Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
GOPALA KRISHNA
ADE/400KV/APTRANSCO
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
CHANNELS USED BY UTILITIES
Private pilot wires installed by the power
authority in parallel to Telecom Authority.
Pilot wires or channels rented from a
Telecommunications company
Carrier channels at high frequencies over
the power lines Power Line carrier
Radio channels at very high or ultra high
frequencies - Microwave
Optical Fibres WIDE BAND
ZONE2
ZONE1
ZONE2
One of the main disadvantages of this scheme is that the instantaneous Zone-1
protection at each end of the protected line cannot be set to cover the whole of the
feeder length and is usually set to about 80%. This leaves two 'end zones', each being
about 20% of the protected feeder length. Faults in these zones are cleared in Zone 1
time by the protection at one end of the feeder and in Zone 2 time (typically 0.3 to 0.5
seconds) by the protection at the other end of the feeder.
The instantaneous tripping over the whole feeder length plus back-up protection to
adjacent feeders, by interconnecting the distance protection relays at each end of the
protected feeder by a communications channel.
The purpose of the communications channel is to transmit information about the system
conditions from one end of the protected line to the other, including requests to initiate
or prevent tripping of the remote circuit breaker.
1.The initiate tripping is called 'Transfer Tripping Scheme.
2.The prevent tripping is called Blocking Scheme'.
TRIP
INTER TRIP
INTER TRIP
PERMISSIVE
TRIP
PERMISSIVE
TRIP
BLOCKING
V
I
Protection
Relay
Scheme
Teleprotection
command
(send)
BLOCKING
COMMUNICATION
LINK
Teleprotection
command
(Receive)
TELEMETRY
TELEMETRY
TELECONTROL
TELECONTROL
TELEPHONE
TELEPHONE
DATA
DATA
Communication
systems
Communication
systems
Protection
Relay
Scheme
V
I
TC-1
MAIN-1 PC-1
MAIN-2 PC-2
CC
CC
CC
CC
PC-1 MAIN-1
PC-2 MAIN-2
TC-2
TRANSMISSION LINE
TC-1
TC-2
DIRECT TRIPPING
In direct tripping applications, inter-trip signals
are sent directly to the master trip relay. Receipt
of the command causes circuit breaker
operation. The method of communication must
be reliable and secure because any signal
detected at the receiving end will cause a trip of
the circuit Breaker at that end.
The communications system design must be
such that interference on the communication
circuit does not cause spurious trips.
PERMISSIVE TRIPPING
Permissive Trip commands are always monitored
by a protection relay. The circuit breaker is tripped
when receipt of the command coincides with
operation of the protection relay at the receiving
end responding to a system fault.
Requirements for the communications channel are
less onerous than for direct tripping schemes, since
receipt of an incorrect signal must coincide with
operation of the receiving end protection for a trip
operation to take place.
The intention of these schemes is to speed up
Tripping for faults occurring within the protected
zone.
BLOCKING SCHEME
Blocking commands are initiated by a protection
element that detects faults external to the protected
zone.
Detection of an external fault at the local end of a
protected circuit results in a blocking signal being
transmitted to the remote end. At the remote end,
receipt of the blocking signal prevents the remote
end protection operating if it had detected the
external fault.
Loss of the communications channel is less serious
for this scheme than in others as loss of the channel
does not result in a failure to trip when required.
However, the risk of a spurious trip is higher.
LINE-1
A-21M2
C-21M1
B-21M2
LINE-2
C-21M2
A-21M1
C-21M2
D-21M1
D-21M2
LINE-1
A-21M2
C-21M1
B-21M1
B-21M1
B-21M2
LINE-2
D-21M1
D-21M2
TIMER
UNDER
REACHING
SENDING
OVER
REACHING
SENDING
PERMISSIVE
CRITERIA
RECEIVING
GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
UNDER IMPEDENCE
UNDER VOLTAGE
OVER CURRENT
DISTANE &
DIRECTION
SECURE &
FAST
PERMISSIVE
UNDER
REACH
(PUTT)
ZONE-1
- - -
PERMISSIVE
OVER
REACH
(POTT)
- - -
ZONE-2
DIRECT
TRIP
ZONE-1
- - -
DISTANCE &
DIRECTION
DEPENDABLE
ACCELERAT
ED UNDER
REACH
ZONE-1
- - -
ZONE-2
SECURE &
FAST
BLOCKING
OVER
REACH
- - -
REVERSE
LOCKING
DISTANCE &
DIRECTION
SECURE &
FAST
SECURE &
FAST &
DEPENDABLE
PUTT
POTT
BLOCKING
Reliable
communication
channel (only
required during
external faults)
1. Power line carrier
With amplitude
Modulation (ON/OFF).
The same frequency
may be used on all
terminals)
1. Excellent coverage All line types
Characteristic Best suited for
longer lines - where On short lines in the Preferred practice in
Of line
the Under-reach
Presence of fault
the USA.
zone provides
resistance.
sufficient resistance 2. Suitable for the
coverage.
Protection of multiterminal lines with
intermediate in-feed.
Signal
Transmission
System
UNBLOCKING
Dedicated channel
With continuous
signal Transfer
1. Power line carrier
With frequency shift
keying. Continuous
Signal transmission
must be permitted.
Same as POTT
Criterion
Speed of operation
Blocking scheme
Not as Fast
As fast
Yes
Yes
Loss of communications
Poor
good
Weak In feed/Open CB
PUTT
POTT
ADVANTAGES
1. Simple technique
2. No coordination
Of zones and times
With the opposite
End required.
3.The combination
Of different relay
Types therefore
presents no
Problems.
Same as POTT
DRAWBACKS
1. Overlapping of the
zone 1 reaches must be
ensured. On parallel
lines, teed feeders and
tapped lines, the
influence of zero
sequence coupling and
intermediate In feeds
must be carefully
considered to make sure
a minimum overlapping
of the zone 1 reach is
always present.
2. Not suitable for weak
In feed terminals
Same as POTT
Same as
1. Slow tripping all POTT
Tele-protection trips
must be delayed to
wait for the eventual
blocking signal.
2. Continuous
channel
Monitoring is not
Possible.
BLOCKING
UNBLOCKING
Same as POTT
but:
1. If no signal is
Received (no
block and no
unblock) then
tripping by the
overreach zone
is released
after 20 ms
Short Line
Weak Infeed
Amplitude
Modulated
Power Line
Carrier
Frequency or
Phase
Modulated
Power Line
Carrier
Communication
independent
of Power Line
PUTT
Not Suitable as the
Zone1 Operation is
essential and Zone1
setting in X and R
direction must be
small on Short Lines.
POTT
BLOCKING
UNBLOCKING
Suitable Same as
POTT.
Suitable as
Reverse Reach
Setting is
independent of
Line Length.
Suitable as the
Signal is only sent
when the Line is
not Faulted.
Suitable as the
Signal can be
Transmitted through
the Fault Location.
Suitable same as
PUTT.
Suitable as the
Signal can be
Transmitted under
all Conditions.
Suitable Same as
PUTT.
Suitable.
Suitable.
Suitable.
Suitable.
Partially Suitable
Suitable Same as
as the Reverse Fault POTT.
is also Detected at
the Weak In-feed
end but no trip at
Weak In-feed end.