PHYSIOLOGY

The study of physiology is in a sense, the study of life. It

includes thinking, imagination, behavior, expression,
thoughts. It also includes how thinking decides working plan
of a human being. Physiology tests how organs and systems
within the body work, how they speak to each other, and
how they combine their efforts to make conditions favorable
for survival. And also it tells about relation between the
things in which we are generally involved and thinking, role
of nigrostriatal system in physiology. Act the way you want

to be and rest will fall down on the place .This quotation

define the real sense of physiology. The idea that even very
subtle cues-height of a chair, temperature of a cup of coffee,
the colour of a printed wordcan influence someones
behaviour or judgment.

Humans have wondered about the nature of emotions and

the role they play in human life. Philosophers such as
Socrates, Plato, Descartes, and Kant have considered the
relationship between thinking and feeling in everyday
human experience and have tried to better explain how
emotional and rational processes influence behaviour. Some

thinkers have argued that emotion, or affect, clouds human

thinking and is a liability to rational, logical thought, while
others have suggested that affect is an essential and adaptive
component to cognition which broadens and expands
rational thought. , Scholars have come closer to
understanding the neural correlates of affect and the ways in
which different affective states influence cognition. While
there exists a broad collection of research regarding affective
states, researchers have tended to focus on so-called
negative emotions.

Most accounts of the faces untapped power trace the notion

all the way back to Charles Darwin, who proposed in 1872
that displaying outward signs of an emotion can intensify its
feeling. He who gives way to violent gestures will increase
his rage, Darwin wrote in The Expression of Emotions in

Man and Animals. He footnotes this idea to, a French brain

anatomist whose version of the theory, published several
years before, had gone a little further: Even incidental
movements and positions of the body will result in associated
feelings, Gratiolet declared in 1865. By his interpretation,
gestures and expressions neednt just embellish on emotions;
they could help create them, too.

Consequently, relatively little research is focused on positive

affect in general and even fewer researchers investigate how
positive emotions may influence the therapeutic change
process. Positive emotions, however, are important for
clinicians to consider because of their generative and
catalytic influences upon the therapeutic change process.
Thus, this paper is an attempt to summarize and integrate
research from cognitive, neuro, and clinical psychology such
that clinicians and will have a better understanding of the
role of positive emotions in the therapeutic change process.
Fritz Strack, the psychologist in Wurzburg, sent a message to
the guys. Dont get me wrong, he wrote, but I am not a
particularly religious person and I am always disturbed if

people are divided into believers and nonbelievers. In

science, he added, the quality of arguments and their
empirical examination should be the basis of discourse.
expressions is emotions. When a person becomes angry, the
movements in her body lead the way. If her anger never
made its presence knownif her face did not flush, her
nostrils did not flare, her teeth did not clench, or her
breathing did not hurrythen it would be as if shed never
been enraged at all. Emotions simply dont explain unless
they are manifest. Phelps without his #Phelps Face isnt
feeling anything.

Moreover, there are several modern approaches to

understanding the relationship between affect and cognition.
Appraisal theories seek to explain the cognitive genesis of
emotionsand the functions they serve. Classic examples of
appraisal theories are the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard
theories of emotional arousal. These types of theories search
for physiological correlates of affective states and try to
incorporate an individuals interpretation of bodily
sensations when describing the subjective experience of an
emotion.

What comes to mind when you think of resources? There are

natural resourcesforests, fresh water, and minerals. There
are financial resourcesmoney in the bank and those toniest
in your pocket. Companies refer to human resources
employees with skills and knowledge who make the
company work.

If you live in a rural area, its likely that you, or someone you
know, has a stack of scrap wood in the shed. In the house,
theres probably a collection of fabric shuttles and spare
buttons.

One definition of a resource is a source of supply in

reserve. You might not think of those scraps as resources,

but thats what they are! And when you need a shim, its nice
to be able to go to the resource pile and get one.

If only the scrap wood pile could serve as an all-purpose

resource! However, different situations call for different
resources. Personal problems, relationship problems,
emotional problemsthey call for emotional resources.
And if you have ever felt at the end of your emotional tether,
then you know why it would be helpful to have a stack of
emotional resources in reserve.

So, what are some emotional resources? Heres a start:

Optimism, gratitude, satisfaction, faith, joy, pride,
cheerfulness, courage, confidence, hope, resilience, trust.

Some people seem to effortlessly fill their lives with those

resources. Others can hardly imagine a life where those
feelings would play a significant role in their lives.

If you are in the second group, do you want to make a

change?

According to choice theory, emotion is led by action. So if

you want to change your feelings, the route to change is
through what you are doing.

Try focusing on one positive resource youd like to build and

work on actions that can cause it. For example, say you want
to build a stronger sense of gratitude. Develop a practice of

taking actionseven small actionsthat invoke the feeling

of appreciation and gratitude in you.

Because choice theory also suggests that satisfaction comes

through relationships, try finding opportunities to appreciate
people to build that sense of gratitude. For example, build a
snow critter with your children and appreciate their
creativity. Take a walk with your neighbour and appreciate
the natural beauty around you. Cook a meal with your
partner and appreciate the taste and texture of every bit of
the food. Read a poem to your friend and appreciate the
sound and flow of the words. Smile at a stranger and
appreciate their response.

If thats a little too touch-feely for you, then deliberately look

for something to appreciate in a difficult situation. For
example, Ive recently developed a pretty strong sense of
appreciation for the snow blower.

Some folks choose to be annoyed when they perceive that

they have been treated like guinea pigs! So there was some
outrage when the results of a Facebook study were recently
published in a scientific journal.

Heres the gist of the story. Facebook scientists conducted an

experiment on some users to learn whether emotions
expressed on Facebook are contagious. They fiddled (in an
automated way) with the emotional content of peoples news

feeds and then measured whether peoples posts became

positive or negative.

What do you think they found? Do you think that the

emotional tone of what you read has an impact on what you
say?
Their results said, Yes. The (simplified) implication is that
when folks read positive expressions, they write more
positive news themselves. When exposed to negative
expressions, they express more negatives.

Does this surprise you? If you are in an environment where

you hear encouraging, optimistic stories of people supporting

each other, overcoming difficulties, working, succeeding,

caringdoes that affect your emotional state?

Conversely, if you hear stories of despair, violence, injustice,

especially if they are about people in circumstances similar
to yours, does that affect you?

Our environment can influence us and the opportunity for

emotional manipulation might seem horrifying. You could
choose to feel helpless as a result. However, there are other
choices. For example, in this situation, what can you control?

You can control whether or not you use Facebook, but I

know that for many of youfrom kiddies to grandmas
thats unrealistic.

Besides, while Facebook is the example that I have chosen to

highlight, its certainly not the only potential emotional
manipulator. Even in this great era of world-wide
communication, we cant know everything. News is filtered.
Someone decides whether a story is told or ignored, and if
told, with what slant.

A tenet of choice theory is self-evaluationtry something,

see how it goes, and assess how well its working for you.
Then, use that knowledge as you make your next choices.
Thus, we can become more and more effective, also known
as continuous improvement!

A suggestion is to be aware of what feelings you want and

what in your environment you can control. If you often find
yourself feeling emotions that are not what you want, take a
look at the influences you are exposed to (what you are
seeing, reading, hearing).

The publicity around the Facebook experiment provided an

opportunity to remind us that our influences have an impact
on our feelings, thoughts, and actions. While we may not be
able to control all of the influences, news, and information
that surround us, we can at least be aware that we are
getting a filtered version.

If you want to feel discouraged, pessimistic, or angry, you

can easily find inputs to support those emotions. However, if
you want to feel optimistic, encouraged, and satisfied, look
for and surround yourself with examples and influences to
support those emotions. They exist; even if they are not on
the news (or on your Facebook feed.)

I heard a story recently. Heres how it goes:

When mom was admitted to the hospital, the nurse asked

me to come in and show them how I handle moms feeding
tube.

Another class of affect-cognition theories, known as infusion

models, tries to understand how emotional states influence
thinking. Some infusion theorists focus on the influence of
emotional states on decision making and judgment processes.
For example, if you are discouraging about a big decision, it
only takes one good choice to make a difference. If work is
the discouraging factor, it takes only one good job to
transform your life. And, if its about not having a

meaningful relationship, it only takes one partner. (In fact,

more than one brings its own discouraging, eh?)

When you focus on what you lack, whether its a home, a

friend, a recognition, discouraging reigns. A deliberate
choice of thought, away from Ill never toward It only
takes one; Ill focus on getting that one may help.

2. Shift your conversations. What do you talk about? Is there

a repetitive reinforcement of everything thats difficult,
wrong, and unfair?

If conversations with friends or colleagues often bring you

down, ask yourself, Are these conversations making things
better or worse? Im not suggesting that you give up your

friends; however, try something different. Even if it feels

artificial (and it probably will at first) try shifting the
conversation toward different, more positive topics. What
are we grateful for? Whats working well?

3. Choose replacement thoughts. To help prevent

discouraging from being your overwhelming perception,
make a decision to see and remember positive acts, not just
the negative ones.

As an experiment, choose one day to pay attention to any

positive behaviours (yours and others). Did someone hold the
door open for you? Do you have someone who cares about

you? Reinforce those positive perceptions and behaviours by

talking about them or writing them down.

Even if you try every suggestion, you might not see a change
right away. That can be discouraging! Consider this: Youre
at the beach, having a swim. You start to get tired, and
realize you cant touch bottom. What do you do? Start
swimming toward shore, of course. You dont expect youll
touch bottom immediately, but you know that if you keep
swimming in the right direction, youll make it to shore.
Changes in behaviour may not bring immediate results.
However, continuing those changes can help move you in
the direction you choose to go.

While others focus on how emotions influence information

processing and the content which is stored in memory. A few
weeks ago in Rio de Janeiro, the Olympic swimmer Michael
Phelps was caught on camera as he readied for a race. He
had headphones on beneath his warm up parka, and his face
was drawn into a cartoon scowleyebrows tilted inward,
lips curled toward the floor. As spread across the internet, so
did efforts to explain it. Was Phelps focused on engaging
task-relevant neural networks as a means of getting in the
zone?

Or maybe he was using facial feedback, and he meant to

have that angry look. The flexion of his facial muscles would
have led to activation in his amygdala, one neuroscientist
explained to Outside magazine, and helped prepare his body
for the coming action. This concept has been a standard in
self-help for many years: Fake it till you make it; sulk until
you hulk. Act the way you want to feel, and the rest will fall
into place. A frown can rev you up. Smiling can make you
happy and decrease your stress.

Finally, integrative theories of affect-cognition explore how

emotions influence both content and process of cognition.

Studies have shown that subtle positive feelings elicited by

simple events such as seeing a few minutes of a comedy film,
receiving a small gift, or unexpectedly finding a small
amount of money are enough to produce significant changes
in thinking and behaviour. Positive affect has been associated
with greater efficiency with both fundamental and complex
cognitive processes. Researchers have shown that memory
and learning are enhanced when subjects are in a positive
state as compared to a neutral or negative affective state.
Creativity, problem solving, and risk-assessment have also
been shown to be influenced by positive affective states as
compared to neutral or negative affective states.

So, if positive thinking is good, then shouldnt everybody get

on board? You know, Turn that frown upside-down, etc.
It can be easy to mistake positive thinking for another
behaviour, and that behaviour deserves some scrutiny.
For example, have you ever told someone that they must
think positively (because you are sure you know whats best
for them)? Thats referred to as external control in choice
theory, and it can put a chill over even a great relationship.
Annie has received bad medical news. While there is room
for hope, no one can be certain of the outcome. Annie is
understandably concerned, angry, and frightened.
Annies friend has suggested that Annie must think
positively. The implied message is that if the disease

progresses, it could be because Annie hasnt truly believed;

she hasnt been positive enough. This is not a helpful
message to give to your friend!
Attempting to coerce someone into thinking positively is as
much external control as criticizing or blaming them. No
matter the form of external control, the likely result is that
the relationship will suffer. Is that the outcome that you
want?
Offering encouragement to a person with a health issue is a
loving human action. Letting them know that you are
thinking of them, praying for them, and supporting them in
whatever way they wish is helpful for the relationship.
However, demanding that a person put on a bright face on

their situation is an attempt at external control. If someone

gets bad news and if they dont want to think positively about
it, that is their choice.
Threatening, or even suggesting, that a bad outcome will
result unless they buy into your belief in positive thinking
strikes me as cruel, indeed!
Im certainly not advocating negative thinking around health
issues or anything else. Far from it. Thinking positively and
optimistically, in concert with other actions, wont hurt and
may even help.
Besides, you can think as positively as you want about your
friends outcome. Go ahead. Set an example; your hope and
optimism about the situation may be helpful and

inspirational for them.

One of the appealing aspects of choice theory for me is its

positive message and optimistic view of human possibility. By
recognizing what we can and cant control; we can develop
more personal freedom. By developing ways of interacting
without attempting to externally control others; we can build
better, happier relationships. It all leads to more life
satisfaction.

Even when we cant change the reality, we can sometimes

change our perception. In a highly dissatisfying situation that
you cant change, try getting a different perspective by

asking, Is there a positive way of looking at this? It could

help!

Are there any potential downsides to thinking positively?

Erin has math test anxiety. She believes that her anxiety
causes her to forget everything she knows when in a test
situation.

Erin has decided to think positively. Shes been telling herself

over and over that she will succeed. She imagines herself
responding confidently to every question. She pictures
herself getting a good mark.

Erins positive thinking is likely more helpful than her

previous choicethat of believing that she cannot do well.

The pitfall with positive thinking, however, is the belief that

thinking is all you need to do. I think I can, I think I can,
isnt going to get Erin very far if her action is limited to
sitting on the couch saying, I think I can.

Telling yourself that you believe that you will pass your
algebra test is one tool in the toolkit of success. However,
theres another useful tool: actually working on your
algebra!

In choice theory, behaviour is seen as total behaviour, made

up of acting, thinking, and feeling. It is through your actions
(doing) that you connect with the world. The choice theory

view is that if you act positively, positive thoughts and

feelings follow.

This view puts optimism as a follower of action, rather than

the leader. Doing positive deeds, which bring on positive
thinking, may be the most effective.

Say goodbye to the idea that theres no point in trying to do

anything until you feel better. Now is the time, indeed!

For Erin, the action of developing skill by practicing her

algebra problems would lead to more positive thoughts.
Positive action and those new positive thoughts lead to more
positive, confident feelings. And because those feelings are
now based on improved competence, her new confidence

may well be rewarded by success. Its the combo: positive

action, thinking, and feeling, that brings the win-win-win!

So why doesnt everyone do it? Positive action takes effort,

and if you are not feeling confident or thinking positively,
the effort needed to take action might not seem worth it.

Is it worth it? Only you can decide.

However, if you want to break away from feeling a lack of

confidence, try taking positive action. See for yourself
whether it works.

REFRENCE

(1) GO-CONQR
(2) Reality check by suuze