gadjah Mada University
Press.Yogyakarta.
Yunizar. 2008. Rekomendasi Pemupukan Padi Sawah Berdasarkan Status Hara K
di Kecamatan Reteh Riau. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Padi.
Yuwono Nasih Widya, Benoti Heru Purwanto, dan Eko Hanudin. 2010. Kesuburan
Tanah Lahan Petani Kentang di Dataran Tinggi Dieng.Prosiding Seminar
Nasional Peningkatan Produktivitas Sayuran Dataran Tinggi. Bogor.

ANALYSES OF RAINFALL INTERCEPTION IN IMMATURE AND MATURE
OIL PALM PLANTATION
Yong Farmanta
Bengkulu Assessment Institute For Agricultural Technology
Jalan Irian KM 6,5 Bengkulu
Email : yongfarmanta@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Oil palm is a commodity that provides excellent benefits and an abundance of oil-
producing crops that were developed in various tropical countries including the one in
Indonesia. Interception is considered an important factor in the hydrological cycle due to
reduced rainfall that reaches the soil surface by a process of interception is quite large.
This study aim to analyze the relationship between rainfall and interception, stem flow and
through fall in a broad variety of oil palm plantation canopy closure. The study was
conducted in February until May 2012 on oil palm plantations are that located in the
Mendis village, Bayung lincir District, Banyuasin regency, South Sumatra Province. This
study consists of several stages of the main activity that are measurement of rainfall (Pg),
through fall (Tf), and stem flow (Sf). Rainfall was positively correlated with the
interception (Ic), through fall and stem flow. There is strong correlation between rainfall
interception with through fall and stem flow of the greater rainfall interception is also
getting bigger, the smaller Tf and Sf.
Keyword : palm oil, interception, through fall, stem flow,
INTRODUCTION
Oil palm is an excellent commodity that benefits are abundant and oil crops are
being developed in many tropical countries, including one in Indonesia. Palm oil is
a plant that requires large amounts of water. Rainfall required optimum plant oil
palm on average 2000 - 2500 mm / year with a uniform distribution throughout the
year without the prolonged dry season and there is no water deficit of 250 mm
(Fauzi et al., 2002). Darmosarkoro., (2001) stated that drought affects the
physiological processes of plants, vegetative growth, production, populations of
pests and diseases and weeds in oil palm land.
Page - 126
The productivity of oil palm trees are affected by internal and external factors.
Internal factors which consists of genetic and external factors, namely the
environment including the maintenance treatment, soil and climatic conditions.
Palm oil plants need water in large quantities to meet the needs of growth and
production. Water management in oil palm plantations are very important in
influencing the production. One of the important elements that affect the hydrology
of the production is the interception of rain. Part rainwater retained on the surface
of leaves and branches called water interception and water containment event is
called event interception. The rest of the rain will fall on the soil surface through
the flow stems (stem flow) and the outpouring of the canopy (through fall). Rain
interception, stem flow and through fall is a component in the hydrologic process
that is important in the management of water resources and in the context of
climate change (Arnell, 2002).
Interception is considered an important factor in the hydrological cycle due to the

reduction of rain water on the ground surface by the interception process is quite
large. Precipitation that falls into oil palm land portion will be lost through
interception, restrained while to then evaporated back into the atmosphere or
absorbed by the oil palm plant itself (Gomez et al., 2000). Leaf area index (Leaf
Area Index: LAI) also play a role in affecting rainfall interception. In the oil palm
crop LAI values depending on the midrib and leaf area density planting (Noor and
Aaron, 2004). The problem of uneven rainfall throughout the year will result in the
use of water by plant roots as a condition of growth and development to generate
maximum productivity can not be achieved. Study of the hydrologic function of the
oil palms especially interception aspect becomes very important to know. For that
it is necessary to review and analyze the interception of rainfall on plant oil palm
immature (TBM) and mature (TM).

METHODS
The research was conducted in February and ending in May 2012 on oil palm
plantations located in the Mendis village, Bayung lincir District, Musi Banyuasin,
South Sumatra Province at coordinates 103045‘ 00‖ – 104000‘00‖ BT and 2015‘00‖
– 2030‘00‖ LS. This research was conducted using a sample of three palm trees in
the garden with age classes: 5, 10, 15, and 20 years. The tools used in this study
consisted of tipping bucket for the measurement of precipitation, through fall, stem
flow, data logger, battery, gutters, hose, wood, nails, tin plates, iron pole buffer,
and ruler.
Preparation: In the early stages of research, field observation activities conducted

for the determination of the location and the tree that will be used for research and
a graduated assembly tools and collector tipping bucket type and proceed with the
calibration tool.
Implementation: Stages of research begins with the placement of all equipment at

predetermined locations begins at the location of the oil palm plantation age 5, 10,
20 years, and the last on the location of oil palm trees to the age of 15 years.
Installation of equipment to measure the flow of tin trunks using zinc sheets are
looped on the subject of palm oil that has been cleared of the remaining base of the
frond, arranged with one end of the hose is placed lower for easier water flow, then
plugged into a container tipping bucket. The next stages of the pipeline catcher
drink water canopy using the gutter made at the midpoint among the three
principals oil palm. Gutters with a diameter of 13 cm, is set to 10% slope gutters
that spread the sixth direction and the tip of the sixth placed lower chamfer to
facilitate water flow, then plugged into a container tipping bucket. Gutter placed
0.6 m above the ground to avoid the splash of water from the soil can potentially
get into the gutters.

Stages of research begins with the placement and installation of all equipment at a
predetermined location (tipping bucket a graduated, the outpouring of the canopy
and stem flow). Stages of research followed by connecting all of the tools that have
been fitted to the container data logger will record data at intervals of 10 minutes
each time. Scheme of installation of equipment interception presented in Figure 1.
Notes :
1. Tipping bucket to measure rainfall on the trees
2. Tipping bucket to measure stemflow
3. Tipping bucket to measure throughfall
4. Paralon
5. Oil Palm Trees
Figure 1. Interception Scheme for measurement
Measurement and Data Collection

The measurement data is done with the aid interception method tipping bucket were
automatically recorded by the data logger during the period rainfall event intervals
of 10 minutes. To calculate the interception values using the formula :
Ic = Pg – SF - TF
P
I g T
c Chicken
f
S
manure/organ
fic fertilizer
Notes :
1. Ic : Interception
2. Pg : Precipitation Gross
3. Tf : Throughfall
4. Sf : Stemflow
Figure 2. Flow Precipitation that falls on Plant Oil Palm

Through fall
Through fall positively correlated with precipitation (Pg), each of which is

measured on a daily basis for all ages of oil palm trees with a fairly high correlation
(r2> 0.90). However, the older the palm of up to 20 years, the outpouring of the
header getting smaller as shown in Figure 3. This is because the older the canopy
density is then represented by leaf area index (LAI).
According Awal et al. (2008), occurs a strong correlation between age and LAI on
oil palm trees, which at the age of 2 years have LAI range 0.57 to 0.79 and
increased the age of 16 years with LAI values from 3.15 to 5.02. Value outpouring
relatively larger crown at the age of oil palm trees are still young because the
canopy is formed is still relatively rare. Marin (2000) stated that for some
individual measurement value exceeds the value of the outpouring of canopy
rainfall but the average is always lower than the precipitation.
50
60
40 y = 0.9221x 50
Tf (mm/d)
2
R = 0.9838
Tf (mm/d)
30 40 y = 0.6485x
30 R2 = 0.9032
20
20
10
10
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Pg (mm/d)
Pg (mm/d)
5 years 15 years
100 250
80 200
Tf (mm/d)
Tf (mm/d)
60 y = 0.6635x 150 y = 0.5819x

R2 = 0.997
40 100 R2 = 0.9938
20 50
0
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 50 100 150 200 250
Pg (mm/d)
Pg (mm/d)
10 years 20 years
tahun
Figure 3. Relationship between Daily Rainfall (Pg) with Throughfall (Tf).

Stem flow
As well as the outpouring of the canopy, the proportion of stem flow (Sf) of rainfall
(Pg) tends to decrease with age up to 20 years of oil palm (Figure 5). However, the
very small proportion (<2.5%) compared to through fall (> 58%) and stem flow
rate is relatively very small (<2 mm/d) compared to through fall that can reach
more than 100 mm/d. Stem flow of relatively small value possibly due to the
texture of the bark on the trunks of palm-fiber and has a frond that precipitation
will be hampered partly attached to the base of the frond.
2.0 2.0
1.5 Sf (mm/d) 1.5

Sf (mm/d)
1.0 y = 0.0235x 1.0

R2 = 0.964 y = 0.007x
0.5 0.5
R2 = 0.7989
0.0
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 20 40 60 80 100
Pg (mm/d) 15 years Pg (mm/d)
5 years
2.0 2.0
y = 0.0078x
1.5 R2 = 0.8974
1.5
Sf (mm/d)
Sf (mm/d)
1.0 1.0
y = 0.0143x
2
0.5 R = 0.9189 0.5
0.0 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 50 100 150 200 250
Pg (mm/d) Pg (mm/d)
10 years 20 years
Figure 4. Relationship between Rainfall in the upper canopy Palm Oil (Pg)
with Stem flow (Sf).
Interception
The proportion of the canopy interception of rainfall above the canopy was
calculated from the difference between the amount of rainfall with through fall and
stem flow are presented in Table 1. Interception strongly correlated with rainfall
above the canopy. Interception increases with an increase in leaf area (LAI) ie the

greater the amount of rainwater LAI retained on the canopy of palm oil will be
more and more so that the proportion of rainfall that fell on top of the canopy
increases with canopy capacity. This is consistent with the statement of Siregar et
al. (2006) which states that the interception capacity varied inversely with rainfall.
Table 1. Proportion Through fall (Tf), Stem flow (Sf) and canopy interception (Ic)
of rainfall in the upper canopy Palm Oil (PG) Daily and LAI at Different
Age.
Age (years) LAI Tf/Pg (%) Sf/Pg (%) Ic/Pg (%)
5 3,5 92,2 2,4 5,4
10 4,9 66,3 1,4 32,3
15 6,2 64,9 0,7 34,4
20 7,2 58,2 0,8 41,0

Source of LAI data : Yong Farmanta, 2012
CONCLUSION
Through fall, stem flow and interception positively correlated with rainfall (r 2>
90). The greater the rainfall, the greater the interception as well, as did the older the
age of the plant that is characterized by the development of the LAI interception
percentage will also increase.
The proportion of rainfall that becomes through fall canopy greater than the
proportion of rainfall that becomes steam flow. This is because the structure of oil
palm trees and fronds form, so that the rainfall much attached retained on plant oil
palm fronds.
The amount of interception of oil palm trees at the age of 5 years, 10 years, 15
years and 20 years respectively: 5.4%, 32.3%, 34.4% and 41.0% of the rainfall
above the canopy.

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Arnell, N. 2002. Hydrology and Global Environmental Change. Prentice Hall.
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Darmosarkoro, W., I Ishak., Y Harahap., E Syamsudin. 2001. Pengaruh
Kekeringan pada Tanaman Kelapa Sawit dan Upaya
Penanggulangannya.Warta Penelitian Kelapa Sawit. Medan.
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Revisi. Penebar Swadaya. Depok.
Gomez, JA., J.V Giraldez., E Fereres. 2000. Rainfall Interception by Olive Trees in
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Marin CT., W Bouten., J Sevink. 2000. Gross rainfall and its partitioning into
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Kelapa Sawit. Jurnal Kelapa Sawit vol 14 hal 83-90.
Farmanta Y. 2012. Intersepsi Hujan oleh Tajuk Tanaman Kelapa Sawit. Tesis.

RECOMMENDATIONS OF FERTILIZATION FOR RICE CROP
ON UPLAND IN SOUTH BENGKULU
Nurmegawati1, Yong Farmanta1, and Yahumri1
(Bengkulu Assessment Institute for Agricultural Techology)

Jalan Irian Km. 6,5 Kelurahan Semarang Kota Bengkulu 36119, Indonesia
*Corresponding author : Nurmegawati_s@yahoo.co.id
ABSTRACT
Fertilization is component technology that affecting the increased production of upland
rice production. Fertilizer recommendation especially upland rice crop is still very limited.
This study aims to get a morning upland crop fertilizer recommendations for South
Bengkulu. This study was conducted in South Bengkulu, which includes two main
activities namely soil sampling and measuring the level of soil fertility and fertilizer
recommendations using a test device to dry land. The results showed upland rice to
fertilizer plants Seginim District and Air Nipis are 200 kg / ha urea (+ organic matter) or
250 kg / ha urea (Without organic matter), 200 kg / ha of SP-36, 75 kg / ha KCl , 2,000 t /
ha of organic matter. Upland rice crop fertilizer recommendations for the District of Ulu
Manna, Pino, Manna, and Bunga Mas are 200 kg / ha urea (+ organic matter) or 250 kg /
ha urea (Without organic matter), 200 kg / ha of SP-36, 100 pounds/ha KCl, and 2000 t/ha
of organic matter.
Keywords: Upland rice, nutrient status, fertilizer recommendation
INTRODUCTION
Demand for rice in Indonesia continues to increase in accordance with the growth
in population. It is estimated that the national rice demand in 2018 is 35.59 tons
and 31.27 tons of rice production (Development Planning Agency of Indonesia,
2008). Increased rice production is not only dependable on irrigated land and
rainfed, but also on dry land (upland rice). Wayuni (2008) adds that the
development of upland rice is complementary efforts to improve food security.
Nationally, the productivity of upland rice in Indonesia is low, ranging from 1.68 to
2.96 t / ha with an average of 2.58 t / ha. Most farmers grow local varieties of
upland rice cultivation techniques are not optimal.
Page - 134
Fertilization is a basic component in the cultivation of upland rice. Needs and

fertilizer efficiency is determined by two interrelated factors: (a) the availability of
nutrients in the soil, including water supply through irrigation and other sources,
and (b) crop nutrient needs. Therefore, fertilizer recommendations should be
specific and location-specific varieties. In determining fertilizer recommendations
of N, P and K can be used Dry Soil Test Kit (PUTK). According Setyorini, et al
(2009) PUTK a soil nutrient analysis tools quickly dry land in a field that can be
done independently by trained personnel. Soil nutrients analyzed include P, K,
organic C, pH is a basic guideline in determining fertilizer recommendations.
Fertilizer recommendation is a draft that includes the type and dose of fertilizer for
crops in certain areas. According Abdulracman, Suhartatik, Kasno and Setyorini
(2008) many of the benefits and impacts of the implementation of site-specific
fertilization, among others: (1) the right dose of fertilizer application, timely and
appropriate type of fertilizer needed then fertilization will be more efficient, high
yield and income of farmers increases, (2) environmental pollution can be avoided,
soil fertility is maintained and sustained rice production sustainable or, (3) reduce
the cost of purchasing fertilizer. The purpose of this study was to obtain fertilizer
recommendations upland rice to South Bengkulu.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
This study was conducted in South Bengkulu in 6 sub-districts Air Nipis, Seginim,
Ulu Manna, Pino, Manna and Bunga Mas, which includes two main activities,
namely sampling and measuring soil fertility by using Dry Soil Test Kit (PUTK).
How composite soil sampling include: (1) composite soil samples taken before
planting or before tillage, once every four years. (2) Determine how soil sampling
single with one of four ways, ie diagonally, zig-zag, systematic or random, (3) The
grass, rocks or gravel, the remains of plants or fresh organic Vahan / surface soil
litter aside, (4) at the time of sampling, the soil should not be too wet conditions,

(5) individual soil samples were taken with a soil auger, hoe, or shovel at a depth of
0-20 cm, (6) examples of individual land taken with a hoe or shovel try as much,
(7) soil samples from each individual point and stir until evenly mixed in a plastic
bucket, if there are remaining plants, roots or gravel thrown away, (8) from the
mixture of the soil samples then taken approximately ½ kg and stored in clear
plastic and labeled containing information on the location, time and sampling, (9)
prepared test soil samples analyzed.
Broadly speaking, the measurement sequence with PUTK nutrient levels are as
follows: (a) A sample of soil ½ steel spoon inserted into a test tube, or 0.5 ml of
soil were taken in accordance with the limits stated on the tube (b) add extractors
and stirred to the ground and fused and homogeneous solution with a glass stirrer.
Perform additional extractors in accordance with the order. (C) Let stand about 10
minutes until the resulting + color. The color that appears in the clear solution is
read or paired with a color chart provided, (d) the status of P and K soil is divided
into three classes: low, medium, and high. Organic-C made two classes, namely
<3% is low and> 3% classified as moderate to high. (e) Recommendation of
fertilizer P, K C-organic and lime requirement determined in accordance with the
nutrient status of the reading test results.
Nutrient Status
From the analysis of the obtained PUTK ground with soil nutrient status in the
District of South Bengkulu Water Lime, Seginim, Ulu Manna, Pino, Manna, and
Bunga Mas can be seen in Table 1. Based on the analysis of soil nutrient status
PUTK P, K, pH and organic-C in 6 districts in South Bengkulu ie each row is low,
medium, and low bit sour.

Tables 1. Status of Soil Nutrients Upland South Bengkulu

Nutrient Status
No District
P K pH C-org
1 Air Nipis L M AM L
2 Seginim L M AM L
3 Ulu Manna L L AM L
4 Pino L L AM L
5 Manna L L AM L
6 Bunga Mas L L AM L
Description: M: Medium, L: Low, AM: a little sour
Available P status in the study area is low, it is expected as a result of the fixation
of P one element of Al. P is the key to life due to a direct role in the life processes
of plants. Generally P is hard, washed away by rainwater. Problems often arise in
the field is the presence of P fixation so that it becomes unavailable to plants, so
that the soil P availability is dependent upon the nature and characteristics of the
soil. According Nursyamsi and Setyorini (2009) factors that affect the availability
of soil P is the number and type of soil minerals, soil pH, the effect of cations,
anions influence, the level of saturation of P, organic matter, time and temperature,
inundation. Santun, et al (2011) adds that the land has been degraded moderate to
severe have available P content is low to very low due to the lower erosion and
runoff.
K status in the study area including the medium and low content of K-dd> 0.25 me
/ 100 g. Nutrients other than potassium in the soil is washed away, its availability
rate is strongly influenced by pH and base saturation. At low pH and low base
saturation of potassium leached easily lost, at neutral pH and base saturation is high
in potassium bound by ca. Cation exchange capacity greater increases the soil's
ability to hold K, thereby slowly releasing soil solution K and reduce the potential
for leaching. Causes the element Potassium deficiency Potassium among other
elements contained in the soil are low, high soil acidity with low cation exchange
capability, application of fertilizer Potassium element lacking or unbalanced.

pH of the soil in the study area including the somewhat sour, soil acidity can be
caused by several factors, including soil parent material, oxidation of certain
minerals, organic matter and leaching of bases. Current level of soil acidity is
important because it affects other processes. According to (TAN, 1998) a number
of soil processes affected by soil reaction. Many chemical and biochemical
reactions can only take place on the ground ground reaction specific. Plant growth
is also affected by acid-base reactions in the soil, either directly or indirectly. The
influence of the plant is indirect through its influence on the solubility and
availability of plant nutrients. Directly, H + ions are reported to have the effect of
poison to plants when present in high concentrations.
The content of organic matter in the form of organic carbon is low. Organic
materials have an important role in determining the ability of the soil to support the
plant, so that if the levels of soil organic matter decreases, the ability of the soil to
support plant productivity also declined. Decreasing levels of organic matter is a
form of damage to common ground. With the abundance of organic matter, the soil
color to brown to black, black is usually the color of the soil fertile soil. High and
low organic matter also affects the number and metabolic activity of soil
organisms, the increased activity of soil organisms will accelerate the
decomposition of organic matter into humus. According Hakim, et al. (1986)
Organic material is adhesive tiara peerless land, about half of the CEC beasal of
organic matter. It is a source of plant nutrients and energy sources most soil
organisms.
Fertilization recommendations
Fertilizer recommendations of upland rice for six districts in South Bengkulu can
be seen in Table 2.

Table 2. Fertilization single recommendations for plant upland rice

Recommendation (kg/ha)
District Urea Organic
SP-36 KCl
+ BO Tanpa BO matter
Air Nipis 200 250 200 75 2.000
Seginim 200 250 200 75 2.000
Ulu Manna 200 250 200 100 2.000
Pino 200 250 200 100 2.000
Manna 200 250 200 100 2.000
Bunga Mas 200 250 200 100 2.000
Recommendation of fertilizer upland rice plants for Air Nipis and Seginim
District are 200 kg / ha of urea (+ organic matter) or 250 kg / ha of urea (without
organic matter), 200 kg / ha of SP-36, 75 kg / ha KCl, and 2.000 t / ha of organic
matter. fertilizer recommendations upland plant for Ulu Manna, Pino, Manna, and
Bunga Mas District are 200 kg / ha of urea (+ organic matter) or 250 kg / ha of urea
(without organic matter), 200 kg / ha of SP-36, 100 kg / ha KCl, and 2.000 t / ha of
organic matter.
CONCLUSION
1. Recommendation of ferlizer upland rice plants for Air Nipis and Seginim
District are 200 kg / ha of urea (+ organic matter) or 250 kg / ha of urea
(without organic matter), 200 kg / ha of SP-36, 75 kg / ha KCl, and 2,000 t / ha
of organic matter.
2. Recommendation of fertilizer upland rice plants for Manna Ulu , Pino, Manna,
and Bunga Mas District are 200 kg / ha of urea (+ organic matter) or 250 kg /
ha of urea (without organic matter), 200 kg / ha of SP-36, 100 kg / ha KCl, and
2.000 t / ha of organic matter.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors express gratitude to Hendri Suyanto who have helped during the
course of research in the field.

REFERENCES
Abdulrahman,S., E.Suhartatik,, A.Kasno, dan D.Setyorini,D. 2008. Modul
pemupukan padi sawah spesifik lokasi. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Pertanian. Jakarta.
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. 2008. Modul pemupukan padi
sawah spesifik lokasi. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian.
Jakarta
Hakim, N. M.Y.Nyakpa, A.M.Lubis, S.G.Nugroho, M.A. Diha, G.B. Hong dan
H.H. Bailey. 1986. Dasar-dasar ilmu tanah. Universitas lampung. Lampung.
Nursyamsi,D. D,Setyorini. 2009. Ketersedian P tanah-tanah netral dan alkalin.
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim 30 : 25-36
Santun, R. P. Sitorus, B. Susanto, Haridjaja, O. 2011. Kriteria dan Klasifikasi
Tingkat Degradasi dan Iklim. 34: 66-83
Setyorini, D. Nurjana. Widowati, L.R, Kasno, A. 2009. Petunjuk penggunaan
perangkat uji tanah kering (PUTK). Balai Penelitian Tanah. Bogor.
Tan, K. H, 1998. Dasar-dasar Kimia Tanah. Gadjah Mada University Press.
Yogyakarta
Wahyuni, S. 2008. Hasil padi gogo dari dua sumber benih yang berbeda . Jurnal
Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan 27 ( 3) : 135-140

RATE OF SEDIMENTATION CONTROL SYSTEM OF LAND EROSION
DUE TO MAINTAIN ELECTRICAL ENERGY
(CASE STUDY CIRATA, WEST IN JAVA)
Welstien Herma Tatipata, Indratmo Soekarno, Arwin Sabar, Sri Legowo

Faculty of Civil and Enviromental Engineering,
Institut of Technology Bandung
Email : meychetatipata@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
One of the problems encountered in the management Cirata is the sedimentation problem.
Sedimentation in reservoirs can be caused by erosion that occurs on lands that are critical
to the watershed. If the sedimentary material formed by erosion of the land into the river in
large numbers, it will cause the rate of sedimentation that goes into being a great Cirata
would even outpace the rate of sediment plan. As a result of the sediment to settle to the
bottom Cirata, dead bin capacity and effective reservoir capacity reservoir will experience
shrinkage. Like wise, the age of the reservoir plan, age reservoirs Cirata plans to accelerate
the reduction. This study aims to investigate the performance of sedimentation rate control
method in reservoir erosion due sources. The research conducted in the location Reservoir
Hydroelectric Cirata. The method used in the analysis of soil erosion is musle method
(Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation). Factors that influence soil erosion are rainfall
erosivity factor, soil erodibility, slope length factor and slope as well as the management
and preservation of the land. Musle analysis method it can be seen of the sediment that
accumulates at the bottom of the reservoir Cirata using Sediment Delivery Ratio and also
using observations with the sampling method of measurement of water volume in the
reservoir Cirata. Sampling is conducted census. Data were analyzed by sedimentation rate
Non Linear Regression. The results will show that the model used in the calculation of
reservoir sedimentation rate and keep track of polynomial models are very significant and
acceptable due to erosion.
Keywords: dams, erosion, sedimentation, land use
INTRODUCTION
Cirata reservoir is one form of river basin development with the aim of utilizing the
water resources. Cirata reservoir is a multipurpose dam (multi-purpose) is a
hydroelectric and flood control for the Citarum River downstream. Cirata reservoir
was completed in 1983 at the age of 100 years of the plan. Cirata has a catchment
area of 6,200 ha with a capacity of 1827.40 juta/m3 and reduction capacities of
145.600.00 juta/m3.During the operational period Cirata reservoir sedimentation
Page - 141
have experienced in a very large number. The basic result of sedimentation basins
experience silting. With conditions like these, reservoirs have undergone shrinkage
Cirata reservoir capacity. As a result of the reduced capacity of reservoirs, reservoir
that can be utilized effectively for reservoir operations will also be reduced so that
the useful life of the reservoir will experience accelerated reduction. Given that
reservoirs Cirata has the function as a power plant and a source of much-needed
energy as well as flood control for downstream Citarum river, is very important to
keep the reservoir Cirata still operate in accordance with its development.
LITERATURE
Debit in Annual Flow
Discharge in the calculation of the annual flow is used to determine the perception
of the reservoir sediment into the reservoir. Annual discharge is obtained from the
average of several periods of annual discharge into the reservoir. Annual discharge
is obtained from the average - average annual discharge of some period into the
reservoir.
Efficiency Reservoir Catchment
To calculate the amount of suspended sediment or sediment in the reservoir, is to

find the magnitude of trap efficiency is defined as the ratio between the amount of
sediment that settles in reservoirs with a total transport of sediment into the
reservoir. Using this method the amount of trap efficiency can be estimated
empirically based on the measurement of sediment deposition in several large
reservoirs that the magnitude of trap efficiency depends on the comparison between
the capacity of the reservoir capacity and the amount of water coming into the
reservoir in a year.
For this calculation in determining the trap efficiency, determined in advance by

the bin capacity comparison between annual stream inflow. Having obtained the

ratio between the value of C / I, then the amount of trap efficiency can be searched
by using graphs , the relationship between the ratio of reservoir capacity to annual
inflow (x-axis) with trapped sediment percent (y-axis). Look at Figure 1 Value trap
efficiency will be reduced in line with the operational capacity of the reservoir
because the reservoir will continue to decrease due to sediment.
Figure. 1. The relationship graph capacity – Inflow
Measurement of Sediment Accumulation in Reservoirs
The total volume of sediment to the seasonal or annual basis through which the
river reservoirs can be determined by mapping the topography of the reservoir at
regular intervals, measurements performed on cross-sectional elongated reservoirs
that have been set. The amount of sediment entering the bottom of the reservoir to
accumulate calculated by compare the measured reservoir kapasitasa from two
different times.
Measurement of the capacity of the reservoir can be implemented in a

straightforward manner that is by pemeruman (Echo Sounding). Measurement
procedure with the contour method, and or the path (Range method). The choice of
method used depends on the quantity and distribution of sediments, the availability
of base maps, the research objectives and the desired accuracy. Using topographic
contour mapping procedures, pathway implemented by making longitudinal
profile, the implementation tool used to measure the rope guess the depth of water
reservoirs and equipment theodolite topographic mapping and water pass is used
for the land.
Sediment Rate Calculation
Things that can not be avoided is the river inflow into the reservoir carrying
sediment and sediment transport, causing silting of reservoirs. Influence of
reservoirs on river flow is the flow rate of the original will be slower and the water
surface slope will be smaller.The symptoms are caused rivers to sediment carrying
capacity is reduced and tends to settle in the reservoir. Reservoir can thus be
viewed as a medium to measure total sediment transport from rivers that flow into
the reservoir. River sediment accumulation in the reservoir will reduce the capacity
of the reservoir. In determine the rate of sediment discharge specific weight of
sediment deposition.
Erosion and Sedimentation
Sedimentation processes include erosion, transportation, deposition and

compaction of sediment itself. The process went very complex starting from the
fall of the rain water that generates kinetic energy which is the beginning of the
erosion process. Once ground into fine particles, then rolled with the flow,
sebhagian will be left on the ground while the other partly carried by the flow into
the river to transport sediment.
The most important factors affecting soil erosion are rainfall, vegetation covering
the soil surface, soil type and slope of the land. Because an important part of the
impact of raindrops, the plants provide important protection against erosion by
absorbing energy that the rain fall and usually reduce the sizes of the beads of rain

that reaches the ground.Grow - plants can also provide mechanical protection to the
soil against erosion.
Because sediment is a continuation of the erosion process factors affecting

sediment at areas, but the sediment in the river is still influenced by hydraulic
characteristics of the river, cross sediments and volcanic activity. The amount of
sediment transported by the river flow is determined chain erosion and sediment
transport sediment production is influenced by topography, soil properties of the
soil cover, the rate and amount of surface runoff, sediment sources as well,
transport systems, soil texture and nature of the watershed, widespread topography,
shape and slope of the land.
The Amount of Erosion Prediction
There are several ways of doing estimating the magnitude of erosion both directly
and indirectly. Some researchers speculate that the amount of erosion that occurs
somewhere in a way to accommodate the flow surface at all times of rain.
Furthermore, based on the interpretation of the rainfall erosion was exactly what
happened in the area.Besides, there is an educated guess the amount of erosion by
measuring the amount of cargo carried by the flow of river suspensions in the area
at the time of rain.
Erosivity Factor
Rainfall erosivity factor is evaluated from the ability of rainfall on soil erosion are
not protected. Loss of soil from the ground plate has a weighted high correlation
with rainfall characteristics, the maximum rainfall energy for 30 minutes.
The amount of rainfall, rainfall intensity and distribution of rainfall determine the
dispersion force rain against the ground, the number and strength of surface runoff
and erosion. While the properties of rain erosion is affecting the amount, intensity
and kinetic energy generated.

Erodibility Factor
Soil erodibility index is also called soil erosion sensitivity index is defined as the
annual rate of soil loss in weight per unit area of land per rainfall erosivity index
value, the weighted soil, no vegetation at all, on the slopes with a slope of 9% and a
slope length of 22 meters. The determination of soil erodibility can use laboratory
analysis, based on the physical properties of the soil. (Figure 2)
Parameters - parameters to estimate the value of K, were a) percent dust (2-5

microns) + percent very fine sand (5-100 microns), b) percent sand, c) Percent
organic matter, d) Soil Structure, and e) Soil Permeability
Figure 2 Soil Erodibility nomogram developed Wischmeier
Slope Factor
Two parameters that affect the slope factor, ie the slope length and percent
slope.Slope length factor (L) and slope (S) is the ratio of the value of the land lost
value of land with slopes of 22 meters length and slope of 9%. To land with a

length of 22 meters and has a slope of 9% LS values equal to one, whereas for land
with other conditions weismeier make the following formula:
To slope (S) < 20%: LS = 0.01 √ L (1.38 + 0.96 + 0.138 S S2)
To slope (S) > 20%: LS = (L/100) 0.6 x (S / 9) 1.4
Description: L = length of slope (m) and S = slope (%)
LS factor can also be determined by using the image below: (figure 3)
Figure 3. Slope factor (LS)
Crop management factor (C)
Crop management factor (C) is the ratio between the loss of cultivated land for
planting to processing systems against loss if the land is cultivated continuously but
without planted.
Land Preservation Factor (P)
Value of land improvement factor (P) is the ratio between the amount of soil
erosion on land that is lost with certain preservation actions, the amount of soil
erosion when the land without action on land preservation.
METHODOLOGY
Frame of the study provide a schematic overview of several stages with each part
as follows: The first stage includes the Identification of problems that directs

research on the topic is more focused issues. Then proceed with data collection and
analysis of secondary and primary data that exist in order to obtain a map of the
location of the study and Cirata subzone in which there is a pool of the reservoir.
The next stage of the data analysis will be conducted according to the standards
used in Indonesia and other countries and estimate the level of efficiency of
operation of reservoirs in the study area. If all the above stages have been passed,
be making maps of the area and sub-watershed study Cirata and measures to
control the rate of sedimentation there. Based on the logic of this study, the
research is divided into five (5) main sections, namely: Data Collection, Data
Analysis, Measurement Analysis, and Sediment Control Implementation Patterns.
Flowchart frame of the study can be seen in Figure 4.
Data Collection
These data are needed, especially relating to the calculation of the capacity of the
reservoir, on the basis of reservoir sedimentation, soil erosion in the drainage area
and the condition of the drainage area and the rate of sediment Cirata reservoir and
catchment efficiency Cirata. These data include:
1. Cirata reservoir data include: the capacity of the reservoir, the results of
laboratory testing of sediment samples in the field and in the discharge
flow.
2. Results echo sounding measurements in Cirata, include: coordinates,

distance and elevation measurement points.
3. Data flow in the reservoir Cirata, the results of laboratory testing of

sediment samples in the field.
4. These data reservoirs Cirata, include: the capacity of the reservoir, the
effective volume, the volume of sediment from the previous measurement
period and reservoir technical data.

5. Cirata reservoir drainage area characteristics including rainfall, soil

laboratory test results, topographic maps and land use.
Figure .4. Flowcharts think research

Analysis Data
1. Sedimentation analysis contained in the Saguling Cirata.

From the calculation of the efficiency of the catch will be compared Saguling
volume of sediment accumulated in the Citarum river with a material volume of
sediment accumulated in the reservoir sediments and Cirata.
2. Analysis of soil erosion with sediment reservoirs Cirata.

From the calculation of the rate of sediment compared to the total erosion that
occurs on land for later evaluation of erosion that occurs in the reservoir
watershed.

3. Analysis of the sediment distribution.
Elongated pieces illustrative results compared with the elevation of the reservoir
water intake and spillway elevation then evaluated whether the base elevation of
the reservoir formed by the deposition of sediment has disrupted the function of
water intake and spillway and evaluation of reservoir bottom sediment
accumulation trend.
4. Capacity analysis and reservoir age Cirata
From the calculation above can be seen shrinking capacity and the effective
volume of the reservoir as well as the review and analysis of the age of the
reservoir plan to maximize electricity production based on reservoir capacity
reservoir dead.
5. Analysis of reservoir plan Cirata age.
From the analysis of the capacity and age of the reservoir can be analyzed Cirata
rate of sediment that can enter into the reservoir for the remaining useful life of
the reservoir and can be analyzed to improve the rate of soil erosion on land use
based on land use in the reference period of the previous year.
Sedimentation in reservoirs
Sedimentation occurs due Cirata sediment content in the river water result of
erosion that has occurred in the rivers that enter Cirata. Erosion that occurs in the
presence of surface flow or runoff will be carried away by the stream and
eventually get into Cirata and will be deposited at the base of the reservoir. given in
Table 1 and Figure 5.

Table 1. The Development of Sediment in Cirata

Year Sediment Cumulative
Total capacity Efective capacity
measurement Volume sediment
(million/m3) (million/m3)
(million/m3) (million/m3)
1987 0,000 0,000 1.973,000 796,000
1989 0,516 0,516 1.972,484 795,700
1991 10,142 10,658 1.962,342 790,100
1993 11,276 21,934 1.951,066 789,200
1997 25,515 47,449 1.925,551 782,890
2000 15,330 62,779 1.910,221 781,600
2001 5,870 68,649 1.904,351 778,690
2002 3,230 71,879 1.901,121 777,310
2007 80,690 152,569 1.820,431 767,900
Figure 5. Graph sediment development Cirata
The development of the sedimentation in Cirata, which includes sediment, the

average rate of sediment and sediment plans are given in Table 2 and Figure 6.

Table 2. Rate of Sediment Reservoir Cirata
Average rate of
Year Rate of sediment Sediment plan
sediment
measurement (million/m3) (million/m3)
(million/m3)
1987 0,00 3,72 5,67
1989 0,26 3,72 5,67
1991 2,66 3,72 5,67
1993 3,66 3,72 5,67
1997 4,74 3,72 5,67
2000 4,83 3,72 5,67
2001 4,90 3,72 5,67
2002 4,79 3,72 5,67
2007 7,63 3,72 5,67
Figure 6. Rate of Sedimen Reservoir Cirata
DISCUSSION
Capacity Cirata
Reservoir capacity and effective capacity of the reservoir Cirata period of 2007 has
been known from the calculation above, it can be calculated decrease in capacity or
volume of the reservoir that occurs from the initial state until 2007. In Table 1 and
figure 7 loaded data on reservoir capacity and sediment volume, the previous
period (1987) and the last period (in 2007).

Calculation occurs and volume shrinkage of the effective reservoir capacity by

using existing data in Table 3 are as follows:
Dam reservoir capacity : (1.827 billion: 1.973 billion) x 100% = 92.60%
Effective volume : (767 000 000: 796 000 000) x 100% = 96.36%
Table 3. Reservoir capacity, effective volume and the volume of sediment

reservoirs Cirata
Figure 7. Chart effective storage capacity reservoir Cirata
Cirata Age
Report the results of measurements by PT.PJB.BBWC Cirata Cirata stated in a safe

condition to operate and from field observation can be confirmed that the reservoir
Cirata can still operate according to its function. The amount of sediment
accumulated in 2007 amounted to 143 million m3 reservoir age of 20 years. Turns

Cirata reservoir age has not ended despite the actual sediment volume has reached
25.1% of the theoretical volume. Referring to the results depiction transverse
profile measurement lines on the reservoir and drawing contour maps (separate
attachment) actual sediment is known to spread unevenly. Mean age reservoirs are
not directly affected by the volume of the reservoir bottom sediment accumulation
because it is still influenced by sediment dispersal patterns that occur.
Cirata residual reservoir age calculations done with the assumption that the
condition of the forest, land use in the Upper Citarum Watershed, Cisokan,
Cikundul, Cibalagung and Cimeta and green belt area (greenbelt) around Cirata no
worse than current conditions, it can be predicted age of the rest reservoirs as
follows:
Based on a report from PT. PJB.BBWC Cirata, in 2008, the volume of sediment
deposited at an elevation of 185 m + of 123 million m3, at an elevation of 205 m by
117 + million + m3 and at an elevation of 220 m by 146 million m3. Sediment
accumulation is the result of over 20 years, and based on the level of the rate of
sediment Cirata (Sr), at an elevation of +185 m can be calculated that 6.15 million
m3/year, at an elevation of +205 m of 5.85 million m3/year and at an elevation of
220 m of 7.3 + million m3/year. From the above data, it can predict the remaining
life Cirata at an elevation of +185 m, +205 m and +220 m at 60 years, 180 years
and 250 years.
In terms of the cause, the forest as a source of erosion shrinks until 2000, and
possible allow shorter age reservoirs. But the fact that the field has exceeded the
volume of sediment volume and reservoir plan is still in operation, it allows
additional years until the age of dam reservoirs basic conditions do not allow the
operation of the reservoir further. This storage because the basic distribution
patterns of sedimentation in reservoirs is influenced by: the reservoir floor
topography, sediment grain size and the pattern of reservoir operation, so that the

distribution sedimenyang Cirata has occurred in certain patterns and age of the rest
of the reservoir can not be predicted with certainty.
Reservoir Age Analysis Plan
The Rate of Sediment Reservoirs
To extend the life of the reservoir in order to achieve the design life of 100 years
can be done with efforts that reduce the rate of sediment into the reservoir Cirata.
Sediment catchment capacity of 767.90 million m3 plan and rate plans sediment of
1.2 mm / year.For 20 years the volume of reservoir sediment has filled plan of
143.00 million m3. So that the rate of sediment that can enter into the reservoir
during the remaining life of the plan Cirata reservoirs are:
Bin sediment plan = 767.90 million m3

Incoming sediment volume = 143.00 million m3
The rest of the catch = 624.90 million m3 of sediment
Age = 100 years reservoir plan
Operational life of the reservoir = 20 years
The rest of the reservoir design life = 80 years
The rate of sediment that can enter into the reservoir in order to achieve Cirata
design life is 100 years = 624,900.000 / 80 = 7811, 25 m3/year.
The Rate of Soil Erosion
Sediment problems in reservoirs Cirata can not be separated from the problem of
erosion that occurs on land. Erosion into the reservoir Cirata also affected by soil
erosion, that occurs in the drainage area of the river. The amount of erosion that
goes into the reservoir Cirata during operational time to overcome the erosion rate
is not in accordance with the plans, has been done on monitoring sedimentation in
reservoirs Cirata years 1987-2007.

Table 2 it can be concluded that the sedimentation rate has exceeded the actual
sedimentation rate (3.96 mm / year) and has exceeded the rate of sedimentation
plan (1.2 mm / year). This is because the sediments are derived from erosion of
land along the river subwatershed leading to the reservoir directly into the reservoir
Cirata. After Cirata inundation in 1987, the rate of sediment that goes into Cirata be
very small. Illegal logging is indirectly cause changes in land use. Agricultural land
use around Cirata land located in the mainland (in the greenbelt boundary), and
land an ebb (below the greenbelt). Land use in the area surrounding mainland
Cirata can generally be grouped into two main categories that include dryland
mixed gardens, rubber plantations, talun and yard, and wetlands that include rice
fields and ponds. Land use is rice land uses to be the dominant land use in some
areas around the reservoir. Specifically for land-use pools, in general, is often
found in their yards with size varied from a few square meters up to tens of square
meters. Land ponds used for fish hatcheries and fish rearing before eventually grew
to the size of the pool ready for sale in cages.
In some other parts of the reservoir, the dominant type of land use was largely
rubber and talun. Talun which can be found in the form of land planted with one
plant species (monoculture) as sengon or mahogany, but there are also talun
planted with various species of trees (multicultural) as a mixture of plants sengon,
mahogany, jackfruit, bamboo and coffee, while for general land use found in the
form of land surutan land use and cultivation of rice crops.
Table 4. Monitoring results of sedimentation in reservoirs Cirata 1987 – 2007

Figure 5 Chart increase in sedimentation rate Cirata
Erosion Mitigation Efforts Reservoir
1. Minimize the entry of sediment into the reservoir, which can be done by
watershed conservation, sediment control structures to create pockets of
sediment (chekdam) or with a filter plant (vegetation screen), make a diversion
(bypass channels) to streams with high sediment concentrations in order not to
get into the reservoir.
2. Minimize the deposition of sediment in the reservoir, which is done by

removing sediment from the reservoir before the sediment settles.
3. Issued sediment that has settled in the reservoir. There are two methods that
can be used that are hydraulically by using the potential energy of water
(flushing) and mechanically with the help of mechanical equipment (dredging).
CONCLUSION
Based of the discussion that has been done a number of conclusions, among others:
1. Erosion that occurs on degraded lands in the watershed surrounding the

reservoir, giving effect to the sedimentation in the reservoir Cirata. Material
sediment erosion degraded lands are not entirely carried away by the stream that
is then deposited in the bottom of the reservoir Cirata. 7.4% of the material due
to erosion degraded lands are carried by the Citarum river basin and its
tributaries are then deposited in the bottom of the reservoir Cirata.
2. The actual rate of sediment into the reservoir Cirata during the operational period
has exceeded the rate of sediment plan. Sediment at a rate of 80.690 million
m3/year plan and the actual rate of sediment in the measurement period of 2007
amounted to 145,600.00 m3/year then the rate of sediment that can enter into the
reservoir during the remaining life of the plan Cirata reservoir amounted to
624,900.000 m3/year.
3. Sediment settles and accumulates at the base Cirata has resulted in the
acceleration of the reduction of the age of the reservoir. Cirata with age
appropriate planned of 100 years, ending in 2072 leaving only the remaining life
of 60 years. So that the reservoir age Cirata will expire in 2073. Effort to extend
the life of the reservoir is the dredging of sediment in the area around the water
intake so that the function of the power plant can continue to operate.
REFERENCES
Anonymous. , 2011. Final Report Job Hazard Classification and Cirata Dam
Emergency (master plan book )
Anonymous. 2012. Book I: Final Report of Work Measurement Echo Sounding
Cirata. (master plan book)
Anonymous. 2012. Book I: Final Report of Work Measurement Echo Sounding 5th
annual sedimentation Cirata. Jawa Barat: PT. Geomatics Multi Solution.
(book master plan)
Gregory L.Moris, Jiahua Fan, 2011‖ Reservoir sedimentation . pp 6.1 – 6.12
(handbook)
Linsley, Ray K. Kohler, Max A. Paulhus, Joseph LH. , 1986. For Insinyur.Erlangga
hydrology, Jakarta. pp 291-307) (book)
Soewarno.,2013. Measurement And Watershed Data Processing (Hidrometri).
Nova. Bandung. pp 766 – 777


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Jambi, November 2014

Dr. Ir. Adriani, MSi

Advicer : Rector of Jambi University

3. Soil Chemical Characteristics and It’s Connection For Fertilizer

Research Institute of Jambi University Page - vi

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Dr. Aris Slamet Widodo

Indonesia as an archipelago nation surely has various problems regarding coastal

Research Institute of Jambi University Page - 2

System of conservation farming is a system of integrated one of emphasizing on

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of land (Dirjen Tanaman Pangan, 1992). Conservation farming on coast lands is

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Pattern of farming done by farmers of coast lands was a combination among

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Cow Grass Casuarinas Joint Well

Picture 1. Farming Pattern of Farming Conservation at Coastal Land in Bantul

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Water is needed by plants in the process of photosynthesis or plant physiology in

Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Yogyakarta (Study Center of Agricultural

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Picture 2. Conservation at Coastal Land (Casuarinas Equisetifolia)

Analysis of Farming Income

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. The farming pattern done by farmers is a combination of farming crops and

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Provision and maintenance of conservation variables consisting of windbarier

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JOHN BAKO BAON* and A. ADI PRAWOTO

Keywords: Coal mining, cocoa, collaboration, CSR, and technology transfer

Cocoa of smallholders may contribute significant benefit to the welfare of cocoa

As coal mining companies concern to environmental and social community

Research Institute of Jambi University Page - 13

As highlighted earlier, weaknesses in their consultation method suggests it is

Research Institute of Jambi University Page - 14

Natural, Economic and Human Resources

Cocoa of smallholders has contributed significant benefit to the welfare of cocoa

At present, productivity of cocoa farms in that area is considered relatively low,

As coal mining companies concern to environmental and social community

Research Institute of Jambi University Page - 15

mining companies and ICCRI. According to many experiences, cocoa husbandry is

Research Institute of Jambi University Page - 16

A number of technologies provided to cocoa farmers surroundings of the mining

Establishment of demonstration/visitor plots is required as a means for extension to

One of the methods of CPB control is by sanitation of infected pods which

Research Institute of Jambi University Page - 17

In terms of cocoa quality, the farmers have implemented fermentation of fresh

Specialized formal information is introduced into the network by highly sought

There are several implications for cocoa farming management practices,

Research Institute of Jambi University Page - 18

To increase production, effort has been made by an extensive mono-crop

In terms of land holding, on the average, smallholder farmers working on plots

Research Institute of Jambi University Page - 19

contra-productive the efforts. As a result, local processors have difficulty in

Smallholder farmers lack access to acceptable collateral for financial institutions.

Research Institute of Jambi University Page - 20

Farmer Income after Technology Implementing

Most of cocoa production is done by smallholder. This condition lead to a