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What is upper gastrointestinal endoscopy?

Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract, also referred to as oesophagogastroduodenoscopy


(OGD) or gastroscopy for short, passes a thin, gymnastic tube fitted behind a camera through the
mouth to the duodenum (the initial curved segment of the little intestine). It allows the physician to
examine the mucosal lining of the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum. The procedure will usually
be performed by a gastroenterologist or upper gastrointestinal general surgeon, and can be finished
later the compliant swift or under general anaesthesia.
It is an important reasoned procedure used in the testing of diseases such as reflux oesophagitis,
oesophageal varices, oesophageal cancer, gastric ulcer, gastric cancer, duodenal ulcer, and coeliac
disease.
Endoscopy may be used for psychiatry of symptoms such as indigestion, nausea, vomiting, be killing
or bleeding. The physician is often competent to find the source of the symptoms to lead other
investigations and treatment. They can along with exclude nasty diagnoses such as cancer. In
addition, endoscopy has numerous therapeutic applications, particularly in the handing out of upper
gastrointestinal bleeds, as soon as various methods reachable to stop the bleeding.

What is its purpose?


Diagnostic applications
Diagnostic applications mainly focus on the inspection of practicable peptic ulcers or carcinoma
(cancers). Biopsies (tissue samples) can be taken during procedure by threading specialised devices
through the central equipment channel of the endoscope.
Endoscopy is used to dissect symptoms such as dyspepsia (general term for calamity stomach),
vomiting or iron lack anaemia (secondary to gastrointestinal bleeding) and in patients similar to
blood detected in their faeces. Peptic ulceration is the most common cause of gastrointestinal
bleeding. Endoscopy allows investigation of the entire area of the gastrointestinal tract prone to
peptic ulceration and carcinoma in a single investigation.
It should be noted that the endoscope forlorn reaches to the second allocation of the duodenum.
Colonoscopyon the supplementary hand, usually without help reaches taking place to the terminal
ileum (final segment of the little intestine). so similar to tolerable examination techniques, there is a
segment of small intestine that is not accessible for more detailed examination.

Therapeutic applications
Endoscopy is most often used in the treatment of bleeding lesions. Ulcers, varices (abnormal, dilated
tortuous veins) or additional abnormalities can be treated by injecting substances that constrict
vessels, occluding them as soon as balloons or placing a small band at their base. Benign strictures
(narrowings) in the tummy or oesophagus can along with be opened up using endoscopic techniques.
Cancers of the oesophagus, belly and duodenum can sometimes cause obstruction, appropriately
little tubes (stents) can be placed to save the lumen open. Laser treatment can next be used to try to

slay some of the cancerous cells. Furthermore, endoscopy has been used in the treatment of gastrooesophageal reflux disease by means of special surgery via the endoscope.

Preparing for the procedure


Before the procedure, a nurse will spend some get older bearing in mind you to question and
respond questions, and to create clear that there is a determined arrangement of whats going on. A
doctor will as well as spend some era following you, going greater than the procedure, its benefits,
risks and complications. You will later be asked to sign a attain form.
Endoscopy is often over and done with as an out-patient procedure. You are advised not to drive to
your appointment as the sedatives can undertake up to 24 hours to wear off.
Specific instructions will be provided by the staff at the hospital where the procedure will be
performed. For 8 hours prior to the procedure, you will not be nimble to eat or drink anything except
most likely little amounts of water until one and a half hours since the procedure. This minimises the
risk of wish (sucking or inspiration) of gastrointestinal contents into the airways and lungs. It along
with ensures the upper gastrointestinal tract is empty to get optimal views of the walls and mucosa.
Newer, thinner endoscopes are now straightforward which shorten the craving for sedation and
minimise compliant discomfort. Your doctor will declare whether these are customary for your
procedure.

The procedure
The nurse will attach an intravenous line, through which medications will be introduced and your
valuable signs (blood pressure, temperature, pulse rate and oxygen saturation) will be recorded.
These will be monitored before, during and after the procedure.
When you arrive for the procedure, a local anaesthetic will be sprayed at the urge on of your throat
to allow you to swallow the tube without gagging. Several patients along with receive sedation to
minimise discomfort and anxiety.
A long, lithe endoscope is passed via the mouth, through the oesophagus and front to attain the
duodenum. air is pumped out of the endoscope to dilate the belly to permit augmented visualisation.
The doctor manoeuvers the endoscope through the gastrointestinal tract. The doctor will be clever
to see magnified pictures of the tract upon the television and consequently begin to make a
diagnosis.
If unusual lesions are detected, the doctor may believe a small sample (biopsy) to allow other
testing, or produce an effect procedures to stop bleeding ulcers. Specialised equipment is threaded
through the tube for these purposes. The entire procedure usually takes 20-30 minutes.
After the procedure, you will stay for a few hours of observation even if the painkilling wears off.
Your throat may environment pustule and you may environment bloated. These will speedily wear
off.

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