Beruflich Dokumente
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Edited and enriched by Valtyr Aron Thorrason The first 101 questions V.4
*** marked questions have answers which are not edited and/or im not sure about. The more the stars
the less I agree with the answer
General Neuroanatomy
Corpus callosum
Hippocampal commissure ( aka comissure fornicis aka lyre of David)
Anterior commissure
mesencephalon!
!
!
metencephalon!
myelencephalon!
!
!
6. List the structures that form the anterior wall of the 3rd ventricle.
L L A C (f) (what do you LLAC(lack)? do you lack a f*?)
!
Lamina terminalis
!
Lamina rostralis
!
Anterior commissure
!
Columns of the Fornix
7. a)Define the term lamina choroidea
The tela choroidea (which is the lining of the choroid plexus) is made up of two parts.
A connective tissue layer (pia matter) and an ependymal cell layer.
This ependymal cell layer is called lamina choroidea. It is a simple columnar
epithelium and lines the brain ventricle and is in contact with the CSF
b)Where is it located in the brain?
where the choroid plexus is
lateral ventricles : in the medial wall
3rd ventricle : roof
4th ventricle : posterior part of the roof
8. Define the location and Brodmanns number of
!
a)the Brocas speech area
44,45
triangular and opercular parts of inferior frontal gyrus
!
(remember that they are PRIMARY thats why its 41 and 42 rather than 44,45 which is the brocas area. The second
number in 41 is 1=primary and 42 is the answer to life the universe and everything thats whats primary! :)
in the posterior half- and upper bank of the superior temporal gyrus of the
temporal lobe and in the transverse temporal gyri
(you would have to look into the lateral sulcus to see them properly in a
dissection)
9. Where are the places of bony attachment of the
a) falx cerebri
crista galli of the ethmoid bone
along the edges of the groove for the superior saggital sinus
Internal occipital protuberance
b) tentorium cerebelli
rostrally !
: clinoid processes
rostrolateraly! : petrous portion of the temporal bone
caudolaterally : inner surface of the occipital bone along the groove for transverse sinus
10. Where is the stria terminalis located?
Its a major output flow from the amygdaloid body
runs: on the ventricular surface of the thalamus
from the amygdaloid complex -> Tuberal nuclear region of the hypothalamus
11. ***Where is the stria medullaris located?
it is a fiber bundle containing afferent fibers from the:
septal nuclei
lateral preoptico-hypothalamic region
anterior thalamic nuclei
it goes to the habenula and is a part of the epithalamus
It is a horizontal ridge that is located on the medial side of the thalamus. It is a
bundle of fibers that run along the roof of the third ventricle to the thalamus and
then terminate in the habenula
12. Where is the induceum griceum located?
it is a little bit of the cortex of the gray matter of the brain in the depth of the
longitudinal cerebral fissure
aka supracallosal gyrus so it makes a lot of sense that it is above the corpus
callosum
consists of a thin layer of gray matter in contact with the dorsal surface of the
corpus callosum = it lies above it and lines it from above
lateral to it is the gray matter of the cingulate gyrus
13. What is the origin and termination
a) fornix
O: Hippocampus ! !
I: mammillary body
!
b) stria terminalis
O: Amygdaloid body!!
I: tuberal region of medial hypothalamus
2!
3!
!
!
!
external granular! !
external pyramidal! !
!
!
E!
E!
G (general)
P (practicioner)
4!
5!
!
!
!
!
internal granular!
!
internal pyramidal! !
I!
I!
G (general)
P (practicioner)
6!
Multiform!
molecular layer!
molecular layer!
!
!
-!
-!
inhibitory
inhibitory
3. Purkinje cells!
-!
inhibitory
4. Golgi cell! !
5. Granular cells!
granular layer!
granular layer!
!
!
-!
-!
inhibitory
excitatory
17. Name afferent pathways of the neostriatum. Name also the major
neurotransmitters that are released by them.
!
Fibers from cerebral cortex! -> ! cortico-striatal !
- glutamate
!
fibers coming from sub.negra ->! nigro-striatal !!
- dopamine
18. Name 2 efferent pathways of the neostriatum. Name also the
neurotransmitters that are released by the axon terminals of these pathways.
!
To the globus pallidus !
-> striato-pallidal! projections! -GABA
!
To substantia nigra !!
-> striato-nigral !
projections! -GABA
19. Name the afferent fibre tracts of the cerebellar cortex that arise from the
brainstem and terminate with
a)mossy fibers
ponto - cerebellar
reticulo - cerebellar
vestibulo - cerebellar
mn: the pervert is hiding in the moss
b)climbing fibres
olivo - cerebellar tract
mn: if the pervert comes all you have to do is to climb the olive tree
c) Describe also the method & location of how the mossy & climbing fibres
terminate in the cerebellar cortex.
mossy:
terminate in the stratum granulosum forming a
wide arborization pattern and establishing synaptic contacts with
many dendrites of granule cells
climbing fibers:
terminate in the stratum moleculare forming a
narrow arborization pattern and establishing synaptic contacts usually with
one purkinje cell
20. Name the neural elements that participate in the formation of the cerebellar
glomeruli.
it is where! granule cell dendrites (post-synaptic) and !
!
dizziness
bad coordination of movement
eyes tremble
tremor
speech disorder
reduced muscle tone
inability to estimate distances
!
!
!
Corpus callosum
Hippocampal commissure ( aka comissure fornicis aka lira of David)
Anterior commissure
25. Describe the origin of the neural crest. List the cell types developed from it.
Develops from the neural fold (ectoderm).
located dorsolateral to the neural tube
gives rise to:
Melanocytes
Odontoblasts
Dorsal root ganglia
Enteric neurons and glia
Laryngeal cartilage
Pia / peripheral neurons
All ganglia / Adrenal Madulla / Arachnoid
Schwann cells
Sympathetic neuroblast
26. Describe:
a) the ultrastructural composition of the Nissl-substance
Rough endoplasmic reticulum in granular arrangement.
Consists of endoplasmic reticulum. ribosomes and mRNA
b) the parts where they are present.
!
in the perikaryon (cell body) and proximal dendritic processes
in them protein synthesis happens.
!
In motor neurons have!
: large nissl bodies
!
in sensory neurons have! : small nissl bodies! !
27. ***What is the difference between the axon hillock and initial axon segment?
What are the features in which the membrane covering the initial axon
segment differs from the other parts of the cell membrane? (direct answer from
original melissa notes)
The axon hillock is a conically shaped region from which the axon extends
the axon hillock has parallelly arranged arranged microtubules and has no nissl
substance
initial axon segment is where the first action potential is generated. It has a bundle of
microtubules, Ca channels and no scwhann cells
28. List a) the types of all glial cells in the CNS and the embryonic germ layers
they
!
E!
Ependymal cells! -!
ectoderm
!
M!
Microglial cells!
-!
mesoderm
!
O!
Oligodendrocytes! -!
ectoderm
!
A!
Astrocytes! !
-!
ectoderm
29. List the major functions of the glial cells of the CNS.
Structural Support
Mechanical support
Insulate electrically
Nourish
Keep a constant Electrical environment
Take up neurotransmitters
SMINK (ET) they put smink on E.T
smink = a word for make-up in many languages
30. Make a drawing of a peripheral nerve.
32. List the layers that separate the lumen of the blood vessels from the nervous
tissue in the CNS. Which layer forms the blood brain barrier?
tight junctions between endothelial cells <------- the main contributor to BBB
basement membrane of endothelial cells
glial limiting membrane (made by the glial processes of the astrocytes)
33. What are the major differences between the fast and slow axonal transport
mechanisms?
Fast
Slow
only anterograde
anterograde: kinesin
retrograde: dynein (I dont wanna go back)
34. Name the macromolecules that play a substantial role in the fast axonal
transport mechanism.
!
Dynein!
retrograde (I dont wanna go back!! I deny it dont make me)
!
kinesin!
anterograde
35. Define the term histodynamic polarity.
Parts of the neurons that are specialized for specific functions, that can be distinguished
from one-another and can have different morphological characteristics to execute their
specialty properly.
List the cell compartments that can be distinguished from each other in the sense
of dynamic polarity.
you can have:
receptive segment (PNS: peripheral part of axon. CNS: somatodendritic part)
transduction segment (where you make the first AP)
conduction segment (where the AP runs)
synaptic segment (where the nerve will terminate)
36. List three types of neurotransmitters.
1. Amino acids
!
-glutamate, aspartate, GABA
2. Biogenic amines
!
-ACh, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, serotonin
3. Peptides
!
-Vasopressin,VIP, substance P
47. List the major factors playing role in regeneration of myelinated neuron/cell in
the nervous system.
division of schwann cells -> make a cylinder -> guide new nerve processes
sprouts from severed axons that will grow from the proximal stump
if one encounters a cylinder made by schwann cells it might grow toward the
designated target organ
Integrin proteins are needed to signal about the micro environment
basement membrane of the schwann cells will show the way
axons and their filopodia
48. List the exogenous molecules influencing axonal growth during
neurohistogenesis?
Cell adhesion molecules (NCAM, NGCAM)
Extracellular growth molecules (laminin and fibronectin)
Nerve growth factor (NGF)
diffusible agents (glutamate, GABA)
-> 50, 51, 52 and 53 in original were repeated questions from above
12
53. List 3 neurotransmitters that play substantial roles in the endogenous pain
attenuation mechanisms of the CNS.
The endogenous opioids: dont know if they count as neurotransmitter (stupid question)
-endorphins
enkephalins
dynorphins
Neurotransmitter substances:
serotonin
noradrenaline
glutamate
glycine
GABA
54. a) Name at least five neurotransmitter substances
ACh
GABA
Glycine
Noradrenaline
Adrenaline
glutamate
b) Describe the main steps of the mechanism how they are released from the
presynaptic profile!
1) neurotransmitter is stored in synaptic vesicle
2) synaptic vesicle fuse with synaptic membrane
3) neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis
13
5 trigeminal
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
7 facial
9 glossopharyngeal
10 vagus
58. List the cranial nerves that have somatomotor nuclei in the dorsomedial
somatomotor cell column.
!
!
3!
-occulomotor
!
!
4!
-trochlear
!
!
6!
-abducent
!
!
12!
-glossopharyngeal
59. a)Which cranial nerves carry sensory information from the taste buds
14
!
!
!
7 Facial!
!
!
9 Glossopharyngeal !
10 Vagus!
!
!
note: *not the mesencephalic because its different. It has pseudo-unipolar neurons that
will be going to the masticatory muscles for proprioception and then send fibers directly
to the motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve for the chewing reflex. Only the other two
because they will be collecting sensory information from CN: 5,7,9,10 and then send it
onwards just like the gracile and cuneate nuclei are collecting a big part of the somatic
sense
61. What is the location of those cells which ascend from the (stupid question)
!
a) gracile funiculus tract
!
!
in the dorsal root ganglion
b) cuneate funiculus tract
!
!
in the dorsal root ganglion
!
!
!
c) lemniscus trigeminalis
!
!
Principal pontine and descending spinal nuclei of trigeminal nerve
!
d) where do they originate?
!
!
Principal pontine and descending spinal nuclei of trigeminal nerve
62. Define the position of the following in the CNS:
a) red nucleus
!
!
Tegmentum of midbrain next to the substantia nigra
!
b) parabrachial nucleus
Heins: located adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle
wiki: At the junction of the midbrain and pons in lateral reticular formation
rostral to the parvocellular reticular nucleus
c) substantia nigra
In the midbrain dorsal to the cerebral peduncles
15
!
!
63. List the major afferent and efferent connections of the red nucleus.
!
affarent:
dentato-rubral tract (from cerebellum)
cortico-rubral tract (from cerebral cortex)
effarent:
rubrospinal tracts
auditory input from one ear and the medial dendrites from the other ear
16
65. Make a drawing and label the tracts (pathways) of the lateral funiculus of the
spinal cord!
1. dorsal fasiculus (of lissauer)
2. fasiculus proprius
3. lateral (crossed) corticospinal tract
4. rubrospinal tract
5. posterior spinocerebellar tract
6. anterior spinocerebellar tract
7. spinothalamic tract
8. reticulospinal tract
17
66. Make a drawing and label the tracts (pathways) of the anterior and posterior
funiculi of the spinal cord!
1. fasiculus gracilis
2. fasiculus cuneatus
3. comma tract of Schultz
4. fasiculus proprius
5. anterior (direct = uncrossed) corticospinal tract
6. tecto spinal tract
7. medial longitudinal fasiculus
8. reticulo spinal tract
9. Spino thalamic tract
10.Olivo spinal tract
11.Vestibulo spinal tract
18
67. *List the descending pathways connecting the brainstem and the spinal cord.
!
a) medial descending pathways (for axial and proximal muscles)
vestibulo spinal
spinal
tecto
reticulo
spinal
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Pyramidal Tract
75. Where are the pyramidal fibers located in the spinal cord?
Crossed fibers: will descend in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus
!
!
lateral corticospinal tract
!
Uncrossed fibers: will descend in the medial part of the anterior funiculus
!
anterior corticospinal tract
76. *Name the motor nuclei of cranial nerves that receive exclusively contralateral
innervations from the pyramidal tract.
7 - facial nerve motor nucleus:
motor neurons in the motor nucleus of the facial nerve that innervate the
muscles of facial expression on the lower half of the face
20
Nucleus ambiguus:
that innervate the muscles of the soft palate
9 - hypoglossal nerve motor nucleus:
motor neurons in the motor nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve that innervate the
genioglossus muscle
21
1. receptors! !
2. axons!
!
:!
:!
!
!
3. cell groups!
!
!
!
:!
!
!
!
4. fibre tracts!
5. nuclei!
!
:!
:!
spinothalamic tract
VPL (ventro-postro-lateral) nucleus of thalamus
!
!
:!
:!
thalamocortical tract
postcentral gyrus
82. List the receptors, axons cell groups, fibre tracts & nuclei that are parts of the
sensory dorsal column medial lemniscus ascending fibre tract system. List the
components from the receptors to the cerebral cortex.
!
!
1. receptors !
2. axons!
!
:!
:!
3.cell groups!
:!
!
!
4. fibre tracts!
5. nuclei!
!
:!
:!
!
!
!
!
!
6. fibre tracts!
7. nuclei!
!
:!
:!
medial lemniscus!
VPL (ventro-postro-lateral) of thalamus
:!
:!
thalamo-cortical tract
post-central gyrus
22
83. List 5 nuclei, area or fibre tracts in the CNS system that participate in the formation of
the dorsal column medial lemniscus ascending sensory system.
Gracile fasiculus
Cuneate fasiculus
Gracile nucleus
Cuneate nucleus
VPL
somatosensory cortex in cerebral cortex, post-central gyrus, Broadman 3,1,2
84. List 3 major fibre tracts of the anterolateral ascending sensory system.
!
!
!
!
Spino! !
!
thalamic!
!
tract
!
!
!
!
Spino! !
!
mesencephalic!
tract
!
!
!
!
Spino! !
!
reticular!
!
tract
85. Name the ascending sensory pathways of the spinal cord that carry nerve signals
generated by low threshold receptors in the skin, muscles of the upper limb to the
cerebellum.
!
!
!
!
posterior!
anterior!
spino! !
spino! !
cerebellar!
cerebellar !
!
!
tract
tract
86. Name the ascending tracts that conduct sensory impulses from the a) lower and b)
upper limb to the cerebellum
a) Lower limb:!posterior!
!
!
anterior!
spino! !
spino! !
cerebellar!
cerebellar !
!
!
tract
tract
b) upper limb:!!
!
!
!
rostral! !
cuneo! !
spino! !
cerebellar !
cerebellar!
!
!
tract
tract
87. a) Name the specific sensory nuclei of the thalamus that send afferent fibers
to the cerebral cortex
b) In which histological layer of the cerebral cortex do these afferent fibers terminate?
!
all terminate in internal granular layer (4)
23
89. Which type of primary afferents conduct volleys to the spinal cord from
a) high threshold mechanoreceptors
!
!
C and A fibers
b) low threshold
!
!
A and A
c) muscle spindles.
!
!
Ia
24
7!
facial! !
9!
!
!
10!
!
vagus!!
!
!
!
!
93. Which type of motoneurons are located in the spinal cord? Define their
target.
!
a) somatic motorneurons:
-> extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers (regular muscle) : alpha motor neuron
-> intrafusal skeletal muscle fibers (muscle spindle) : gamma motor neuron
25
95. List at least five descending pathways that are involved in the control of
spinal motor functions.
Pyramidal tract
rubro! !
!
vestibulo!
!
hypothalamo!!
tecto! !
!
!
!
!
!
spinal! !
spinal! !
spinal! !
spinal! !
tract
tract
tract
tract
interstitio!
reticulo!
solitaro!
raphe! !
cerulo!!
!
!
!
!
!
spinal! !
spinal! !
spinal! !
spinal! !
spinal! !
tract
tract
tract
tract
tract
!
!
!
!
!
96. Name brainstem nuclei that send descending fibers to the spinal motor
apparatus.
medial and lateral vestibular nuclei
reticular formation
tectum of mesencephalon
red nucleus
nucleus raphe magnus
locus ceruleus
97. *Name 3 nuclei in the diencephalon that participate in the regulation of
somatomotor function.
VA
VL
subthalamic nuclei
metathalamus
98. *Name 3 nuclei (areas) in the telencephalon that participate in the regulation
of somatomotor function.
caudate nucleus
lentiform nucleus (putamen+globus pallidus)
primary motor area of cerebral cortex
99. Define the term motor unit.
!
A motor neuron and its corresponding innervated skeletal muscle fibre
26
100. List 3 muscles on the head whose motor neurons receive exclusively
contralateral innervations from the pyramidal tract.
mentalis
levator labii superioris
genioglossus
101. What are the differences between nuclear and supra-nuclear facial paralysis?
Nuclear: all of the muscles of facial expression are paralyzed on the same
side(ipsilaterally) as the lesion
Supranuclear: paralysis that is due to lesions above the primary motor neurons
voluntary eye closing and wrinkling of forehead still works as the paralysis primarly
effects the lower face where the muscles of facial expression will be paralyzed
controlaterally. Responses may still be intact (patient might not be able to show his
teeth, but might possibly simile in response to a joke)
!
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