Bex Wey With) Sept Cane (LDSC) ad pr he oa ak be Unies Kington Rose tah ere, une tora peony nner ear Farr tfomiton about the DSC exe eg nd Sing serves as oad ty Soon Seb estos (13780 ‘ine nes Tx O19 6060 Fac 18H7 sana sal etme srs Beck Sore sc An Introduction to Reliability and Maintainability Engineering Charles B. Ebeling (aoe BRITISH LSRARY DOCUMENT SUPPLY CENTRE = 2 APR 2008 nea tae (Fidnccraw-vin Boston, Mstsachussts Bur Rie nts ‘bug, one” Madon econ New York New York Sen Francie callomia” 8 Lous, sourMcGraw-Hill A ere ine AN INTRODUCTION 10 RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY ENaINEERING me epi 7 9 Mc api, eA ee: 9 Ua Sten Ee pein a tt Ce ‘Sole ton spc ee ‘ots os eb i eo tae anc ne Lent) 2 May ein ABOUT THE AUTHOR Cares Hing an site poe fxg anaes sd tern inte Slo Easing Verso Dayton meh asi lei ens. He ceed PD. eyes inl els ‘Ohio Ste Unversity in 1973 when are uy te Unicd Ss Ac Fe. ‘as Eltng me» enact! eet er se ne [At fort Hs Al Fons expences munca eke, eat, ‘abi simolaon ding, and manponer planing, Artes ew Theron prance fr DM Canin. ats cy ested {e devlyent as age computerized mabe nominee tin spe prs euiement ere Air ec: north tee me Ae Fee he ws fly meer fethe A Fc Ite ect, wee {au cores it pst st, and operon reach When ati a fe ‘Suber aaj ay mente for Gere Wong Desi een ‘Gt Univers the Cale Willan an Mary Ft tpt es Pa {esr Ebeling hs ah cures nthe erates of Ennis Musee st the Unser of Dann pty andatics oper seh thy "titre smo option ser hey nd pchonenpeerne His resrch eres comely cemr snd 3 maltyear NASA gre develop Feb and maiminabiy eels computer maason mdi, an ele esi odes toe sed Gui he concep dep of pce anaprtin tem Pfc Bing etre caine ss of OhCONTENTS, Co Stare Introduction he Sy of Relay 2 Nei Reston 112 no ‘Coops Tess Detitons ets Scpeatthe eat Basie Reliability Models ‘The Failure Disteibuion “Tee Rly Panton Mn Tine to Fale Bata Care Cena Relabiy Arent 24 Detain of Eqn 28) ‘pene 28. Deron Eau 12) ‘Appenc 2C ‘Cron Rely ad ‘Aen 2D. Ite Caleslatons or The ina Batak Cae Append 28 Tie of egas 2 ie uel 32 One tw3 Constant Failure Rate Mode 31 The spunea Realty Fron SE er ew | 112 Rie 34 Tete renner Espns 25 Rtn Pes 3G Redan) ad the CFR Node 44 TimeDependent Fal re Models ‘The Weal Diebation ST Dog fe Mata, on Mae 412 deminer a Pe ein nh al Fare ‘Thema Don The Lomond Dstt Ape Dros of he MITE or "he Well Dae pena a aston of he Moe oe "he Wehul Duron Agent 4C Minny Exe Vale ‘Append 4D. Hazard Rate forthe wo ‘Congosent Weal Rens Ste 5 Relibity of Systems ss Serial Cofewon Comins Sees Pll Systems ‘SST ghee vo lnk Ry 152 Ramp tency 1339 Cole Coie Sytem Siocnre Factinn, Miia Cu, ‘sd Minns Path (Opoa) 1 Coheet Syme S82 Min Pak nd Ou Ser | 5 Si Baan ‘ironed ater ae seen 56 Tse c Sepa : “ Rees i Appendix 6C Solution to Standby System 2 Excries iat 122 Consont Sess and Rane Strength 1 Dp a oni ay = ieee a Serre eee em0 83. Dosgn Mats Donne 1 2.5 Secrest imp an Ter 7 5 Redan’ 4 Fale Asie {241 Syren 142 Hanif of Foe Mas 59 Domi of Cte 1408 Aes of ier 4 Cs tovfSewny 126 rma Pai, tfasure | 847 Cogunten 55° Sys Sey a Fa Toe Anas See €8 Que Ant Mointsinabiity 81 Assi of Dawatine 92, Tekin ation ga Emin ie 8? 94° Spon Reporte 83 Rely onl Revenne Moienonce 9% Site Depend Sys vi epi Append A. TheMIT TE eth Preventse Agen 98 Silahonathe Active Reda "tem nh Rep ‘Arr Sh Say Sym Design for Malntinbity 10.1 Maneance Regenesis {at serra 12 tng Detgestti “ 1022 Fo Stn sn hag " 2 403. man Fates Epos 104. Maseranc me Spe Povsoning 14s Fine Pye Quin Model ih Se 11042 Coopers 105. mata Pedion nd Detonation Ange 08” Bi Deh Queving Mosel vailabliy HLT Conc na Defnins ‘tata T 109 pod aT sia es Smet sia tate doom Cones Cat Fanci 11083 read fe ‘pea Soe Sige Ut ih ‘The Analysis of Failure Data Data Colleton and Empirical Methods 122 piel Metis 122 UnrpeCap Ds 1 1222 Grp Compe D1 1223 Unpped Cre, Dam 1 1226 inp Cd Ds 123 Sie Lie Eman Be es13. Reliabiliy Testing 4 1s 1 Pri Tsing, 132. Relay Lie Teng 183 Tettine Cane 117 tf ter 134 amv ising DSS mrt Megae eg #1182 16 Atoraa e estig Tai Nena Vn Ts 11262 de 137 Expermena Dee 1B Compan Fare Hodes ‘penn 1A" Detamo Esped Te, Aopen 130, aged Tet Tine cy Tine ~~ xecbet Reliability Growth Testing 151 Rei Gre Pots 142 ele Gra Cave 163. uane Gro Mose 10 AMSA Nae eA Po iio Poe oe 145 Other omth Met "denttying Faitar and Repair Distributions 151 Kenting Canine Dsnbtios 352 iy Pte and Ler Sars Ce: 11823 Normal Pa 1124 Log os 11823 Spy Cn ne Pe 153 Parmer Exim enn / 132? Wal) 183 ‘Noma nd opel MLE? 1843 Met ‘mn wh Magy oe 6 18 154 Condens nels a st) €or Conn Pai te ape Mat | 1542 Cane a foe Drone 155 Parmesan fr Covarinte Models ws Deni 18" Weal Miu ond sma a" ‘Apenlc 38 Weta MLE 9h Mainly Cersre Das a Appel SC MLE NomalanLagsona ‘srs ws Cee Da a vere ” Goodaessof Ft Tests a 161 Ch Sq Goades oF Te » 162-Baets Test fete Exponent Disibton se 13. Mn’ tes or Weal ute ie 1. Kehmpr Siteoy Tes for Noa ad Leptomal stant “ 165 Teens owes aw cess Mode pt 6. Op Fig Dstabetons on Brees pa Application Reliability Estimation and Applicaton as 171 Cae Reding a 172. Giee2 Bema Teng as 113 Gio 3 Preventive Mcmenace Anas a TA. Gi Rea Nation a 175. Case Relay Growth Tei a 176 Case Repu sytem Anais ot 103. Gare Maly Coed Bat oe Implementation es MLD Obpetves Punting an Process py 182 Thetis of Reka nd Maia sn sem Desh oo 22 tee ot Mee 822 Moa eer 183 Oranzatna Consens ” 184 Dam Sores an Dts Clean Mth & Ti Pelle! 1802 Pc Rlyent Oprin Fle F124. Exel Da 165 Produce lain, Waa, and Raat 186 Sata Relaiy References Appendix Index PREFACE, ANOUP THE HOOK ‘is isan incor teak on lity mia egnecting i wie tthe underoath ny of iistextmay be covered none semester cose rte eet Deca intwo sea quer Thee edd ine arte Te ft ut coves ‘ent ad ata mdse. the send prt aes he oa ot ‘ate ot ep dt a i pa poe vane sd apc bit nosing eases pe nnan laity a easy Frotins Chen xtson ey fave spay eased on eet me ‘ng eo the sta ayo fe dt Many ar wien at aan evel tees extensive conti petty and ass ne a | shea sth nee snk ve teeadcoveg a pa cs ini) dina wands meal ery et "port The sae ners in aon piece oe ‘Meme ane xs vabl wel spp ese pals, ‘vale withthe texts MS-DOS ssn at my eased fr pobe svi Since fae in repaints nesve so ‘Narre este brn pring meron ands Sle eae tone on hea cna any plage alle neenouraged abe Te ring ebony eng tear willed mae exes te cmp poring aa ays ‘Thee compute apts sl old a toy ey nla 1: The alle vie sia fr cone onsrerive ‘Ternary tet of hie io site ast fey and min imi ene te enncering se pang engoee eccal ‘manage os inl ey med oma hci nly sal sic opty ss aconpsednpar yt nto pty and se ‘cseonps win een fire sc. aay, deraonc! ayers wees apes hte ay fcc cn =ryonon, Naaman ans pb tng ont laces Nerden coi th hese ae ad emul instr couse coun probly an acs ec ‘frais ia A seen above pe hte eee vanced ‘ned endmaimasmby engin sn cnt aes es1s pe tat tem in het wl col he ste cls and nae fare nd ep te pon cay aod vay ‘ead ply hese mos in he dese fps, conoe and 9 ten heed eal sould be pods st reo ashy ACKNOWLEDGMENTS wh nk he several (sory) ewer fr te any hell sues fc To he exe tha ane ben ie ere ot ie tte teen inmesaay prove esta of epee ttn at ‘enmin aloe wold te ems Ld a atop eet a ‘estan Ken Bese and Callen Doosan exp ped toi ‘irc nomerur ays The twinge ave court examples ‘ech oeverbedsnanone Wie gat Asean, Dal Rom ‘ehou Ibs Sa ap mes Wee fei ago othe nal and po {ction sa t Mow lant Fulton Serves. 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With ee except ip noma hgh the leputmedei wich ina fr eat fae pes ae nen This allows he ert oc several exon he sae i st wa ‘oie the di The he excepto erupts md lee ae {omthcarve, anda mn apt rte hsql ees, ack ete rin valve tae fp a fs {any iets DAT whic spi yb ran ‘uta pncrated ao dled he ying hs vss she Bi a esate te ty a ee tr dap Ths le a hen be ey wad psu raed Tip sts i ain Te pg sy ace Data Sas Four daa re itd wih he tne rth sto in besaming um with tare. Theda wendy seers este bans shown ine blowing be Bt Ba Lpmmt tyetnes? Gamee Introduction ‘Things. Dugg he ast oye hi utr a experienc awe omer ching ko wahig ache aes batey gy caster ve ca Pg ura were ek Noppy deve go TV ema cna gut Fervony 9c apie quan sbi nine aaa ae heft Thectackedwt-oeraing way ares ft liu comer ving sic sgh 0 witha ssc and on Tc ey, ‘iccnpne ster andthe washing mathine nator espe west RO ml ieTeteser ove pl wes pie coming hesroun of en posing tough Cayo ate hot water keane i eke The come ‘Separate wie ko fresemive mameanc, tick coed om “lunge he mote Te ect he dk dv es oan ‘kw cman) mechan ent rene co fe we ‘Sse yard leo component fare. On the of ad he see Spier fare wa casdy an open taser Po cnstton eed ‘hefowero eating dace othe omer Some of se ares eed moc incmsenence in adion thet economic ip. 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Which edge te aus othe haere hs tn platen ein dest on como at ings ml pn fe on fn angen yo oor tans and on inet epere The Hrd Comes) Ce {Covet Cte ot agen 1978 fo tae do the gh ‘ie stow and ce ccumaned ote oA mae hing a fe ‘ye asthe icone) of meray he wn sn ete. a Amine qe ity sna econ The Tee Mies Grin 197. whch pul kd os ae ea tbe eaf bab neha oda er When flop ting sect ‘esd frre mana sia he ow of king mr te ate ‘Wain iss ween by mnrance tape Anema i ie aed toch casing tom rte ton sling en, Oper wee ier renga nent woking pel aking te og os mth hte tar wee operating Te 198 expos fhe pe sl {hanger was a sah fhe are a he ber Orne tt were ed the cl he es Te ces efi "Bich comedy mang he nies” rm sve empl ne cance th ing pods ad 9 se irs i om minnie ct pan. See hci mantic pect aman ro a le {xceve emioneta shee Under cuts Se Su das te asc canbe ate fer ang am propery or it ty {ely Engines spose fr prt den hoe de a "sah aml mania sdesgn crt The eth fh exam ce he weal mnie ad the engine ote cmp mde ed aay "eces at Frm te aslo ety an ey cginsoang. “hs then, saoa on hearer charcer ote fs ‘ott compet et Rely a aby ene sen Sy hacer, mess andanethe fate anes aro note peratonal wy nrg signe inating cing Ie enlarge they es ing vn opeating ine Cll assed ith aye mana iy fer ten mpm canbe pie oe opetaing ste they have all ste ones, Ay mens the combined Eppraisal fet of the ie nthe epi pees nah npontantchrstersic of ut ‘Tile STUDY OF RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY Aseointing dines, rabid isi re eaey new The {ou hs ten med y soe facto, wich ole ett ety an sopisiestion fens, pic amarees of alist ot pest {alone we nd reultone cong psc ay, goverment cna ttl reiremen omen edad aaa ronan species, tn rt otra ean fr he gh co fale repr, ed way pegs "AGalp pol xn in 1985 othe Ansan Sak fr Qty Cont ried oer nal termine wt ibs te ot mgt en slecting od. The 1 aes se Tale 1 were rane ty ‘ching on scl et porn 10th ser {Spetowe ae shown the the Obes oh ety 8 masa {Me ination psamer prs, ee and may rem cny an porn pr of i nse espn pct sa necesry ncn in e-le song,e ntan Pars ruemen eermnaton replacement deco h staihe ity Improvement ‘Aros we 3 su of tty or prtoance inating eed ‘semen Fas tht conto igh efor apd st sea,2s of ey. ett, and ready. The pensar een eit nd "smi engineing to mprone th clay a sey ty ‘trap be deped nd xy lo alae Duca oe Nes thy. ts mprvement ca be acive in seve ways Beal Sa atu a cpnens dnd tapi otto ay bee fs wll te he bat of ae Dera ein tpn eo tenis ve pois ase man fai doe Icy gl Forexampi nelson conf maybe denne eboae 12s aspected temper bt mal vane my sty an {heats such mechan ee sho ansat ens inept eet can ve sgt fe on rt Rel ey heen, acl mee te nr conprt ‘eon ila rene fara lay tr a ber fconpncs ina tem inseae ecy fh compcr at ‘zu ceed nadernet spn lily oe ee ino ingen tence is Sten ty arty fe aol sn pa ‘eve ey bets nme mn sp au ees For can tng nal de Sle on gree mini pth fran aoe mar fla clay Daa a {sin cits pdactn yitetons ances nd yee "ty inthe maturing pcs open nd acces ae Sis eae ht aw ml a pps pats met aed sald oe ds cn pero le ay edie gh pene na "stn am us eplacemene pais, egiosing mies an te sto evita tions an peg le Once te nom a “ial ene ate od nai np ie oe ule pre ats Seo comes such sil evel ep ead ine mati bo tin anil pose nay. Rely nd ima engicg hace hae Feat tonpon pce * 2 Random versus Deterministic Failure Pherae ‘Te aia pach ost in ngorng isto ein igh ey magn hay et the rae Tas demise meio wha ey "at of pep ies repens il ses soa esol seh Sy int ten eae anderen, eligi ne asec yan cane ad sata wees On oe sep vew then asceapg cab ito ust system an comp ais, pbs fuentes fe were eo coped te ena poston chit) ‘ate pce many ral ae of congener etait practi, boever ih ed tae py Seo scom ‘Sct nan nape Hud the py shen on poas o le roceer hat os far ares il appar oc net tie: Even re cased y een ie ee omen cape. ‘inner endo stchahorkans eats or cei so, Wit spear eno However fe al sate dca ofthc ‘hin resign event wl then chan evem wl neo th npn thn we non lo be so pee te aes deers Tse. ie hn hat pcs 3 ‘Throne may ea ors acne dd a ‘uty dsm Soh penne sien served in pss ec whe age ners compan re ole, Weare see pit ae ‘Aco Isonable terme ew iy ars analyze he phys eft pce ad hohe ml ne he tine oie. Th pecs rte vg he re mes id {he bse casey ares ean test ine a er oe of own oe ett sees ent fos petting soon: mei propria at omen We wl in oe ys fale spc tT dette pe macho chp a foe sad on he Prva nd sl iw fib CONCEPTS, TERMS, AND DEFINITIONS ety sd bee probably ato cnet oe ys il erie {tug fncton foro he pera of tin sl nic sed erg fans. hs the preity a2 sare serie. To stein iy {nn opera see, the don matte male specie Fs om wane san seal eso os are mt cbs al se fe Seed eae the neo eng proomed y he sytcn, Ssw tine mat be ee. Fc ean, sete tn ra ay ado (Sendra tine oering sor cpl A ee fr cxanp yb Ting fanart ad eel tang of le mt ‘Sesrlliy ot dtd ove neste esenen ih mes ‘onl For ration see fares ay bedtime aces [rode Tide system tol be served ner tral yrtorcge The ‘rule sch actos as sin nase weigh la reve) Fenmea (empresa pectin ons (eg. ae sage ain, nortanMainaiabitiy deed bh i thle component 9 tem il be restored or esi 0 0 pie enon iin foie of ‘then maberance permed i acs pred pede Mai {myth sity pr zn tn, Ul hes sab is cot, time dtd ca tn atngh olor example e dry rt in). ray sack es wang Fe tance persue! an pvc inl mina vine Oe, weer mini ter oe rt ea esi ic ony Uhetnivon rept te aed unit nd ny miaaves sue ey Presid maine psc nce mato he mame in which iis we pete ba asthe sas sf arene soe pete Shares as and maou he owns matennce pa sil vel [esamel a th smb ope ne he manos “Aoi deed prob componet ote spe ointment fn nbn see sd “econ Arby may tbe cp he pees ie scsi pig ne Ma oe ers teeny heed nsec cen way psn bow spa ap inca dwaime ie mesure io chay aye frosty hat hcp ary nfs ste chen tity ve previ fal an ben ested nk loa Sn, The re avait ca Revere ess asso ey Avy ay uns bots fare eli) and pas uaa). Tse dons tr eso me pei in suse chapcm whe te Sep edt aerial Retbity versus quay Reta lost soit with the guy of ps ani fa con sided a abet any: uy canbe sed gies he aut ch he rot sate we enome equemets Pet uly Inpa foncto a dsenancotoanset beignets Halo penis ne produto Sse ann adheeno sarang cee aa let ‘cee. Qualys schieveoupna pl giy suns am, ety ss es pled sett poess an oom fecesnay Wachee gh ort ait ‘hi ce a eat concer wih ow ge rt ontines ‘otic nc tbc operanal poe qsty pod wil ly ae peo ‘alia ahighuaiy pc il have igh elabliy As we ave an weer reliably mn def eer tor sl mt te eyo rod isle Nevenhles ety may ecw oe uly fe pd {rs eration! proce vernon sch etn ule ee APPLICATIONS, “The yes of oben elo tough be ef hiya iii ea ons ae theallowing example fxanrucs.t. The A Mie Coop ace slat hme aor es ae 00 rue Safe es row ‘insert gyre say: ect aes ay Steen sso Oe open i oie i yyy‘smi ea Fr es YOR sn sey We WV Coy Eevee asin itn ey et nd ing eis ded nat Lt ete te fon ata mernsetie Rr eng af saurits4 Acomnsow pnt Ine ee prt epee ‘ia mt erg Si imp ing eit ea Diy oe pci ine.14 hnaee mistory ay fasts of aii may be fain acai ons ed he i ‘ura ypu nc stay hana sural pbc eee ‘ha 840 Weta gee immotas- eng ote te Sato eating sma The sal scr ya foes ee ‘pn ihe 1930s anda ace comin, Alin ear 1934 sar oe pet nschateas a5 ein a eval eo play ech gE ‘be apne shaban povided we the acral eta oi Zi s'wano ni ae Woe Wa steht bese sean a, ‘Tis cane abt bce of heaves eames eles egceea ood oe ing he wan erates hg are ts tere. I pons ses hs SE monly ae lowing he wo Area a fae CARING ‘5 cine by the camera sinc ingest eke ee ‘ent lene w anc bythe mil) In 80 de USA Fe ft 2a go ipve penile lynn ee Depart ase the Adve Gp on Relay of Eten ores (AGREE) Therutenent of eb ting an demon seo ‘ered rm adn eo ‘Nak psd ding he 190 centred aan te ao expe tan to repeat ae ins althgh ene man the rae te Weil Gabon incensed by teen fie sae Ilene ‘ety ince Barly {961} nd Baw sd Prt 196) Thee feawe by Sit (1976 ad Kapur an ane [1971 he br Ne a ‘eld, Dring he 170 eas shied al ea as ‘aus of concen abt ua eats Posing note ND, ay ‘eovaks reid isle aetna the Mra bh ey sat {anabiiy esived venevedeapbasia thems 180s wh he acoso ‘he Ar Fac Raby and Manainabuly (RAM) 200 progam Odeo "he RM 2100 program were oimvese syste rains in ya sad ‘eee msmenace panel uence a Isp cos ph ccoed ‘nb nd aoty by eset Same fb caret erent nny may be oan in ‘he llowing unas nd pass BEE Transactions on Rly Proveeigr Aaa Rely and Meninaity Symp Tecmomcry Sper Bech Jou of he Ameicon Siicatseciaion ‘Sch eine a tet ep hy me Mee ‘mea ry ny ta ae a al fel een ‘oval Resorch gies IherateraSara of ein, Quy ond Safes Engcering eceronte Rey ety Engineering Jol of pied Reiiy 1s SCOPE OF THE TEXT Figure 4 sows he watz isbok. The k did nto the as aC, "Retail Mosahervetape mana eds wet nang ongoent sd en abi. asain, and alain Capen e el netttamen |} [sea oc | aioe onion waze H_ a rpm tetevel he come fe ous sed von exponential, Well noma nd Topol csibaton. The ale ston Seine ee most ea ‘epee the dey ft th lly Ton, ae ad ate ‘eeson. Candin lai and he mean tet fare te a Peete. {Chane a6 develo te mathemati or amleing compen sym cy pntentnowedge ote ly he component te Conson wie thesptn Cher S asses ndpenence mgt compen, sod Caper {ses he es ich conan Fees depen nt se hos ‘These depen ih thn ensue nh sch sed oad ‘yen re mye wih Maroy raceme Cpr? vas sme om 1 ary develmere fet by nsrng mess aed ne py <2 rcs vem Chaplet pra stn hy oa he Enicering des pres spent. Ts te developed the neat he haps n wh mati ad ait ede. hy low ini ds tt en yc mani pty, Chip {Su Chup devel in, naan seats sales Chapr 1 “tases nity ote des pt ew The Arata of ale Da conc wit tail extiges sig etre ao inayat ina «hia espectly pc sopra) ety datos ne ved inch 12. anl Caper randori perf cay eg Relay tesing poids ne other man saree athe oe Ing eltor opera data lab et dns es fo in ‘enn io ay oi Tu ot mo ‘ret rhs bn ted pare aes Sa ‘io mst ested fom anon sem se n Pa Pi ies "stton the dstonprssers, hes a Chap Sal tia ones of tes dese Chg 1, che pet tel ype ‘Sized Gatitaon. From the mana presente in Pat the sty egies ‘Shui te ae esti est pln cl re op Gt nd aoe {Stil ana of the dt esting inn arp ih aa ly mode The aeceped mode ay hm be man sng anes feveiped Pa Pa, *Appliation” codes the escent frilly engineering by preseing see apis fn Caper 7a yng pe, pe dures, hate and cones inplenening ety Poem hoger {8 Topeer teas we chapter sept tg th eal Pare sel es eset inacry teats oo relay ne Bun and Engel [991 las {1922} Bada (1991) Crore [991 Da sod Wg Gre 98),Kescan [1991] Lezns (1995, Rana 193), Ro 1983, Sharan (191) aed Zach (193) APPENDIX 1A ATROBABILITY PRIMER faye The moe buted ker ofthe sen sample poe snd eve SE ert app pty of ee td ‘neo lenenry event The scoel mse shat on these of ran ables By spetyng pcs tin fra anal weet opty rer the anion pron: We wl have cesuen hgh is scum tems ease RANDOM EVENTS nat emerge cn be dsb nde event A and eat il os Wi soe ratty Sete by PIE) whoreD = REN = | IE} = Ouse aninpsbleevent nd PE) = Iden cence Te ‘hot PUES he mel stat te event eg fe) wl oc Thecoletinn fal posible uta (evens) eae anon pone cai saree wie 8am N= vey ever hoe aoted wih compenenay ena ih the rept the even Far eka I Eepesent fale ten represen ttle Sace ser th cen Os omplennt mt 8) + PE) = 1 ME) = 1- RE) oy ‘Thee worry operations permed on events Te siden ste inencatono toc od Bad writen 498 Te ecto the ot nsing ne cme coon oth events Aa The sco operon ‘Seen steno teen aod Bands write AWB. Peni ven costing hse acres in ete event Ae eve Bo one toa1 Aneta an Manny Engi “Too event and ae sully exe ifthe ecurenc of one pees the cceurene oe ter Foran an vet song se tal ‘live A sampneet cnet thant faa eso ane oct Igoe Aan emul tle, PAE) = may + 8) 2 PANE = Fi re ere isthe mo isi even: 1D) "Teves sl Bnet sol if RAN = male aa atthe iy oie gi eps of hk ps SSL AD) 03. Then ATH = N02) “02 he poet tt be com Io events mt independ atte ate pend he rsbaily rts teectin ms be tie! wig sno pty Deletes toa pas matey = PAB Ls l= Pan us ih nea te probabil of ven BT Pra 8) = PA BB) a9 gunn 16) proven general emul ing i teen cay icone sbi ios a Tena ay posi cucanes (eh ace sample space) andthe toon 04a 8 ‘ese hse veal ae i ato 4 Froth peng, Eg (1.3) et ‘Se pcenage ies nia ae nin I sd ae dpe mang _ wayne, 7 ~~ PB) “Tis ret roves i int he conc of independent evens I ad ce Indopenche ceurenc est ons se ie pba Paley ma ‘aah eet component 2 ogc I FA) = AB) ~ 05 ‘al Sh) Owe ae eed whe cet ft compen ei 8. ainn| a) = 0080.10 Panrcat eaurnice,Atecomn pl rm pina em tt, ‘Sie een 8) = S8- OS a | a1 Se = BSS ‘The aoe scusionpvites gene ape analyzing iescton of ese. The ling le feted We ao ke, Ses ch he sae ‘ete viet two ese . PAU) ~ PU) PUB) RAN un uatn (12) can be expined by absevng tat A) and PB) oh inte [hah 8) Tote PAB) rte soba at once IA and ae nde. em Eq (17 comes PAU) = RA) PUB) RAH ay ihenwie ALU) = KA) + FB) RAL ANP as) srpuraci: Gignac ni Eo 43. wig.) ‘Sunn Al, YA U8) = 1D © Obi he pet at ese ‘Sines etic rata ay ftom MAP OT BAYES" FORMULA, sys fuses cond rabies of to evens ean be ive iyoering ct mang rena) Pa ETAT ay Puan) RaTARAN + RB) A tet even Aan 7A ae ly ease, PALM = EAM 4 Ask ein inp. gy pn te oe sored pence en rt ono[stewie powers: Ten A) = 02 A 4) = hand 643) = PAL = sy a Hae ~ O87 Pa = PBA any Sp Para whee evens A =. fa pin, Th they smal xc Sivan trimer Gonna space ey cle foave) Ara rete ena aE (1) alo A, [RANDOM VARIABLES Ath he concep fs el nn sbi ano po Sosa eel om os nn va ona ae “arabia ts on manic as none aha prety is itn Reds vray sos gol ne) tr sre (ly taking 90 once eg ae The aly Be ‘Stn tt ain a pobliy ech oe of sate one woe Scasins pay an ml sais os Stas vor Catbedocin i sh on me Se Froth acetone Gn ate an ton {COP Fe) teed The Pu or POF Sos te tae of ea ‘iy duet, sen te CDF pre Comat py, = bra. By exmvenon copiers eet he adn 2s ad he Saved ora te Ste ur wes th andon vatae y DISCRETE DISTRIBUTIONS, Forany discrete dno, we il dfn ps) = FX = 2} whe ts probity Foy Pree ed = Sone) um {the CDF Thre Fs mantic nceaing with O = Fe) = Londo pater FO) = Osa Ao) = Foran ore carat, Lowaes : 2 St so Sa cas) 42S aPoe oy evra of te dt, "Tu de Sst re ery el in eli he ini nd te Poison tas BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION ee spices ra nthe variance Va) = apt. Oh us) “Themen orgie BU) = SSrpechne shoce'n Wel fang Then = GS tt hetsn laity ad nity Enineing {yO = 005th var 0 = OO dhe pobaiy f Peer = 1) = (}}oo0! nent = 0% 1K6 POISSON DISTRIBUTION 1a the acter vibe peeing th umber of random es sec ee) na ap is = 2 The Pn pay as a2. 19 a vec = 0 she men mer faeatnces i he id tne a rors ner SSE - 6 a eSknisvous pista Toss 1 ing oe oa cies say aan amiren=n | sna wn 3 po) = 8 aww s mte eet frunee=F0)- Fn om 00 = 4 | sade aan ~ fie-wrsinee ae Fy = S74 where X arene random vars ing ens ore Sam, at wes Se? 125 In gna ey descr ation ofa ran varie in tas of ro fshat CDE Aaa nae ay Ren (hl oul cen es th ve sof he og aos Ren? weld ret chang, The concep ann arb a pte ht nratons ar expel more fl nth net sever er he ae ely anche ements tisePART 1 Basic Reliability Modelscuarrer 2 The Failure Distribution “Tren oc of bk onthe deepest mate els ha de Sree lay of opr ste Ts caper deve or led uty fasion the ey fc, bey dita in {he pou dey font an the ara tft. ach of se fe eatin to coor ray bry fr ore prt Senay een i tne ca {Shute sro tere iso, nd the men eo ae the be cnn Subsouet tapes wl ene ee enon ancy Teel eo hab model u {Tie RELIABILITY FUNCTION Rey seine ah silty ha ye (pone wlantion vr nce pr Tespras bs laonspmatmataly we eine the co ‘Sorrendoy rare Flobe thie fae ote Sten componen, 7 = 0. ‘hon laiy canbe expel A) = Prt =) en seer) = 8.0) = 1 ne RE) = 0. Fora given wa, AC she Feb ute ine ee eter ta regalo ‘we eine mare) en Fay Rewere Fo) =0 nt igen he Fhe robb ha ere oss efi Ne wl tera) ashe ey ton dF) cma ‘ttn to (CDE) fe fle dan, A ct dey - #0) an) 10 eG en ‘scaled he pis des ction (DI, Ths anton dees he spe the are dtbutn Ths he fone stadia 2 ype PD. hn thw ope oso amt [seo (Given te POF. fen ins [sera ey ~ = [' 40a a Inter wots, ah he ely ncn and he CDF eect as wa bre dened by (helices ones he Ce ‘ethene Fare proba wl be dns a OsRnst o=FO=1 ‘The fncton Ris oly wed when habs re og cuted nd he Fanon Fray sd ena praise beng comp Gh ing the PDF, prods ssl resentation oh ale debut, (heels The cove tin nin. (Gre penny ey cnn‘ay This RU) = RTofnd he sign ei artigo 098 ene, we sk - aa = vs 1 0 6 ‘Te robaiity ofa ate cering win amen of ie a] my be few ny fee pray fost las T=) Aw—Fa)= Raab) = [fn 29) Frome press expe, PID = = 100) = RO) RO) = Sa ayy MEAN TIME TO FAILURE, “he mean sinew fale (RETA) ie by serte = £7 = ["syenat en whichis tn ean, oF expected as, epost ei by J TMeanaieshown (penis 24) werte = {rene ee yun (2 ten ei spt tan (2, ‘Themen ofthe sre tion ely oe of sever eases fea tendency hea drain Anse tm ne als ee Riga) = 03 = PAT = tn @) ‘Te mean dies be distin noo ares, ih 9 pee he fa es curing eee the on ine fare 30 ese cen he che ‘mein The mean may be pete thea wee Wey ih Saunt wed average i th mide, os lychee are tine dod Ml) = go $0 a0) ‘ora umal einer oft centered und heel ile il general te grea tha oan nena fhe sae ete cee ‘iin the distin. Figure 22 wath acoso he mete aad ‘eater faribton sowed oe it 102 Sore a fine ‘efoto, teat te cin 9 (neOvi he MTFs wll niu chart ae dba, ‘ter meas ae nectsary One mee tht on se fr deere ‘let natn tne by a= [e-netmesinae any “The vance presen avenge sed dance lene wile fom he MITE tis amessare of he sealer perio, fhe are mesa te ‘mean ieshownin pend 23 ae varance co ake wena @ [Prod orrre? any union 2.12) computa single tan te dfn 212. The ‘Sern of theyre tent devin, Se he st eaten Ine! tha he variance (ich senda ot th, From wt 0) = ise = sn, 1-0 =" 83155 DEES ine TI we il eon er ‘tobe nee die We ald gay pce Son ang Sorts Why HAZARD RATE FUNCTION In alion othe probably factions defied ear, ante Fon, cll he fire at cba raft een ae ne, provi an a Tanna ine tf een E29) Pr[e SP A) = Ro) BD die condo probity fain tein iv om 1 given ‘tte sytem a sods ie nlrersrsalred = RO= RUD i Hrd = Re Ru + 9) mar sia pay aie ero i te) ine eA 40 fa mo ay Ano) 1 $0 a RO” RD “Toe AO kon 8 he nstnonou nd oe ere rate fet. The Taree otin A) pods sheave ayo ecg ar tb tn. atures some canes maybe cared a iceanng FR) ere. Ing (DFR or const (CFR) when A) an neni densi ost ‘arcu hazed efron wi uigey deine eal fon 80 ap ee) - una = =i nein. [aerar = [" a ere RO) ~ Fess the owe it in eto he ig nd ie, « = enf-[nra] wy qt 2). he iy fon ame ar oon, ‘od png ars wari degee f 494 ee sy onl [ sera] =n aseCumulative and average fare rate ‘Tecoma Taste overs rid fines sid by ay ~ [aa ais ‘rele ad use concept inthe serie fle te, dfn tween wo ines armune)= 1 "aya = MAMA aig) Prom B.(.14 an etn, = O ands = 7216) ay be wren amo) —taRe) WR) _ 9 Aree) since = Int = 0. TW AFR nodes fos, th file dbo i characte sing a ncreaing fare te teage (FRA) fe anc oir ‘he ditibaontaa DFRA. vis IR DFR) trae 0 FRA ERA, bette comene cere xan. .conron a suMPLrs Acompethaeiiy tin en by mn-1-2 etsese Ho~ a Barirun curve ‘an impor fr af the za ate ain shown Fig 23. Bocas is ‘Ropes con refed asthe bub eave. Systems ting ths {nisi mom ego eteing fare rater te fcc in ‘wae by sma cons aire tel flue hy 30 ‘Reaigteate suo, Tis carve maybe sane. eto Ie ‘Spout of sel ore ribs, rar shown he following expe 2 ‘Taco eee laranconst re sles sane... Asn the ve bp consid Jar-liwear-oo'n} ozs en (ue Sere say foro $ foes) ‘egal Amin oes MeTee 2s CONDITIONAL RELIABILITY Condos rity suet i dsb he ety of acon oye felon turnin pid To or aes wsrany pen To We Ste cna ‘elt sees of ten ena has opt te Te ‘gene ane ae, i |To) = PrP > Tot eT > To} mrs a sean w= Bly) mem ihe DER Ten om 2.10, eae £090, an vm nen 1 fn? = ye noiro = REDD ira “na3) Sate tran -nes i a sae nye kelty sete Sie xp-ATo ir A> 0 doing at ye een tyes tr She hh ot MT tin on [BB a= gta [ie ain ger ‘ota harbor ny spo te spt cbt sue ane Ij, Aner ntl cons fae me abo dase Ie ale es (ai ae mateo compere conan sod np het he veal fete a econo 89 stan {TIME EXPONENTIAL RELIABILITY FUNCTION ‘nef he mt oon le Staion ey ening isthe exo eae CFR sd Falls de empl random er cane evens Wi — Flows on st inte ing est eo 5s 0 co pote iso one ewes dstnboons analyse stately accaod parmesan ex con neva ante easly computed ifr esting consons ne psec fem) ‘Webesinthe developmen of he ote bysuming hat) = t= AsO Then tom tg 15) mf] ‘Tooth pba fneons ae ila gical Fig 3. fr seve i fect ates ofA To ind the MITE we ws ‘The variances given by Eq (2.1.06 ea [ (pera d es) shes deviation V/A = MITE. Tis an interesting es ae tim es hate vay of ln ae ireater athe aby NTE) ee on (2) The pet ly ain, Seep ei set ae tain FIGURE 1 ome igh aay in eine is ten ceed sol Beate Tha the mem neo fate ces he alr Along A) vain tne ine per Bets aes the ean te aes "send bervaon oneing hi stboton OTT) = TINT = = 0368‘coor ng CF hy ter hn esi cnc sig ibismen ite fare The Gg ie component ovng meson “sired tlre ine may aed sling finer othe ei ‘ont. Tati fora en hy & ioe =n tn ocho ao ‘When = 05th median fe serbatn ose om (34 assis 65815 TT ‘emesansavays estan emit exp tn sews Menor esses adeno ss of hc ml one ayo ale fn depen or log te conn tesn operating Thre enc ‘rest ee. The peat hc component wl pera Fr nes (000 ‘Sth eed o wheter the cre sr eas es pening forsee dred sro hs te operating fr serra wan ars. Ts roe costa wa tsrpm aie of the fare ces Fer xamps when xen anion vires the fect rs oping af hcg “Ths propery cane devas nthe wing cnn ish. Prom E21. ein = MOET mT BOT = Far) = ee ae mw Inter wo, hor pve has 9 sent ft 0 lay an it rot improve th component's ett Time far depends ony te eg he coserved open ine) ato ce ag). aa FAILURE ones: Complex tn wl il ah vais meas ein rom ie physi ‘enumd or diene charcoal Component eal nate nelly cic oso ares cong thermechnss component cing hare T cei ae TE) the elit fncon forthe Ah ile mode, hen, ating ide pend sng alr es th rem any Re bee no =[ [a0 oo be rt at he ae ns tc soe ti, {ent nthe pnd a thse probes, the roby ne he fare mds otrs tore ime’ The spo hazard tation ye dered fn (8) rity be aid iby summing te ard cts ‘ise es, onl Let ete alrite eon othe lire mods Then a y= hoffe] -of Lr ee a= S000 an ‘his an gona esa ting ht he hazard re fcoa Fr he 95 tem Ie dermined by summing te fa ae finns ofthe nde ‘are mo Relies canbe conde er een fae meds a compte lab Tanéton dened. This res also Prien an ake mae of te uo sume, a tow the lowing Sg pons sole in Se ia cm teisxunrtess marusuacenye Deore fe ms () aban et) ‘ta ean) orem somes, Tht nt else (il) ‘et ent mae aes BERT flowed oa nen S21 alle Modes with CFR Mode Ia system consis ow independent, sry red coonet cc ving 8 ons aerate then fom awa Sa Asma" Stamm MT ahr waste tem twa a expen le time (CFR ne. iecompnens ae abo alsin ey hy foe! = 23. en on sem ant MTP 6% ‘iy onton fr eg en by ™ oe ae te haeyeeeenton tite is te {322 Fares on Demand Cerin components ht orton ysl asi may lc ean Forex piano ting stm wee ine ces a opera imc on i ney fa when suihing fo an le an operating de {igus nem yal wen ng aed 90 thn we opera. ont itera an sued rex are made and cost pb {ott on oman ca eas ten he component wi aves ete Stn fee on cok our bss Tsee i et 2 = the avrg alr ate whe tay bezels peril ow) a teen ate hl opr es er opera) epee on den {1 Shee enh he tine eid er yl p= bea lento th opting ie perce Teh Tew a a ‘Tes f= ste fare in ates per eeu ine a= Sam» Bean « ‘The pi te compe wil overs 2 tl as ‘APuicarioss, ‘There ae sever intresng py proceses tat sve ie he exon by Sarton, Presany ar nw that expen dsebaon rahe the fle eI oon A canst fae te ies com ‘ily nom and Independent ares ver ie and ee ress nck of ‘Remy ofthese charterer rand, cons ae ates od ‘Memento fet ome pent are twas shown “iurgven expo detsbatee, be memes pope flowed conser theca gten Ae] T) = doc th CER ply? Pom Eqs (217) aod Gia) rany Toeo[ Joe aerae] 1 cfs] a Then g ona’ = [fauna wich eae A) = Aa conten. There if ales ae dt by com Fly non indepen eens oscil wate gee se am = Ro SAL Renewal Process Assume hase comprised of many components tng inept ain ‘cha wa thn instal compet recast are A eet och fled cone ml spiel wih one. {sees rem each stay st omtan ner ares pe one ‘Thich aed y 1 mel example mar Ho rea aaas MTR, = +8) +48} +) 48) = a Sam, Ad biel te Capers. 22 Rept ning tere i sl conan pobre ces od res bel ‘acd one aye andi inspect ds apt estan, xe eas ‘Sue renee 2 juin son = 3 fon gan «2a 4 fmm + iene jenn + jam = 39 5 jams gu + jem gam gor =-09 Suse 4 aime gone ie = 7 ase hams ay jon + jar = Cote_Nemie tone de Samberatnie afin, sprosint exponent lb Frcton eae Let = (t~ tera oan oa Ten pee iste lisse ands Sie p) = — pr ey al, Let = a, with ing te Se ine teen na Then iy = et ae itd = pl, aco re te, eit ak pe tp ee oreapoe da ips epi ft) =)333 Relaity Bounds ten when he CFR mode eso ap it ca sil be wd to prove Rous on sy rei proiged the som ara ae can be Boonie. Aone ‘ ek ean 2a ‘Theo [fate s [aunar = [aver other ‘Teen ifthe za ae fneton i onde he ait anton cao be food “The expr, bec of is cost ar rat roves Rant be ‘wenden ing deren fale ts a oe having rig ‘rr Broan Pca [196] slp fling ppt nt lowe eh "iy bound fren he aa tee renga tenn, expect ton howe hat hepsi an Fo DFR, one ust te yearne cor or) ean FR pes, ny = (8 TT aay (5 SNe oun ‘hey so develop te ftloning pp und for whe the ard ae = [anor 5 aw here 1 eMTTE =e In oer the above equnion be said leet «was be ou for 200 apa hus ne sen by 7 = 0) = 1 or 2D opting Hows (0°) = Hats nee ma ound OUT by aig Es (310) sera m= 350 ‘Comping east bey theron cop ie 12) ‘THE TWO.PARAMETER EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION suc ei en pel ar {ite ane ar ite rao ue ge ‘an Oca hve rng oy ty totceg wn methane nior entire SPs Tara te T= B rem acysice Old ne eli fant wil se a he atone os Ro =e ry cio) Fun Ey. (15) and (3.16 the ane ae A) = F(R ~ A However te ean fh istdtn so age bie nt ge Se ‘Seinen rs or Ape : wate « ("net Par «ost am ‘Temalan ee hrbtnstiedy wives a Goa, ind = m9 = 5, a1 saa a MS AS am1 er pl et hyn a in ee noel ay ‘ie rien iti te ttl hin SRS Rs Sa At y= y a2 Xa concn ating on fale imme sie reac oom ing he mer essere ove ie eh hn ‘Titan The antigo ngs tne igen bye Poon ott us con ue e800 yeaa om r= ‘Unlike the sire bon his tons vert, ch Psu dstaton ‘ert The man respected ner ues vet vn Man evan fhe rbton so anon (321 canbe dered ys ting an ‘wher andr vl tein sn alae — 1a ean as {cereal tsi vith prmeter Therefore Yeadon vale, the tie he are Sine te of independent expe an a enc for Yc te wate | ‘pines eth i niin ann Bares PO) = PY, = APA) ©) = FAO Fr) ton (321 alas fr he shove fm 22) “The wats ean theo pool debuts an ao be sen by termining the ratio oo alans oc nne which eget ir =n ti “ an = eet ema ‘The Peso pce is cfen ue in ven aso ermine he amr ef ae enn wh hi betes exp Rr it gare emponens se aaah sport a eto oeaon ver ne revel cten “ a0 = Spa om isthe come psy of ee ies sig tig ine Eu {09 ttre eps he py on el es roe ‘Soc dr tine Theo ome aly hee Siu wate reese pate wen ae ews ures, Ase eid ning manana me vit Serguei ce? sen 6 "05a aay NM BEM emi = 40 Se 0522) ase *2) OCC be hein tie hs aban wh = 3 Be ne oy a eee i tw hn eae riscompemesy ih even tht be thd ute ew 10936 REDUNDANCY AND THE CFR MODEL. Aug iw pear th prev plications hi CFR adel ae ‘ere, mera expe lather ares even when ila en ars CFR Conarthe cate of won and run components ‘hhh tame const ae tek Inhale ‘aly neni compere fa Sine (eh rt eh ‘Specs wl i yin deste city) ven nue? cater 62 fo) mem nem Ry” ae 225) By inspec, As cay not constant aa Therefor te system dos tec hne an expen alee daha ve gh th emponener are CR However, om (323) a A) => hee i 32) Tre teen ane ssc tare sya approaches he rsa Tete ‘canny vada es Cages ‘ThenemAETTF ce dees om re = [mar = aaa 629) Ine wor he to component reddit sytem wl nr the MITE bya feof 1 Soe the spe component NTE ean. For he micmvae cuir dered ia Beam 31 2 esd penhtes i A eco at {eforsg ne EXERCISES: (5) tte es mint sen ent nd inp co 33 eats as ine lr md oi aes of 0 a ‘yma ie ey) = Hao Rr 24 Atysoalc osmiscompill ie opts hing de owing cn (6) nt yen pn e059 rae esising poate tale Sandy SO WEE Dre bea ‘iets ety cng eWay 8 oeolnsmpaae nr np een 9 Spin goa ins einen iy cm 2 Me fle anti is atic aig ey sheng oneal an oes ‘MN As cnt oath avg TTF Sepia (6) rat ates nme repel nae py oe an Si = 100% pernurand = ase eau ‘the prety at te ae lec by T0000 hs Sona arate of les per 100 opening ars A ig et st ‘ected wich amend il ead en ced wi es ma Frome Worst xe nef 19 fats eed? Tein oper? 216 eine gs xe rR ed Be TE eget Shean one ae Sc ae — Sout dn en Or mele te roe emo se a ice 3 Acta nse in ng MTE ‘wml i eguvaearto Ro) =e 40 Rapti ang. pn cic i fn cing ty wl sepa 32 Reena cn) = ad ‘Sn ogre Ts retort TTP 78 egies denon abr openTime-Dependent Failure Models ‘Tre development of tenet roaiiy dsibions wel aang fale rece cote ith deans te Wel linden er Sos Tee batons Rave haan rt stint ae Sons over ine, spoiling neces aerate the expres are aw Theo preaches thar the previous chet he ston eid, ‘lasers ae expla sel eager of ee ove a “Tie WeMmULL DISTRIBUTION ne othe mos wel pity dss ety he Weta Te ‘Wott fit oisnion ny esol mn ch nee ed desing {areas iscurctrid by shasta cto ooh No a wii poner ton, The fneton 20) nrg fr a> 0.8 > Dan is Aecenting fre > b-© 0 For mara convene beer ees Nota long maar wo -G(f" eraprareo an Using 9214, no-eol-[ 56) «] wo wr as Joys HB eet a Bea if) refre 5theshape parameter fet on he dation cat teseena Fg tl frsener difr lcs ar t= Ihe PD arn ‘Sage the exponen andor rg lus fez, B= 3h.the PDP some ‘symm to ard dtton For P< 3 he dey ne Twi skeed When = I, somo nd he ro etl theeaposal wih A= 10 Assecn it i) and (ech he CDF an ‘iy carve pstestogh th same pit whee t= since om Ey 42 [Roy = expt (08) ~ ep 1) = 0364 Theor, 682 pace al Weal fre loi ta of the ie oh se ee pent ne ae of “Tse le rameter tances tt mest so te se ce igen hart, om ead of he sti Sey eto sate Fg 420 fr seer erent values Aa 8 teas Fe 420) erty ices ta gen pointe. ni 4210 these {sane sie B= 2 Theyre le the chore if ab factual etn, 7 The MITE tic Appenn A} and ue of he Wel aon ae foun to sre or(i+ 2) # sand ° -e[r( + able + al} 4s) no [y ‘ile Ain he Arpt cnn select values of Teh. Wi ese les slong with ie ft tc lars = ~ Rac one=nPetrol ohn Wl ty yi 08 He es T= a)FR are Bi Rey Made fm be shown bea ace actin a em in F410, Ther, he ral ston wl edo mal went FR) pene XMMP 4, Wat (ae) on iting Bis ey Sed wi Sippedinotes rect glue 95 pee hay ees Solin Finds et Fh = 05. sro am fe tm f= sig he rl les es — IDI = L685, as = 969 = 2) nfSOE=8 we =H) won ‘rte nose) e197 = ose Centra int trem ‘The cet lines (CLT) provides stg avai fo any of the sta spas the na itn Te CLT ster ht de esl cndon the sm on ranomvarbes pyecies2nral oton SS eamjches in More foals y= Ay Xp Xe wae ye Nyse em neyo random as with ite ean 2) a Bt anes Vi) hen seem, Fa spony al i ‘baton wh the lowing mean sd ane ain) = Seu) vo “Tee CLT impish each rand varie conbus sal aot te rihoo ingle vatble dominating. This reat ols eps he cbaton of Titania ve Frm ruby pepe i ae ia elo ay tal cen sth rma fre perm epi, Lt, LT wea us coop spose Cosine eras abe an sae Ste MITE ce om sal fare at: However or inert mow i tosmal rbot y se the Sevlopte feng fare proces “TE LOGNORMAL DISTRIBUTION tried variable thie oan, is gona eatin, eg ‘rtm of Phos ma don, Tis ey wc asp Wa theo ron The ety Teton fe gael sams] oe 4 where the pce +. ship pant i th eon rae is te ‘ln tet are? Te dtetuon seed only postive asf aNe erefre mre ppm tanh nl fate stbeto Expo te Beara! pebiy deny fn for Sere vale fhe Spe parame onde nF 4G) ce he Weta dinamo cn akon ney of apes his sy he ae ht a ha 2 Wel Stason Teme anc nd of hone s0 MITE = eat) 20) P= Rageenilean? em n= iy 40) ane “ocompate file pais logorma eloshp oh normals intel tte te ognormal an meal ston sen sachin ae 2 Meme Fe ls coeoa 4 Tine Degen Fee Mege $40) sa gph ofthe COE for iret spe prarters fe = 1. “he he ee he gna toon te he noma ttn, camot bled fr aay Howser vw de ip 480. te toma ard tan Be eine moma a eta pos ey ning FRO) wig a7) and 4). The zd ae fo ese mili ech ek an ten wy eet stn econo re ‘te hr or mt components However = 2 = te max iret teu te asd mean isi it els ence be ran tte mod Reece 191] The wl salu te eer ee "er te pa sec Fg 44) shows ec fr ses shape ot nc ef 10. Te lowing te onmaes t oet Charts oe Osten shows np 4A Tes m= Ait dco a he Dehra te fg hed a fasting ny te foe Get [1980 and Suet (1990) suri 49 Fao we fx camps hs 9 igre ion wil Te = Some Sn sere f= LaF co = 1a ‘The design ie 3 cmon wih lagna ire dshtion maybe pully fading ene on of MG) at Rese Be eed m= sft) ‘mm 4 Tine Dee ms Sundt = toe here i und in Tbe At such at m= Soviet tn ete om APPENDIX 44, DERIVATION OF THE MTT FOR THE WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION a) soe no =[rterea8 IN OF THE MODE FOR THE WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION BUG foot BF ewe Se ge Therefore, “ % ie ~ saw 52)" ssa nit one ana ei greene MININYUM #STRENIE-YALUE DISTRIBUTION et (*]] hen WAT ~ min st beet eine of te th eompnent, a =Pe[T = ior e Pan = 1-0) ot Tin openers 19 | whic sth san esas tana nF. (11 thi = 0. Gi ay = APPENDIX 4D TIAZARD RATE FOR THLE TWO-COMPONENT AWHIBULL REDUNDANT SYSTEM “ofits, dig. 7, see ae BGP me SEP] — acy = tH gt EXERCISES, Gr Mioocns = pecnac ae see 43, Apowecns smi of een tees Ech We SERETEMP Spal lowes ahve cence eames5s tecemman Wal in wi = 1H, 8 =A a = otto ing hiandraefcons a) = GODUTISODE he 0 (0 Gee ncettes0 wept wee Resort nmap oe (2 die eran ne sn devin ae ines {8 Whar herelaiyepe a e0 d en ela? (© Desi he egy et oman pce aay ae et ‘reocncn ne «Er ey 0 we i he po babe pig 0 mechani ne shawn lent hag = ‘ne 4 Tine Degen Fees 8 co aim crate igre? (dl nt vit fe tn fa frame? Tans craceric est 2.00 Fate SrRStOW (6) The py hf er oti ein “48 Acoma Wet Ee din th ge © 06 ai cane Precis“ ne sme ene wi © Ceo he em EE 4.5, cating ert ihe lh sana ed wih me epi std doe a {6 Prien rept Gv dy a, 1 Beemer et i ma ha 416, spin ah rf es, The ne te ws and Steel hs 3 Shs cl sy of 980) °° Genus mt ncaa Samer Sap gs oa oat (6 fie ds edn in le ba, wt the aly ing the ‘en 10 js pe pert 0 ve?pelea pene aromas (0) Cope aac wo ans Ove bc (© (onlhcerie pls inatar ores rhe ebro See at + 7 co eon pg mn es engl The ii i ibe (Eine pete retest 2 Te fatto or now $500 VER Mell wh = 2d = $y ean ar he tome bpd meso ae 18 A-ha ible Compu te etait oa cag © ete mol ary ye cif he See cay copra s ——— Reliability of Systems Previn pts devcpedsevearebliy mol aed om ion se ns cb em sprit my pen ite salty or way ml foreach omponent te ec oy Spin te ne of pebatiy acct tpn ge ent hn the stem, cone onlay Ths ae oe hope st SERIAL CONFIGURATION Compe within a sytem may be tela to one snr int riary ain ite aril apr cof, i seca cones net Fanon fr he stn fie InsP a ean. ogee ot ‘es on cngnent mat Ft fer etm cont es at flows omponent are coaster etc in he seme tt tha na ton mute permed in rer fr he ssa coe te pe: Unde is concept. if ee o two sev ed Songenent ale he sens ft The Sees eon epesencd ya lah tk aga aSEE a} Re la cam compen ise Sic ip. assem be termine fm the compenent lables mie fling may y= tee hat component oes nai tee ha component 2 en Then PE)~ and PIE = where y= he eit of cmponee 2, = heel of compner2 ‘heeee f= PE 9B) = PEPE) = R83 sig ht he om pas ident. ef ilar oe cop! es hang he rely fhe ier cope) In rd ino rte ym ‘aco ta unponst acnpen mae atin ‘Goncraing ely nko opens ns ld = By RI Rl) = il UD AML RAO) 0) (11 = 12 -adliiain,The aan vat spe ei ‘Te ecqaiy res om Stem eb can err esi of Eq, pram ral compacta 2h eb, ‘ial este cotana ne number ef componente Te 5.1) HWexsnnponent he acomsan areca este ey gen wy Torta a(S An (32 where Ay = S72 (52 i par th be te aso hat ine ‘ee aie component ares a governed Oy te Wel fe © spetialifafSbe] wt a0 o9f 36 She ‘function or of (4 inde tt ese ds tabi Weibal. Iyer akogh ery component ara Wal reson seo cy ar wih Vitec. aS pe SSN e) hte MTT, = mw sine iro es compen ‘ee stem iy iste gy Sr. belo) “Twoor me compovents rnp. ean configu ial its mst fatforthesysemve a oer mutts pert he ater cote oe. ‘Pal oni ar repose by the beck gan af Pig 3.it a Sytem eb fr pals nnd ips fon by taking mins th potty component a se pty it at ne mponet de a, Te foro pent ose — R= PIE; UES) = 1 RE UB = 1 MEE ES) = I= RERES = 1-0 Kt =) Geseniig nano 1 [Ror 6 its abays mee = ant Rah} sce Ft ~ R40} mst le an he lr ray of hs it ee ‘emp ora edu ym coming fall CFR compen, R= t-P fue on ‘wht =the ile tf he th component Rage text) ant germ = facade Lemans xn Tun pel eal indepen ona have CF. ite ‘Suite. 09k ae enon ear TE Satin. Weave R10) = e844 908 = GTen y aen Thin MITE 5 OHA = 39 ant ITF, = 20ND “sa COMBINED SERIES-PARALLEL SYSTEMS. Sytem pl coin compact ine si an pe ean, Co sie er amp $3 Heenan of eh compte To ‘systems The ey of eich sateyem tan. The he sje eal iy may be cin on thes fhe eltomapsmony esters he ‘ewarkoF Rg $3, th shyt bate te fllowing eines > 1-0 Att RO) Me= halk) Re ~ RA) ‘Shc ya Ree inp who ate an in eis WR, R= [d= ByXI~ Re) WR = Ry = 090,85 = Ry 98. Ry = R= 099, hen = (10104098) ~ o97m2 Re = (0997 = 09801 1-11 ~as7an¢1— osto» 1098) = as7o4 52.1 Mih-Lee vers LawaLevel Redundancy System redotncy maybe cin in e402. Bah component comp iy pad nein ree ‘See weve ony, a scm oe a het ani he ee shag oe ee ae eps! rede Hiss Ut bth componente he bin See pe lg.sme ely 8 htm rebar th ase of ow eel eddy is Be (EPP = 28 IP = ORF Foethehigheve donne system ait epee hy HP = 12 6a = 2 By comparing te felis, tan Be shown tthe ely of te ow eve redunaney i preter th the iy fhe gh evel edn Be Rags = OR AFR RO-RF Re 6R 2488) = 28 We—2n +1) = 2 UF =O with he quia when = Inge hs egetn wl be ef he ponent ebiiis are mal depend snd epee cn "tn in hichhey fe paced nites, ths ean ar eons he train tha ch he oe evel a ee encase {lier bo componens A fae th cope a Hawerc ih leveled tem ays af one flan oe Ba pv yf ‘mseprae pts, Tete he gh eel funn stem nan ae Stn ap = 1=[1-0sy09.085)? 480 Rue = 1-11 OFC -0971 ~~) = 0s6,059,08775 = a9 CE ante carn Rey Sym #9 {A gewalzion of pale cunponeats cca when requenent eit fo ut of deni a depend component ofc rhe Sn oe an Obvinmy =m IE = 1, compheeendancy oun andi = mtn omponet anes nie Te ety an bed orth bra pevbaiy dbo “each compenea ewe sn indpenen i with (eat) a conta roti of sce ten n= (rar oo ete poi of esc components per. This st se is the mr of ws (range) in which x ses (ies) ean be hil om n components 0A) isthe pansy ree nd eta oasigl sangencat fuss alr, There a= Sao 69) iste posi oo teases among the compen ® Sires eet ars n= Semen tena ase (10 ae sown at ns MTT no wre = [rina = 1S! 10 Dee, = 2065} +})= 1931114 = ten tbe MTTF computed by By (5:10 te mean ine a of radu cosig alee a conan fet compos 5.3 Comples Configurations Feccartain tm. the component confine sch hat these ily | ano feunply nen ses sl parla Fo xa ‘het sin ig cee and byte pov pac he ten wih nr ote kgs ni op wl ma ths tak cb lacy tiger dcpton scum, Pecompston “Tho steers rcs, showin Fire Sn hich componet sama oe fntonig (wh jobabty Radon on re Ste) ‘ih component Ef with pty 1) Te chy ech Networks deed separa. Tet he sy cy hen R= Rak) -(1~ Res here Ry = = (Let ~ RC ~ RoXT~ A R= t= Rat BGR) Why = Ra = 9, Re = Ry = 095 a Re ~ O80, 0 ay = 097 1 09571 = 099 e495 ~ HaKTS fo = 118990959? = omrATTS tnd = aH09875) + 0210574975) = O9KSE Fer sa tors caumerion may bed demi em il iy. The maha crue coms egal gorse cane ‘ozs (rare Fat each cmpoen and he ings feo ‘he sysem Fr each posible contin f eonponse senso ft Ie Presa a he tenia of hese evens compe. Tecra sued {Phe msl independent The sm ofthe sass pic oc te 35-0. Terao fr tena Pl) "owe Sate we ~ 32 ose combo sown in ale 2 “Teeth xenpstnn sed gan lowing, mck pobien ‘hunting atte ping by Ba ens mt er ‘etpaem ta The lai me lft me eee tee BiG nea ear el i 8 set trie pl sen eens By BF By By, Teme ig Sem i heb spun ns et hart wep ems ‘Gena Te hyo apm sedate keSolin, Asan ht healt eh abs ink nore a ako me eae ecm MU Ry ae ‘yA. [1 BPH). Telit orth a baking tem Cae y= moh {1 ROWE MIF ACI = Rilo ct Ase Cat operon a Heh om hee gi fe ab tal. Ti = 1 -RBP Te iy = RAKE =~ WOR SSE oh opel Ts ily Py = URE y= ROA (1 AVEDA ~ REIT Io = =U R= RO} B= PI FP + Pa + Pl ene tt P+ Ft A SYSTEM STRUCTURE FUNCTION, MINIMAL CUTS, AND MINIMAL PATHS (OPTIONAL) serge strane aprach fr alin the eb o cmple ssens {oth thew te ye sacar an. To dei he stn ae goof eompmnent operas “=o. isampnent as aed “Ton he sytem rc sb i dee by acts. {tine opens wort =p paemiin GD Teneo sere yom MMA = MAEM = mi a) 8) for a pra ste, ey wor ao-[P TEENS! iw ot it ig = fi) He ck Te send egy Bs eh the bay foo of he ace EIN NG al = Oo PROM KM) =) SERVO A= Pn a, PR 1G bane =D Phy = = Hts =O =e 15) sd forage oye, EV Xa) = B= Pra 8) =) = t= PAats = 0) SAP =O = Oke = Led RxI = RD Ro 619Tocompue eed of e Keaton aye, we use PAG XX) = N= PSX = on Wen = Ra = fy (5.17) te ely ca eden ig he wil tai Btn nd Eq (3) a 9 Wilsons Coal toe ei Sh ery one Secgnosh oom Seam hn = t= (169 aaa) = Wt Kool = == Xl — Lo) = Ka + Ke Xan erm 0 oA) Bo PN f= EMMA aa + BR Rabe BRy = 4806) ORI ~asABHASHA S441 Coherent Systems systems coer when a component lay provement ds st era ‘erg mihi. cokem umf asnaefnto a e meoo icy cen Tat 177) = Reta Wy Yoon Yl 2 WANE Trae nega i era give omnes thn tint component id be ‘ca Oba 1) = Wn snes 5.2 Minna Path and Cut Sets ‘Te sso relly maya deem ang minal path ssi sets Aphis a Set of somone se fnctoning cue te te Feneonc A nial pth 06 which al cpt win stat foneton fr te tno ain cuts. componets whe file wil) sein ss Anal a oe whi al Compo mas fain oreror esi sunruessicomniermy, rth makin xe 8 he ia phan be a KK) = HU Maan = Aah Aaa = IMB Xe Ma = EN + HN Bn) 1h X4kt KOH == Se Hedt Kee = tao Yn Ko Ko = a Ha NARI + AeA) Sets R= EU) pie see has be 15.48 System Bounds Inger comnts ve crdebertomdontie piety by fomidsing a hecongonent nsx Liew on ppermodon te se ay econ by sarge compen pre Uno Inman’ ele bv dee ur age ne bce mac toon anes Anse toh Ser tie by cg en psc pri nd eran ewe [teal byrne ech fhe minimal tes in ses oo be asfeel oui ee ss april malas stare comma components he pt te ingen As simon coro a past oem il i ah Tas (ty wee he a ae ssn eigen Ar sc oe oe Ine wo linger npn Tht if io cone ote ey Se lest te ss en thet set sta be ender The per owe Sound will tse fhe minal pa oa se) ‘hace cot compass they aden. "The verb cy eo fn ae nf ger] 1 where isthe amber of minim it st an ite indie of compo tat teat one cnpanent nt sets pean. Sx Pa 8. “Toearer bund labs fe hen “tf -a| 19) step mn of mia pan otf et elcaes panne are eemaenaneee sry ra inser up. Fare hed torn Fi. 4) te iil at a te Feces tear resto ‘hen fom 5 9 k= 1-0-0857 9686! = 0909 COMMON-MODE FAILURES ‘The astunpin inden of res aang camonets na sem ny boca oie ean several component may shee sane owe Sure crx cvsoaeotlCndtionssachasexenive ein may [cx ccver cgonens Interne manner Operainso matenne 8. ‘gn tes snd sosanad moter or are my abo comibtew «eon ‘nota sommon no fare at Re spice in eres ith tae coe ‘ens sing the are mee ga 10 ast a cn ode fale ‘inne ahs the cmponet resins ytem The ser rey ge Bett Roll Rast = Ry) Imad ees se tn cima be pone w spre mde fren he conan oe Tales Insc ort edotiney eon have ane, econo fale mt have ath ebme sermamt Crt} mashes pees inyenn erage nn ened hou 56 ‘THREE-StATE DEVICES “Thee st devices ar copes have han pe and sho fare mde nd apering stte Exar eae Sal ca aes Te intresting pte ith reports conn ese compen ht hts ere ease seme Foren ten emi ing oat be he athe ssn eprint. The sem ety nti pends on te dior fe mete stn Congr, dr uber eo in omens Aner xp esa io rey tay a fe sar ry al danger sree icin ve de) Reunite, his ce, incre line ae sms tad ee thin of afa-anger vere “wo pia sumption oe nano tee peso ses Fst sauna ore mos re ly etlsve none he ae es Como) sen sl he coors comping he tn a depend S41 Sein Strveture ‘tse he matty fr among system abit, simple pecwrk Sathish Sees esti Fre eta a shh ‘Fine sokchs mt fat sorte syst oe est one Sh st ‘hp Then we cn ne wing arcs y= the eve a bath wits al sot = the vet at est on oh ils open ex@ = 1~ Regus pcbaiiy oem aie Than 0 ME UE) = AE) + PES n= th potty ht component open = the pba ht component fsbo Ten = Guna) + a * 40~a180) an RE 1 tga +4 ~ srt =A gutl 99) ~ aus In wor he spe mili ete poi tee cmponent als pen isthe iy rb cong faishrt Tse canbe ener. note 0) Fle B20 Systeme isthe oly te open mish roby at ‘Mmanent Sor ‘62 Palle Structre ‘ho pl sis now consider. Fo the sm fal sat oe ath he sch nt fal hr Fre sc al pen th ches (po Ths, ne he owing we fle even: 1; te eve hath sie sop 1 = tee hat teat oe ite a ho,Te = AB LED = mE + mE) (ug) (aa +40 0099) 1 llgsaa) + aa +40 ~ aga (= qui 40)~ aut |m word he te eit the ai tat iter component ls Ins poi att omponet pen Ts eon ened Farm redo pene ot = Fea fe 62 Relist the probity that cher are no shorts is he probabil ha all ompnes reopen (1-005) 410 « sar Forte pte cng 563 Low-Level Redundancy Figure 5.1 can example of owe rede st vig elon es ach ving en te The sytem ofS ‘Ses coogaton (Eq 20) a so by computing te posi ft at ne open ph nec eu sig mse prety of ee oe St ‘ach put Mathematica ewe n= fie-eo E TEE eens [u-u-a) 32) creat | ‘36 Migh-Level Redundancy w-(-fis) [fee] om =U“ BISA -010711t ime an ming anon st (Ara) nie So P4009 = Fors AcaPn~ Nae, « Pay +8) ~ Palo sh ASHP os Reng 62 ADP as yp n Pet PO a oan Ten fo, LM 8) carry — 60) nasi oon Ey (63 (64 othe loving el gto 20 rye “ £8 Nps -aran on guts (66) (6:7), amd.) ane wie auton (1 canbe aed sane ‘ae Append 6 for ea) Ti son age er uw Pa os 10) no etn won Pa) = 1 PUD Px PO) om “Then ora sere tem we ve - ct Ste Dept Stems soc fraps, ao = Pu + P40 PH ih ae pune 0 Eg. an (5.7) fr a-comones (= 2) spt TOAD SHARING SYSTEM. ‘Arar sight aplition of Maso mss wot hing pen, {ice osprey ary ‘weet he we componente spore he aloe ae fhe tet Sct intros teal of coal pled on Because his a. rely bck Saran siiqest Chay Seatorbe spi ‘en wet Mav sab odtemne te stem ly ‘Define urate of eaten se Tera pam shown ii 42. whre hy and epson he ree ur rates of emponent | 3 ‘SSootncysarenia hese The en illness at 00. ay sannio oy $2 - nro-ar0 ry 280 saryy—at ran 15 “The in tse tins fn ig he ste pr a lor ‘rps ob) ons ows: n= eon 16 n0- oD oe wm n= oom earos i = Pur P+ PH) Stain Fo 618 aye From (620, ‘STANDny sysreMs. ‘Suny sens aon imports f sy wii ait, Dentin onthe robo ate cccoring nbn swan a sn eae em e ‘he aependney nes bec the are ae he Sanayi pes on ie "Fora cits shown Fig 63, whee ste ere ae (petaps nde af th Stay a whe Stanihy Wi) ABeg the eomesponing Fale Teese stem eqs sean fs coment ty i tes i a Hane way Arun —Ash40 20) BO smo ae 62 ving lion ze Appi noe Pan = wie 1) = Pins Ped + PL) wee wes] an a sre = be spring oo Ire ae sof Aivie handy = by wt A = On Ee. (6.27) and 6.28) 1 Ege (627) and (628) spy o ny =e sped Sy Tove ADM = 0741 ~ OUIAOOKTS A789] = Ost ST aor + cour + a © "OPS"xanrue 4. Buh nif aoc nyse aie wi aE ear ate rE eo on Sen. Ui 429, Sa ry a ar: y= ass 179) = 0950, 1 teat Standby Units te iar ae cape idl os Fale tes with 9 ies tothe nbn 6.27 fund Th spi ene whch ‘Seem if ents mas fe aed fr sepry. However 9 ler mcs pch ple homo A tt ee evict als he it ace cmpaen placed ne When a the nest spaced orto dsm Tec, the ene nc he ae [bse te sm a ntl and nde exponent stots As Sscused m eto he inf te Rare a am seb parmesan Thttore m0 en 209) weufiede f : 2] ass ete apm a cence sy ste hes ‘Sodan wit sche ie (12 Standby Stem with Switching Pres sn monn sy ne oe bly pote hg ‘seg ine sui eas pay "eu aon ene trans ase ace 2 pvp oH = +8) saat opi i 3a B62 cag ana) PA) pasPior~ AO “The soon tse he eqns sien by Bs 6.24) sl (626) by =P pe Po “iy (ny “heeft ily fenton pa (tse at ip =the standby systems no eet nd he oversee sity ithaca pray on xwsrie. Comite sandy yen etd a Ea 2 Mee 10 ova pty ofa sechng aa yenhny s kon ets win) 6am 0 = 741+ gl 2OOU- oo 071) = 0807 ise er {633 Three-Component Standby System Consderatem wit one sve uit wo stn wis Fr simply assume ‘acne when ogy an tat i cree seme ave the ame cone fare at enone Define the follwing nrar Ess ‘This eats wie love diferent eqasons: £0) - any ey £20 «srys0 con FA pF) (636) within ations 70) = 1, P(0) = 0, an 240) =D. The sation tos {Beetle sven Ape OA, nine em on P= ae 2 py = Mew co (610) Acoma of 60 ihe eabity function compute thease fi ‘tanya oe amen dr 31) wl eel hate ‘wo reer Te MTF yb od fm vere = [ete [ee [BE Indoenn twits =n standby he he ytm MUTE WA Gee see ois, way ae si enemas ta aout DEGRADED systems ‘Some sysems may continue to operate in a degrsed mode folowing ceri types starr The em may conus pro ti Bt pd ‘erating level Preamp compe en ay ewe seal ‘ect ace spe devices epyng shiney esl aa aly fed rina rl my here eqae anal open. ea melee {intatiny eerie plan nove eps: Whether be aed mae {one are tat mt be determines pa fe lity pei aon However i important dtu he epee rm ao Dei he ss of tem a ly operational ete 1) dered te 2) a a (se he tearm ig 3 cbc: The eri $20 «wy essen «ay | £500 « s.run— ran eo ‘estan By (62) ihr ans en by ooo oa Aiea fcr st be wedi sing (6.8): howener te ao po ‘er sro fe sandy tn 62 - ieee enn a9 | Rn nio = 1 M0 Ps Themes cmp ea a Fe gm fr moda deg atm,Nee ane = [nos rune= eft [frames agra = tao és ‘ThRER-Stave DEVICES Congoens aio theses. Wo depen fae es, were inode fe Choyer 5 Thee componens nee opting at, aed pen Sto led show state Sine thei dependency Between he wo fe ‘ns 12 hey are tay exclave), Mao a an ened ter hin he open elt saming each fe sat as coin aloe ‘nh i dag f Fig 66s isthe peng st, te 2c ad open tae Sth ed sho sta Te ernie we on 6 Step Syms 18 Fray Bi aay an) aro 20 sam nx PHO = sen ‘The saan seta and given ty Re = Py) = ern 640) \ f et ~ noe Ben eetem mat ray = Ath eon gut (46) my ao einer eet oF component ving 0 fered bot hota re te APPENDIS 6 SOLUTION TO TWO-COMPONENT REDUNDANT SYSTEM omen ncn es wn = 04 oa * nse Fontan Oe yewny Y= yertrh age) eh aerating Pyoe tafewmenase =) = Oe = 1 rane “Teil coon ae Py) = hoya edn air umeAPPENDIX ot SOLUTION TO LOAD-SHARING SYSTEM Po) sae fe as nin Append 6, Then APS pensar Oo pets azn Win aang ft te eon e ra sen fe-are} eee] E-arm Sc P40) = Ot . aa wife “en'] aetcg ete] ssa rin sia anne APPENDIX 6 SOLUTION TO STANDBY SYSTEM MODEL, Egan (621) ston 70 by emer ht Area Sei is ln ino Rees “ de 8 A ree prin [uous Re ‘Wine ia cocton P40) = 0 ving (628 sel wet 62a se mint F Win tener at, emai ~ [agetontenar ee Py =e ON com Wi 20) = 0, mew € = I vin (626, EXERCISES Heater etcetera Sienna tener Ara te pnary ss 10 pein ba he BITE of ay wits Straten ene SHO iy ma ee «hagas arp e e apse eae{8 Sie der fine yc FCO h Demin Be i Inrange tp wm pat (64 ae ee aig 30.015 iy tui ae 45 Avs ytonmeyife aesn arma le dren dein {66 Comite a tescngan ty se i wih we ih ae niet fn stine son me a ow any otal sa Corpse he ‘poh font Acme in ny od sek 1 ete tig Coy nen on ad fee ein nc end ct wig inept Con pty ec 0 ep twOe neeneed w MTP 503 eet seen ett Ese () Avni soem wi = GOB Ag = BOOS 45 (o) Aldine Sh ~ GOD al y= QIU in wih he ig- cocci ee fo 13 ‘1 Ao il emi ia hs ny. cur 6 Sete Deen Ses 13 tes ny nd ath heh 1.2 Doe ei ection rte eo ee ono tn he sin in ny ih eae ee ‘shine aaa {618 Davee epson or be MITE rte ashi yon ey (618) Seg creer st ee pci ‘ey lenge and rend isa hs A= ae co a nec compnesy em ich n a aBe ‘tein in rt ao iyo or ae ao esPhysical Reliability Models ‘The previ capers ave fed on he development oF ly mel in i satem oregon ceshity ae cdr fa ote oy In many apis ner ats mn be ely ip or cx, ee tune cnpoent fates ay dept he apd wlage oon Ihe oper tepeatir fh equpen The seth an ce th lay oe scone ppt eam ma Soon the ips lo nh a ‘nether merase in mere In ener ase ly wee ‘tay te one inhi hire characte escaping co al eonpoent sade Cove model nce os onl at ino th fate dstbton see by ees ne ore a ee don Purses uncon he ovr Th chapter begs nih dacs ot ‘rel eovate mal Satie ee stent emis ne et fa twrindteining ety re erated Insets oy the poste ‘ra seg a pte a ences. Ti followed ithe deve Sent of dynam sey stength me a which he apo fds ver imei consid. Te chapter nla ith he phys re moshing ‘orc inn ea) ine fle xm by etn he ea ties fares tough sao ysl raperir and pers on onc he copa a Covaniare MODELS: ‘ur imerestis in deep ere tos inoving ae of moe svarintes| teplratr vaste To dt, me wl bl nthe ein ae ib nan ovis mace The ppc sin on mae hea cura Psa Mae 13 aramcersasafinctiont hepatic. genera ia iain Famer sochsrsperenle, repecseatng noma ee te 68) = fest eX = is and = te Ah varie. A cova may bea hog, est, topees bums, or ber mene of eo vite, There Shida sbi cela hence the covariant ree vale Siw ecay oc ces Sencase snd set np. The nha ima 9) ay dtr y he oil pes ela the covert the passers oweter if the atop snk snp fncna Ione ia raceme 71 Proportional Hazards Modes Models avin the rope hatin corpo az teint a po plod eathotcrare taal ts popertoa hz modes ponent case Forte conan ire mol snp cori oe en by ay = Sa a ee the a vkaun panels deter ny convention = ‘Tess ye tonsil varies (eg sues er exes), aving Teretempleybyumile be wel Te Ula rat remsinecsnt ve tne ‘eden nthe rior evar ves Forcampl he aie of ‘Shon he may einai pein emptor fe pe Sn ambit iy: Clete nto os could bese ‘Gn oul mol that whch sare terse preter ae ae) pulpy ipod ped relive wien Gh, aerial ePe| pope fo ft patie sine y aig Jewseey(Ses) 0 “This as th dsb proper a) > Danis cari eosin of 1S) egal the mele, ony a) aspera step ph sr ng (Gost rea Intent pens ee ligand ie, eusr asc rc mmera ps Te owing pete weet can ‘er arene pg he su um of gs - ‘etm ips thea ee Ton = 4104+ Go ep wel ~08128 epi wit het gin ein MEM isin cyeeeetl acacia en aueed Wott ese For be Weal dissin common sae tat ole chat tin ot eh rte gent on vine Fr ap. ) a sore (i 1) ~ eo “hn tw al zd ving eet cv es suis _(a0aP os on fas ‘ which dss ot depend nie There hsm opto haz del reenact are operon oe anaes Ta) ‘ess antl fr of be hand tenn uo = 40900 wingss- oo Ses) 6 re is bie za atta when 8) = For etme he ‘Spe stn fate rel, (72) 4) = 2 nthe dg fray of 0850 apts tt ab place Festi enc 0. hw chine nse He as Sie eagsia = 85h 9) 2463 an = 2064 14.2 Location Sale Models 1 separ fio covarinte models efor a oan sce models ob ‘ane y stn |song P= woot: on wire = Oa is psi iy Sin me Spee on he Norma ase ‘Theos caro expe of hi shat my ded wins mcf Dan sua cre ¥ wai dra wth ne ia) and dd evita Logonemal ese Byseting T= «7 we in fo ~ 1a 08 Inthe eto sea mel the vai i ic un 0 thee) fata ie when ares rem a thy at na mp mame one (min fees when aus gna. anole) sm-208 098 Theme difcul skefestinatng the parsers of hese modes wl decor. fed Chapter SLs 19 roves ial tion hee ena ‘ke Thos cvs nels lin cea evesing dace Ieper “ 12 Steriemopets. In may sans sm apepitet asame ily = anton of tne Ths So sie ingle ess pace ons tem ding lively shim erste any lash my peace fail ale ssi theses ences he stent he sem The sen the hgh tes vale trie system con ede with aig. Reber viewed = sae deta funsoomeine or wat prev ene tert er bes ‘helo til eng na fae Los may be sletal al he {sor echnical Bo my eaten vol depres pou operons pe ‘Stones per bro sy wher is Exages 3 sae ses bes sped ‘syst inthe he lung gear of aon nding, cht ese, {dating wihsandngs haan. Arh devsopmeno tt lay ‘tern he damien wtih os apd ei cel "day ve tne ‘Shc mofl ees fies et) nates ten placed coast and nota res of any pie ets histor. To sey ss nd Steg Xe he ano varie rereseting the ses pled on yt shin 1s te poy deny enon tbe ter ate Iepeseming he npc th yt sch) he pty des {enn Then he roby tha th set dc et enced i ake» ee nv 29) =F [0h oo 121 Randa Sto an Contant Stroh te em tn i id et no ie bearer te em iy cca oe [snde= Fa aw Poe re iy ty PR come de ti[AMPLE 6 Theo pedo tr bu ie a POE et te bi famine te oats 72.2 Constant Stress and Random Strong ne st, ol ed ts ao oat sa he sng a r- ate faving PDF a phe ave he hese st) ely he poke "siya erent exc ee sw a 7.2 Tat kam = ny = 1-80) om sino 0P fex=m 723 Random Sirs and Random Strength 1 ah ses length eran varies he aii esse oi fst shesthansreneth rea ha rng rset es) Honesto conput the ells te flowing dole mgr mat beso remeen[[[raleon = [ronson ; y= [sane = rap ‘emt ty on eae on - Re f RUMOMY ‘rect ee ence eh mg inter nith nc othr ars n Fig 73 Fert reno tho tes ‘ens cgi sometime ane oat nouns. = Sant fs) = O00, 0 = y= 50 xanruere Ufa) So fan = [7 games = (“oc renwoa-[[[rom}aoe a joe pin inne or {sino rer rea the negation many ave oe par veupemeny af) = S804 am Manta Fo) = 81%, gsc te bya vera EDF = intinaihoneR <= lected mgs of [PMs (nea inlet cases iva et ado sess an mdb strength cu when ah dbus expe Ia sca ew POPs agen Oy fas= here wt f= hewn ne aemakiom are feet “[geren[ bool Loss il = Wis ‘wher thet intr ithe ola ue i deny tion. Then as) noe tas ltas Tr ‘When bt sess and sent re meal rie, te ei ay be ob alow to et tenes Sind deviation ane Yu noomaly soe seg with ea fy ‘Ten R=P(Y = X= RX = 0) = PAW =O) 7 Phys Rey Male 138 were W = =X IVY = BX) = y= and Vr) = Var = ba asus ¥ sa depen). env =n Moa ing he mma ee Appel Lognormal ese Bec fhe lint tec te somal ad lpm sais, sir ris ay bebe eno tes sd eng yg di Irth LEU fer gnome ss wh median m,n shore ‘at ithe pmol telethon man ape paranteThen rorwen-n(E=\]Let W = tg) = IY a Wg oral wh ean y= ei) “Vy atuming Pande independ Then fe =) = =) [Bate = HH) ee =] =o ° {ahh mena crit ein ana recta igu snd am1 ‘abe 72 provides ols oclug te tie eb wen ses segs mote sith ert tens Othe sess mol tay be develo ty ssn wer combine of esata fo ‘ets sf enh However einer sing fom apg 6 (2.1) 9° Ec) genaly cao be sod cd fm, Therefore sm orm f ‘ne egrton mas epee we mae bles which emer satel ee acomptibed Kp nd Lanberon [197 poser ex [pcs or nrmal anesporet combines, pana sen an eng amass a Wat srengh dst, sang the amen lay ays the we of cher of he mpl He fn. Fete nor Wet ‘combine. Ropar an Lantern pie ble sales fer ceed pram aes Oe esis ones seg ais may be on Caer 197] IN Ditton and Singh (1981) Sate aay fr sie triton mt a oftaeey) 1 DyNaMre MODELS. 1 alot placed epeively ever ine on x ptm, un cern cn thn dam elanity may be edo eases wl be dcse. The [Se os hen ad occur ear rk) intra fe. The eons {Sse coed as curing at comply and ines aracteiz ty ‘he Poss potlty btn In bce the srs na tha te ‘boon 6 te vengh oe capay of th ser So cha ee ‘onary pres) Thelen tutor niche bee eM Pesioie Lands Fre fn cate ine at ad (le ect ees ta ech tetas on nicl dine ston enor by (79a at Iestengiol he ysematexceycl hn anneal nd depen py ‘Gash erm by (710) er al he th mas ‘know constr 's d ve Let heh aa foe ‘cong tured one hye Aer eee ay A a ove y= PM Paka Posed = Heh a Seth MPO =) =P) sung independ oa seg apis acl he aos Gi and meee reat cpt aston proces ten PX. = 7) = ‘thee sendy fe sgl er sega an eStoatt wing Ey (210, 0.1), 0r( 1 aappropese Teco ‘inspenden oats pea sen, Ry = santana: saytia hs arate ese mes erect Bet eee: tin eoRO = A forte 1h ow rihiy = 0.1 cel dad ens ifr pce wih t= oy — hen sy = #8 ‘a20) _ whee stein pion soe ist espn an he aa Itersay of compcing w-wh ee ang we a fe POF = Foy = 1-H «asp at ws md ns. Then A) = DN = 1742 Random Lands ad rapt ot a hate ume lads pr ei mes ‘aba dha, tan P= othe Mn = 0.1.2 ‘athe pba ats curing tng tine Al) is te mesa mabe fide per ntfs tnt mean se of en ie ‘The elabliy cane ond to n= Sera een an) sagan compte wing By (11 7.12.13) (7.18 ese wind rama arc wth Sanh ods ond fSegh nis regon tenes vera rn pees) he ane oppo Beet men Solin Ug (7.11) 0) my td, waft ae of099 tide old eget ings oN Fa 7133 Rand Fed Stress an Sret ‘A ferem es cine if ses and sng re ny determined oe {hithen adore ile Inte cate run ee ies ep Poss) sy) = Sorat) = Pans RS: Pad sine Ry = Vad y= = PES oem = 2 Ts sp = Pay + RAL PA) singh fact ht 7) = Sine Py) = Fr te Poison proces Re = em Rem) 2m Red mee . ton (222) sly he weld average a bof ines the pr ttm ad dd he st tity ies Pay ha one ‘re a ae pes. snares a a ey aan Since ‘Sneed ln wider ni Ene 1 PHYSICSOF-FAILURE MODELS. he tary preach a a et te ecarence ales 2 am recess Acct nChage hse es om or ck fle Trepp pce lg fare As coseucee we ma deep Time stly. Thuah the altos nf mya at we anne emer stl fr oes of ess in ering anaccepe ‘elbow adds teen ote sco puro bok. Howeve {Shing apace cl frre ae dato these opus. Gur ek esses area rectors othe eel popuion [ify ne lite cmon sn nal nope or falure erence In it itatres re disib expoocnal fore sine dstibwon fh a tet eine oar ose coerce ean Beaty ¢ =O. cay ovr ‘ge mnber al aus ht wean hepa tee te pc ter Teer.is ny over a ge me of es ht we i hk eine realy pe tons econ aon os path sth des nt omer he los india sees deen anno onpement otal coments illesprence esate vtage, aber emp tncke m. iy. Therefore we wold text sl of theese nese ec he ‘Sine faire perm There noel reed aia res fl ‘me dpe. ei asa mad deol am samp spd ‘Aalcmnie pps ei eiton called physi f ile We ene the phys alae med hal de, weal ee Ite model tse on aol of he fle mesa and a eso fae Arent ewe at xb tr Tdi fale foul each enpoea fate mea are one ses teal popes, grote combs, ant edn wT Tal times an hen ened mow Sm one ee she Ue) ‘ovis he smponc fine ate estat: One tel as oe deve ‘ital se and everson ane heed oes rachael ar ry spe the ie mano an ae se ale unferanding of he are pce fee and enero da {wells npnesting sassy be gure ince te be cea A reson ited uber sto ned we ne Ahh nen ach rc yl Ee iy tastes nd mechani. Corsi nthe sinatra given paige envio lsd er gnen 1 ct tre 5. Resign wines service (Sg ie ‘The sgnicam acy i is hig i the desl of the phys ‘nel Fipue 74 ees the pean tothe sl aly the eet ofthe varies th letly describe the fle neh snismcan be mem male nth ss wee pipes ad =] E= Tier Reign esc ‘oor Psi Rly M199 constants or episal derived hoop eptientsoa ad set Types Fala mechan at ae een mele ne ag fst, cso ‘ki reidewn rmipraon cota, mela mits ten ‘Ste esng. nd chon sec Serr sin examples ne pi Ss ‘ogc psa aren hve ety by deck Tn ‘alti htemunasunetew hopes meal ren rn itl chert rin toh a fay cco be dened ems ay > p> y > ining ht ist sev ean ped hen muataiueiiucprwnisoninscmap chp mae > arta ooTT eee aa ‘pen of ae sens per ropon fa king cami eh eg‘unm em mat ui 4 mab a ar c= atl +820" Panthe ‘Soyo hes Te loi anton cron eh, FP totes ‘4 Stescm eae ne sae) mmc nical Sug’ hindactbngte ese? * Seon ee ‘eh coven desty mus eli 318000 Ae Other examples physi ebilty mex fr etn components may be Gouin oie (934, ‘Comprson a covariate and physic ilare mes Baincovariate models nd yids n soe ner eter ability enone nd pean races fe rp fest Howey, thea Some aces ilereebtwoe he tw appenes ‘The paramere cvate modes ht hve sen presen hee exp ean {sv undering fle dsm, the pares the nied Wy he ~Eiginarary ies Py lr odes tet inet ee deri li aioughn some applicants iets beaten mada {ily ites Cove mse arent phy dtd oot ese Stow cause fie hug he covariteen te prter maybe led ‘ue ys Rey Ma 8 cause nd let. Pye fre mls om he is a eng cag th elvan salar heron ong Danae ee ‘da he ale mechan Corte lfc do ce ya ‘tts uch the aetna hs fare ls nal nl he ly, spl ta om $e aed for oar md href ae ly Hos nae ciogh hs mt meceny conten. The fate oo pp ae models only deter y the py acess george a re Bah ino moder aed pes toe om rn ae ‘ny eprint, td th ay we sss sg foe Ie saripted at hay mse il comin some re sop ‘stn mods bing develope ha nay combine es bth apes. EXERCISES, ing haar ae anton nope 72 Reno em ie = 8 fm ii man ‘nab ie Te eons con angel aes sin jth ins anh day (gh ate gaat ‘Schlitt S-naS m {Enea er of 0p (8) Nea hsm ptt an vi of Sp (5 Sema ws meting pt 6030 them nn eninge De (©) Weil wise parameter ot 500 an shige pee of 080 (5 Logna ihssetont 50 Band she peer.7S Atal capa wh non 25. Te seh eget, Domine he ‘ta ect nema ine xen ay af 08 380) 0s 6 = 1000 ig si | iim de ad ae 1) = 025% 40 sey dbutoos fc) = se = fo) = Wap ah S 7 xy on te ei pl nc ilps tegen overawestvime 79) meg he pak ema? sng rei sey cn (0 Comte tea ai, 1 13 ad cn ving te petty ety fenton bow a 440) = 30001 ~a0EN0o2) 0 x 100 nr ys Relay Ml 1 (retain pd a mi aaron i "ET Wena go mare icgeig Signs nen isn sec ted ahs pts Spree ‘Scjamoer of 0 op Demin the ain't Funcom ath ee 18 Tetsling sgh aca acon 28 oe albino eine Sony con compte ate. “147 Die iy of sem sng capaci ot pn ith me wou 88 ar wa a sea isms 29 Sesoe nem egecetmecs neem anaes canons 10 sake Secrtamormene tact nam Sibpmsiveieah geen aoe‘ger tendon er mae 1 mt ty 18% 1 ne pith in, 1 ener ma 721 The eral tinsel i et ori selene hh a ee of ee ed pen eee rig aca nl epee he Wa {Snag pe ems cuarrer 5 Design for Reliability ‘Toa ge deze. niet sib of tem, compen fees Auch an mrt soeron nthe sgiterng design pos ‘Stanton stn re eg sayed ely plys amp tim st ris of hese ots an a sre aur ote Fevomonce Aue wil se, dos me ring snepl a ery {Sign ater al esycle se. The sje fh her ito Sse {ist dig process at wl sch! hn acne ei et) eliiliy design a erie proces that Regie with he pecan of slaty cnn witha pbc betes Thi ees co ‘ran the cle ot ofthe ym a te tle Bx ea as | rel ca ind sytem five pre 81 ies sprees, One th ‘Sing gulsave ores ee gas mut be este ne al “Stes subcomponent par spies Tass x ees an 5) ‘ivan gnc eer a rata Meck ays, Aer nd comp ‘candy requremens ave been determin, var sigh eo cam {folio i urerm ct th ete Tose metas lode he pope sleson of ‘Miandnamer reve steno, drg. saci, eet oF ‘Echols nde fea, Fllowng pen of imma nd de {Sted ign andolong whine evel sd roy, fe aay ty te petro deminer pets bg et do prvi {Suton apps renin king and ening fue modes. TS eis tee fey ving. nls perhaps, fale relay {pow eng param. Once realty shove ben avd, eaeaon ErSeery mare reals ing et tbe made at wee aa can besnmve |] sel in eiing te ensue fate mad ees eet sale pal te mote, the design proces mst contin. Tos. yee ‘ella eiahiy gal sone te cones mt pose achieve "dese cnpoeat rainy. More fen tay ese hgh cf te dpm mets psn Seton 88 The eet of design chines ‘Pol then be tered map csiued ww allure sai nd flay “ltogh we ae considering lb san inher to oon seve tht can tpl be etn fing ign, came ire eft ‘ttelsiy uence erenphouts rut cle tetera he pel shel abet stows he pc duet icy andthe rs eb aera pred ee Smet se Smet rcv a Sie ears ‘atc cag eam Seana ice Intersing esiy: Darig the ntl dai activity, rei goals shoul be Speed an ste vin components Ea nt din pocesva- INS Ylaiy males be omares Once the Sane eg fas oon ‘mpl. wil be uch me ico ae rs a relay ee pore thoy asi th verano beve a ese ‘ay Atte rs ans ram sign development» oma ale sa Sos pgm shld beseabished ony an hint ct Tale oe ira ecient hat rest roth pop deed ck rely nove dog etlpet shal be mplemee Relay row {Gg he jet Chuper le Onc the eign been coped on eel ny gchaweboon mate psc ed atm be maid des fscton Th tes cnc oven a mance pies [ong totaly coal rom. Sap pre mt abe a pond sons, nd ie cnpance may be eres wowghacepance sing ‘hes Pcs ating hp ifr mney ry fee rm ar es ros dig w ina sonar and magia parts flo the pot I'd Buri nd sre eng wil e dc fm Cape 18. One te rot hse it perm a tne peeve manana cn Sass enone inpevements ad ld medicine place vo prs can sgntaly pene kbs Presemie msc lb ‘haan hen Thema taachpewixad ne 1 RELIABILITY SPECIFICATION AND SYSTEM MEASUREMENTS isc the mean ie fae (MTT) oe a ne ete fles (GETRE) fa een hepa and en bly meer tity. Une te {ale dhe expen ts pre de slice Spey ‘sity Secon 2 showed how to composes hig these MITE wl ecient reais spell ieee ase wal etsy he ay aspect pots tine ar xanpe io sttethat 9 etc equ ser 2 ear operation hd een ry ‘ud al th ch Ye fon uch ore el than sting that an Nefar ot lycase rogue. Tea sation walsh carla pce fare dtr eho fonction ong aft pms Unt ‘at hres m own yt design a sed fae dsibton ns ter Iie MITE to edhe ney speeeaton a besa are se sold Testun pun fhe pecan an sane Sombeae. eis. ip a ara as hatte eo peiA wide ange of fare bts (and hr ie) ae sina by ‘cksting ves dram an aan ating te sine MITE ‘AS csc in Cape spel ebay tenses ako ete nt eon fae Many spt eae lore ing some, ‘tat in peace wo lngr asec h mays ey ‘elu cerain te modes In he spin, For ea, ils ef ‘ura capes maybe ih elim he ae eign roc Othe ter an certin sty be dena pc per Be‘ thse emrnment an heer sl then Be an egal tof he {gn poceat The menace ine ely import ei ine tare bing mene nso eee oa a or ‘hon epentine Hun aly the nna pin ed enone cna ‘nhc te rut ft be eed huh he chest sed pa te Specaton Thi cast oly exe sts ts sah pertins nt hui, ut angie and poe eo sch a esucey ye of preventive mneane anderen tg velo th wats ot LE System Eiectinenese nsbisting the pte eel liye hss pormince (llectvenes) an Heyes cn ma be Sneed Spm eens bat har testa acelin pps ms ‘hon opted under apcied coins. Sem ene: es aby, {Ssh Fp 82 Operanonal made bps hat these pe ‘oa wen iterate sa amis Reel ut A) = Howes st tier = then stem st power redo puny ot ey ts wok acre it nay hve bean Seftv coming ft th ato ‘ipeenced sds are Minoo le deed in Cor ise percense of tine em wi fe pring dt the ison Sani ‘hii an avy wb deamed nthe flowing tres capes Hower Inte eat he tem epi vay he se a ese Feat Dein legs the poate these i comp te om) (ES iso Flt pare ier tthe myst i pring within i in| Pusmcrs For etarpe sume ts epsng machine ming on ema comes wor verte pede et hich copes a fe pce. iene ined ncompcte toting, mstopreataped oS apes oot Iie natamaaa ts hn capers deed Fete h.Dsinaeqary nds nape ray eth ebb petenage |ptein wich ihe repeat que wine machine cpa. ice siltwee canyon fst ftovenet ae Sefed te pois, he serial ens > nly desig dency ey ‘bv ols ms We igh nerf sem evens 0 eatae accep ee Insecta among design aera, ely we woul want ter asinine ste eevee act an pes nn ieee ca om. Ine cy ct sujet les band oem lve Sytem fees 5.1.2 Heymomie Analysis and Life-Cycle Conte {apk coting th proce determing al evan cos rm cnete ‘anh fico ind oa i eal ‘ttn Se gy sm Thr aye wp eh aoe a Sce a et aenever desgn ae ofl fe gle ot of each erative den stolen snoop hese es ey Leyte ~seguon cise + operatons cot file cost ‘ripen net ahage value (82) ‘Since he syste il ply opera ve a extn prin ie ae Sremng os dsgn ie or ero hte ae any the ‘esc The come the umber rr yen whch 0 gee ol pom ym nd pine stn untrue itwesntune acts nial nda sr Investment rc often ef froma aus of nde Let Pei) 0 whe tre smut nd fy dan eaeah +3 1YUU were Aa gel nl amt ved red jer The tem Puc) a smut fae wc comet anal ‘ayo overeat sngle ey unt amon Wg 2) Liter = Gas cnn) «Patent gy le sca = [rt] at os we pd ‘edn cot ering tos per yar per nit (= dong ieon ya) SS © watstage ae a negtie vale icmp as disposes) “Te expression /AETT in (83) texted umber af aes or year ‘ssn eplcemen or epi) as ga en cn fe awa aepatioe san ce ps tai ny M1 £9 = (1+ cn 8 DegaforReliy 1 reveal post which i daca in he ea cape. THe cs per fal Sec, my bea roe co repcemen cna 2 wit cst The ‘Si Sunn soe lar the desi develop. abd production cos It verte tl amber chen AS the reli goa ress, Thee is will re ecnne sf adios! realty row sng. rod ounce gay cra, tre expensive pasa el fed as of Yume, sa aitnal cuss commited relay "Soi ht ony hewn cgi ot and recs sesitve the designe, wenay wihtocomparetefoliwing expect res eae toc foe ake spat oeaing gh Dosen eG = 204 = Ong Davide = at = Bote ‘he eee ee 1 re ma ia cn eat Den (1+ 4.005, ton] = 552 Den 181+ (005.10. = 14036 “The scsi cont maybe let to esate ding the cary. sien a9 pod, The rr renamed to vce Falogcy and Blanchard [ido ors dated scope 8 eye csi. Dscusons one {yee ea of rable her wil be Sefer unl Cher I. The rae 1 ceauned a anne tate mina design the the tee efiecnenes gal always te ered heer coin, for ‘sample maybe imam acepble vel) gol at profit ey 2 RELIABILITY ALLOCATION ‘Once city gashave ben find eit mente ate ‘the pone’ a si Sobeomyness anne wl op ese {Sul Rely es Signs ode rltomp evlpe aCe ae ‘Sette secomplshng In ever we wan the owing eg 0Ah yf) = ROY a sehr Rs the eli lime component) ithe system in Sy atin ana hiss cmp eis aye TTR, ATT... MITE) = MTT es where MITE she MITE of compen i fon at provides he ‘sem MITE The fara he us ha gpd onthe conn et Pall eangrtin Fa example ial he apnea Soa ed ad Seieauee sre indepnde fon nthe ten Teo = ee oo 24 Esponentat Case Wate component ave coma fle ates (8 cane weit a cr epiaety Baca a) sen (2 where the syste fae ate ga 822 Optimal Allocations sty by alesion stout accomplish inet cn ter Far ‘plese ht Eq 2) api ant Rh tc soi so ie eile the arent being andro) ech component a a reo whee = Be ay Be reed san ting een nia: Seu a» wee flesoee a Cen tnemel (etd MD eet ines inet fm copes sthecaresponting| ‘Storackeving his sowih and an peru nh taste component {bi a racic sping te eo fncons a eel, Howes, Feo nse th ot component seemed ce ver he gen th wearin A unc ening spe nie en, eaves sumption ton 3) tea Domes nese Sed om Toso our se, we ase at Ee (810) 5st ea. el p) Ihe ue (81 forthe so fr he Lagrnin ction ee is ths Lagi nip Neceny conto fr minima a hen Tey hinge ps erties (13) sting them a 0: dean 10) 2.8) —aon.-of y+ 2) = 2 ye sy- m0 ois Muiying hs, 14) (A +) a aang ems alin +9 =25 where as sty es fom (15) Reaanging ems in: tnd +esk BR = 0 Sovng or by asin he gud oa wi te psn res a -ase + foase+ 92 re10 Law set (1640 mate ao Te nd acon ule igen ew serch fr he oe ae a Foren tattle ra dap ten ie ae 12S (sl) seal ihe prfcr ne guton In er wo i wees Ife rapa ing E810, heh eo aed 39 “pumaon pth wich ar ety gweld in Pe (Eis) Tele trae tems pate and cpt te sig ab Irn sl cy comers Sell, Th ste in feowing ea hx) ane ee{Masjisyn) “"ost the syaen my ge O90 yn Fn e ‘The soli obi By ths tnd may mt ity He appestoand con suit geny 9 ice te bin mas be ae ath “er bun! consis tela The slant the neo-con pe "Ems stsfy me senealenns eth Kuh Tchr oo) Td "ation, owe wl erly rege sumer proce. Snes be Fost, wil alta be ative smal ssying te ws end 823 ARINC Method ‘here are seve! popua lily slscatin satis cused in he eer tue tha notes option. One fhe crt poe sa th spi isthe ARINC mod Thiet sme tha he opener eae Indeed, have const lets, 8 cet imate ‘a forth cnn an eth tars ss fre rae, en ew er refrain he cat Ee ates Tis ‘reid il teased i falar nts by ng a8 verge le Piece Exec) {5208 AGREE Method = “The AGREE Advis Coup Rely of Elect Bape) mei ‘hasta sem cod of compan ae ang dls rs ‘Simones Thos sone me spit hae ARINC met {eraows comp oper nes be than he yes operating es {allows he ch of an pace dee, Let 1) = stn iyo time "n= mmf cmp = acompenty mame eg he pander ales wit companes Sin» ta omer of lesa pte fare hconoent Wohi he sem il il gv component hailed (Grporance ines) he apo lls a a har of he iit ech mode te ‘em: Tfre th cme scetsbton steele by isnt swt eb he followings fr he vt ety = t= a “The Le side of Eg (8.17) is he jit probabil that the Ath componet fis and ‘Ra ost ar. The rip eof he gut the ate atadlty ‘Mets we compere Saving (17) fr relia (a) ‘Ober ta} e°M = AN soe nt al componente es fares down G8) insysenuni Acoma sme: ime eh ti Tews peu o097 he lowing sgt ae oe Topi ig a Pom (1 owing esa £25 Redundacles A gener ste 1 foow in alcatngretity among he component it co ‘ire earl components Redunany can thn be elec he bese component lay i nny adc inte net sei. Hm ‘er tte my be tance in wich cane ran nga poof he sige ‘emi ca eds tnt fr ti mcndacy pao ey, Aton cess: Rebs grams can be fl al tse Fa xp consi he och gram of ig BI etsy city gel Wecan ste f= Ry yards on fe above allan eth aed nse elated compote Components 2a wou aly Be tne Siglecompsoent Te. sung te alec easy we have a(x B10 RX) = We can sgn lability tone fhe compen, compact 3 sch a 1Ro£TE(hyh Ten song eth wher he 1th compos sve same ety R we ave R= 28 — wich ove ssaioe A= TU" rm he qed om, Ovi th ‘rem confine tare campy, elim poe el How ‘loc tanenly neil be psi oc he syn ily ose ete ompnent nd en ter deco sntesy Inova dese ey rod. sos for wo ares mate cow {Cite Gana pelt pou eam ete Sine ‘emt el sin tio thr pera) a ue Spy preter Te cay ence ald ‘har a sy i pty conten Re pot eng ad ing ‘tring ovr minds malate ener sea i ‘hyp at cil, cag res eng raw fe seo impinate,an resaney, Conca conn fete mah {Tat te den pre deo ae ade Been proms ‘Rhcoar Exhot nse mains cod tlw 31 Parts and Material Selection ‘ten he dso hn ence tng rd pt ad mating Sprclud pr tavne poop pec leases nd ea, The weal 8 hay nce tcene fc ar yey eee, eh ‘Sane ele snong empties Fc expiry Hobo Rt ‘ip Pino Ertan Epa 48) ps eset mooi oe ‘Sisto pra ei ea Tromso mn popes sath ral eee ite le coves inerrant preacher Sexo ay we 1M =o New erm gee me) The intl oer omar sacks per eran, nome IS ese scgi barnes pat ilo etd cep. Tey Mite ducwaed ina owing158 nant Bosc Rei es i “Teme stenth “Ten serge bili wisn tee compres Maer sin pay deft casa nt plas The onan tae {ater lbs ems si sae We "ml ea yn ein ple oma, steps y Hoke ser Eo Sin here lope fe es eat sn ing, ems of hy (Gres tt er eyo ste eg i el ‘psronkne:Atsne ait een! matin ese eset "et wil ate Epa devel se saunas eed fey mata, Sin dense ine eps cane nent ‘erga eng ein ion a pian id sega te Sis evel at whch pe dtgmaton sea ressaincane ardness etree main eens nee st {cased by ever fren sive sas, cdg Biel Beep Rosell Vicks (Vn Spits et tag nome a ‘ested rey ve pbs amos Ingres mene of ugh the nei ner aan np ous lets oe art fey asad eee are. ne eng ulin te sii oh meri wit sulden dyn fe Sine “Shpersue may have a igen ele the fate stir af te ae: ‘inl timc enegy vests ompeare ae ee stbsedfr erin ‘Sposa mr or nn tl wit eco ery it ae eld om Fatigue te Faget amber ples i te oa ast epee sce nr ee el ie he ae eng is geal th Sisbecveret amr naa Fangue ein els in experiment ta ‘ng tc rambo of plea fare} othe magnitude ote ec es {Shida nerds sel fave ann if low aspcie ses eve (trance i Te fp eg the maxiny sex ampli or (iene fsa ale. Mathematay.an SN ce CP 83) my tik em NV 2 eS-vr tre e> Can > Oar costae deerined exper ny inant Spite te aid, paler rer rep i the poses dirmaton order 8 constants, At sepa nin 30 peta sue meng p.m e ally Be ‘SEP itt comity ane constr ens rate seas. Cheep Scien omtron whe he sonore wl be operating ot modesto sh iouarssicuRE se temperance Anda om, resco n Example 720 reas he an thet fr the a fr n pict mal 3 nto emperor So Pease ‘The phys desian ofp can ales signe pei. Fee ena any ‘nega dscns sacha pve lan sherpa IRNe wear ste pints ad tele te ese fatigue crc ces inp he st of materia sabe weno gu, invite poe the poet he pu aoe salle fr nevi pr sch er "mcs pri aca thy pr dn see Ila cqu teal onc til iy nd mapas pe ei Aone! detente pris ny ad eer {T3901 Dering coms of wie «component andr sts ity ow i td ‘ale I hasten nt Bere nen sped nls ich as th espe vce o cute tena fhe uw she he na Opie lee, Mir Hanik: Reta Prado Eesti Eten 198) vides eng caves slr the exapln Pig, he va en he Feend ae ats of applied agen tre vhage, To cna dl seusedintne previ caper ay bef oesabsing cue sh te, “age and tener se common Seng ss fo se unpe ens. Or tyes of dei Sess cane onda mechan sto Fore ‘ek Ph Sew 9 ocean ea nah sig rl FEES OE) ere Ay = te alert pec by he mance a) = Seignspend Arete Treenatonet conus Sper empetre Salona enpente Inatiton whe ove er fats menue he ee of mime ‘ao, nd shock on are te may enla, 53 Stee Stenath Analysis ‘When ab tay case tesa posiiy ae concer then ‘praises of te magna of he tes In coparisn wih he ‘ined regi ny be ue Tha metod mats ae he hus Seed Inhoper 7 One his may be in expose ot say aise ere then ny in eae oe en. Te a ‘enone or open ey sce sera! as temper, iva,an mii. There te geal sin apices st pat tia ‘ssn strength wisn mains posi do et pr {est eacenie sees Examples fear ash ae the eo fs od Sige pectin cel seus slg of eecomapte ation. ve iow unis in id ssn, he vales peste stn sao and ‘sg in at nig: a cna ust it saben The col ie ran example 2 aa aSieanuenmucun = iganumusueamueun “The eject of he Bock alae pean apes he tp oven internat moment events Elman rnd er Si Fe aut eet sha te scp pi he quant sales Ie ove exanpie the ae oredr apt) een. Redunfncy ex: when ‘utereee The ong empl eter the pcsdi reanrtea? Rare ah este 16, PaAuR~Auicno) SAuWeUMAeU A) 3 avtuenay Ave {852 Minimal Cut Sts note fom f quite aysiu msi ct se A casts cl icin of ac eres ht wil case up eve A ial cot 3 ne crn 8 str Rey 19 =F Sb 5O Gl) vith onset se Tht he eve within ct eat cao ‘sci up even En false er of mia cats ne Shere re ier of eves) ut canbe carci the mateo {sc cvens comping i ores ingle th wi eet ep even ‘Satin sndawovet minima casts oul M4 = 2 ae wh y= 6). 82-0 ya ar baie ‘Mina ost aye gente tap dowm expnion eves vents nyt OF ae re expanded y searing ne ove (ow) ad S| Itc AND gi ar xpd by genersing now clas cl) Ths ‘pin csi aa ely nc evens (rnampltecvens)ea A the ren, xe reo at st Reba a se pee oy then testminnca Thee = (ERE UU INVA MVEA UCUD. Arent_ e B 6 666 Pande = fm nc en pete ee Ingsoing gulitive vation fhe nina et, sould poe re iparance oa hse ses feng ingle ce double le hee Mae Ika so car ham et sets ang icv or example single event hos ray of ecuence ote ari of 10°" the «Bucy Se ‘ould be expe ave roti a ccrence on he oe 910" ant ‘peeve ct prot co th re af magne 10% Three an ‘Rjsne wold heen mnie ae poabilty of glen ‘atset n gece cringe ets according oie wil oie = unite tne of ir mpc. Eves appearing ne oe et woul ao cand or einnaton especie sss were del les, aguante sass perme hse events ses having the rents Fray a coco shales th mw anton Fa plese sc ‘hme in th above example co may espe fom ae or ak ee ingen However foe complex tes combina of ee kenge ent ar ots ves Fae sah tens bp tins re aeaebe evening spe a ays 55.5 Quantiaive Analysis Quine aati consis of atspning lice probs, anaes fnve-on-domnd pts, eter messes teach ac event a en amine the ererpnding ear fhe op eve Obrint ies ‘tho the eps eens Re fee smn, sce repeated enn genre “pendence Ihe op even hi ee defied tte fhe ia (e822, 000 PAD) = PIM, UU“ MG) = Pg + PU) + Pn) (823) it ca se a mel exclave, Genel he eet wl be mally {cls ts iain the potatoe set of oo ae ‘Shea mse sa. Threfr, fom xample BO. PIT) = RAUE) = Pays PIED PANE) ngewe PUM) = PIE, ES By) = IEP)“ PiE a) 828) ‘tetas evens re may nspedet Three ithe evens Aaa ae inten, Pur) = ays RE) PURE ands sacar to ena file potabies of he bases no © nthe rot of theo even Egan 82 may be we peoimson Hfteevens re mt molly ecsieut heinda fle pois we ute sal This seca he ening ems wi ont ane need) [ptf he atl poubitiee he py fs ase vet a ‘iconero ID" he patsy of heres ft of mae even al be ‘wero magni 0 smal An = PuenmuWusURNAMuCUD! REA RU UsURNI MOVs MO) EY [A FN + I) + IC + AD ease ve roti 01 en ‘y= (oui? + (aor + 401+ aaa +40 + a0, ‘pee tng ig male they a coed ‘med Al oclsen may bane eerie ‘ac ba ven rape austen ped ‘pon up poo sad as ance caneti ting tyson he ak) an meal ing byte ein ‘ee Ba step mfr te an a Te Beng tava are 17 = Wr UIC) UREA Neve, UARYAOHE UAE IAE LBD nicuasrs Bro) ‘Bre te ie iy orcs inhg e Soesenes ‘en eet ners in re deo fae nas irefe Dillon an Sigh 198 or Rober ea (98, EXERCISES «2 ——— Scr msi el. ce tery ae ie en eto | 1M onic otc engl of hay ee i yar ‘reanmentCacone82 arcmin taki gov neo hrc ed the stpe se ae chee it ‘reasyaten‘Shem resign a ch nee sig a he {Bsknwn re cogent ht we son apd od mel cuarren 9 Maintainability “Tre sjective of his caper inn characte nd qui he reir estoaton states tem Weean ngs betwee two gral pes ef nea “civ and pocive nance Restve mamenane peromelf espone ‘plod oramchatas wating of he wie ely a rou fae ‘iti rl she eel Gran prin, Pr ‘Pevetnemaimennce scholastic well (ing sr fs sch spect nd ep placement cling, bis ‘amend enema pected, Pte manent {ho lagi lan arent, ens a ef od shoud repel erty cline renal econ uscd Iolneracs te Prnsive maine sil be pred ny when and Utecuon tis corefcive Im ede he umber of sed ares ot ‘en he le tte a or eth ts geese tha pote mae ‘neon es out tn aeaive maine cn, oa [ANALYSIS OF DOWNTIME, ‘When nit i, emer repair pees. The epi oss ca te decompose ino nmi often tines shows 9 1 ‘Supa const the al lynn sang ees re ue cc omppocnts oer fo emp he ear pes Ti ime may ash of “Shunseatne tn, ocucton oe recuement ed ies repo the ad Sfhrompenct tes ond angrier ene tsi Intercept selosion pe ans and componns ws(ee) =] vale ate ei ait: Brahe te nef ico ‘pts at rested pcre nant pres ecco ‘Spar Te sip dely in will acer oc ae beionngot et ‘bt cor atthe gross sak as de a erp fee ele. However tml be aamapsu esp hi ime sete on ie te aero the spy delay tne wl be eh el sities Ty ln nde adnan ean ine and sete Re ‘ures yb ere et pvt prt upsell malo ‘thertecncl da acs my hea ep fk sch asc nga ‘tee bay in an tomate eps ie et nd. cn dy a Sindy immer oh er econ ep ho Enfcompc th rep rcese (er an parce nd pr) ep Snel smmedly she le oe eh enn ay Because spy dynes ad mtn dey es ined bye teal princes chat ress vl arent pat hese ly em cose fr of tense epi of ee The hereepa Ine ofthe dete to beth sun oe rans oft flowing sta ‘ces dni fp or eplcemen aan nd gn. Ao se isthe inoue a ine reaue agi acco hfe compre ry fo mie roe emo fines oremer, ngs ease the Sour of me eget terme teense oe are es rere 2 saat tne. The opine replacement ee nls ay ht tands-on tine to cle esto rcs nce te pole fas ben le nl ces othe fle eonponent one. Ay ey nwa rsp ‘toa persone qn dso oe cite py marae ky tne nr not ee pf ht ele pe Flowing ‘tro, some fares may oe ving the esoron wget check ocr athe nt as Bsn ean an pert omit. ces Me is se pa othe ene ‘9 ncnter weal soa ie, we rea te terete ine vals st ehrine. The eps in sre be a te eg eae oF 2S andreits be ina oft Hem Mit tne ae ‘say at alesse or componnwilberestrd or pated oa TepSuin within nde tine when masennce spire nacndnce eer pei the maniailiy ofan tem th ace perio contane te vane condos ode whch ian se eid ‘Sith dete. Like lsh, aby dead be prety ad ‘Shee chreseed by spesbingtepisine poty stan, Ep reign avis ti Sey fe tay ce wet bit “lnc ote a pa yb peo component or expe Ste metmeay eeu ary, sins eos ay an {its snatching. Seca osc feng ‘asa nde mene sl sls rep ce si, evel FP Mines ofc presse suc lfc thee eo ep (MTR) dein mh et Sher mtn he enn me eT {Soneanrepartn areca preventive marancedowntn: nthe Nevtmamenne ous pe pera awe Tis ext eae quash mrs hm mola gence dunn on sect le Bo curt nd Coney (i, Daon an Rech (198), Sal [FS], lsd {tony na (1995) 92 ‘Tite REPAIR-TIME: DISTRIBUTION ‘nore quanti mina, th eps cine dstiton ms fist ede Ee gti en be ese nm arabs sce epee ei a ‘owl eatin ier pi es Ts pyaar fe eer he fle of aren compocet nd ps nd the varie i sil TORS Shpence a wing ep of he stace personnel. The ‘sony econ wry coma ie depend, era ack Sreesanth pct ei Abn in Tens The tne eqn orelce spray sped ape th copay be jase . ‘ql ees ine, he beth coins vibe representing tne reyes uit vig» prob est) ncn of). Thee (he caleba antonmar = = mon = [nea on gto (2.1) he robb hat pir wil scampi within ce ‘Themen ino ep ay hf warm = [rind = (“a —srondr 02) a ae ‘The mai compli ep ne a 3 fron 9.21 Pg Rp Tins tno [ae m on ee the mee ofthe srbatin i the MTR. Fa is aon, ¢ = INT he ofr er of ein pe fie) Te pe econo only oth exponential baton, Sean, MTR = Ody = 08, Thre Pi = 1m) = 8 ws 922 Lognormal Repae Times ‘he ogee ten et reps the rept, Forth "Seema gob, vog|-itiea) see sve piconet] see on rar 24 =m =9(!iez) oo inte ognna camalaie dsaie econ oe ad she sa “bint nema erie ison dts! by E23. The Seo bene jmetie: eng sewed ness tha ep ies wield evr ft an wih oy [hike he opera etn, nh led he med ne MTR = fe on soe tse pa so ah sseajen = ded ‘Temi aly epi B y9 STOCHASTIC POINT PROCESSES ihe aii rep retried yen ale-tpiae-eple cele sgensated. Depending on he mate fe pr pos he ir {ton reps ime oh ae yt ee nea he ee eevee secs fale A scat ot pos carer by ltd ‘Sens curing stints dri anol ovr atne common Teese inhi ase fares wah 7, roping the wcuren tims. Ae Sng tty erate neler, qu. hing 0 ire atin tras cal) deadening nt 7 he ‘aon vableropesening open) ie he aleve fy =, fuk, =, Te be he anon erable repent he ping) ste {eon fe A i} fae Then Ty = Sey Nand EU) = B, {EQ efor ws th me fine boven es MTBF) i te Fro sittin fT which wil pen pan the stb the ‘Tsao can sm canes ely he dln whe the tie Daweh fale fora eel cs 91 Renewal Process | renewal pce i fd be ne in whch he xn vibe and eet and enc drt tcomses wth hes at i ye wh the ean ime the is are ao te tnd dition. Sine Triste um a eens an ently dan atone Sel hr range, pie to, vir =9a(="2) on ‘Tee spyotmatin goa = 30aKough snl aes of are aceptaeif Sheabaion 0, ssonewhasymmeta Tite speraps ots ‘we oul se we ae oft irene crbaon oT rsa aes x Hyer ithe dsttbton oe, oral she ebay (@a)emetfrany EENIEDS oni man ics mean get SSP enw ea yn Sach dnb Nal wi = Sand = 13 TH dig ie “rut eeprom hte mere enw he pti a le een ne pp ‘Beep (iy oop ean wh ae = 3) ~0(®5)- 104-167 = o9s058 cate sin acs can oul edt ty he ber ff es inh ner (0 Le NU) bee ire no wre eps ‘mule narra in heer). Then Pan = 0) = PAT 3) PWN = = PIT, 21 Fp) Pity SAPD) > eh frp = ha “Tesco ln of 99) Hs sce he vet at xsl ares ex by ‘ier iseqiae ate) ours ie an she j acai se 09) Pov) = oh Pur, > 2) PNG.) = = Pars = a} HH 21-19 - on Pr) = 2) = ty = 12} PT > 1 -s) 8-179 + a0 = as,Coming an = = aout aR) =) = oom Pain = 9=0 omeeneous Poison passe Ite distin ofthe ine bean fle is apne wih prance the dat o 7 gana Eling) with preted Xs sess in Scien 38 The cumalstve dbs oie en by EQ. 3.2) mh "pling. Tod he rity Bsr fre abe of ares yee (hea (22) nd 89 ing sa raven = 3 = |-22 om uatn (9.10) a Poison pabbilty rts ving mean fA a his rene post alas banognmts Pon peo A oss Po froces can be we a pot ces wih etme een ses ret ae independent ed wena tnt egotism vars ‘Theenpeed note tues ene) nine ie ete mean ote Fon issoaton gen by EIN) = The don pen a Example 99 eat tf aompetvs Poon proces ee ton Ferme pin) = EN) = 27 ANG) = cae eect fos ha peter tecomotayeeee nt aL on ete ne gol eel Ub mg ool ‘lacy says ung ntesnce see Eo oes ‘Sinai fe sate i a ps sep a ‘Sih’ Ree one oe Sipe mm eres aa 6 WMA has siSiamy acecdeeens Lnalmes Fim gap 728 0 Secs MTFs tins NTE tn (Seid stk Done hy We ma ed ey = 08" — oe ‘nyesinandby MORETS = Ihe ssn toring ee in, ph {Sted fer minimal ptr pale Eston techs fr determing Se ures ant ba prone Charts ine ate a US. A ‘Matra ste Alysha roth mde A sical st frend anda [polices for power rcs ae poe n Cpe 16 Bln ‘nger991 provi Soais ence ber fel sss, ing ven)[-tfst] cs Sums) [ors] =) ) yt hei cu he one ‘nce rn at Teresi com Rh ast oe ‘aly dain acto Que eta hea by HF) Sons re foe's tat 3 Tesla ay oc ao sonal ne ie inc ty cave oa cei le e36 STATE-DEPENDENT SYSTEMS WITH REPAIR.208 Bac eae Mae 20 aaron irs Ws = 2rWn (eee (028) $90 ann Thy have owing on pent 8) rags AEA AFA A 0» 0% oan Tene RO 1 Fd = om wt 0% aealb- 3]- “Sp? = (Ober haf ~ 0 (on repicaabiy, th MIT eg 1, a8 shown in Gane he wen ce een sen, Bata 833). sere = (15 +085 ore sm) hg ATF ITH i ini MTT HTT sy ‘se utes inane apr oe eb asa ‘ern sea oe al of ay yr haan) Pom Eg ‘Sac Te M03 = 2924035) Tey T Sem ey ra ge stants teeter ‘Standby pte th epi “The two-onpnet stn sem wih the pir nit nine dhe ther inn at in sto pci po oc aking te tchip thw ft pnary reser te ‘Sckep hasaa hen tom te systems psec no are fas cece ad Brena beret com ope? “te sysom a eqns 5 35 follows 220 5 ays ppuyerren ox SE a my APD (9:36) samen single stn exis ite sumtion mde ire i eid me nhc meagan 97 Fac dope fra sandy system wit priya piarresony 98 {HE AITTP FOR THE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE MODEL ricuRess sere = [naira = > Runde a uy a my tm se , mn = 2, S [CP errno FO ~ r.0y0+ PH wn) = Snr [ana $6 my-vesneso om ~ Semana weer ora hast Apensin 50) tA nine omer ing oi 1 - ATL Tene pay) = BEEP gg MELE ge S errr = Wd ‘osm 0 | ul a r= Boers om | rer Ctsietatiene yyy | SSLUMONT uz ACTIVE REDUNDANT SYSniMtOrTn REA where ayy - (wary | eo Sgn wih fp. 29h esd cin cn een sing w heer beam os | Ay leucasionierae Roe se et yuri it Asset compa tens oh te oi et | eR sh no nego wren ‘tune tree abt nay te Atming he WOU = a a 2, 0002 dines ely I rien Alle eee Tenby ota vant wh 10) = 20) = Senos see 2M-GAtAa— thy = = 00m +0002 +01 = aims 4 = womsyaoRe) = 10% Issn #3) order tet These sing ry wing ons + JOS FETE Care rae, east wocqaans ane {siu aba = DORE mh) OAT Ra) = OIE ad . - Mal ve eso «03550 FTAA "=a A) FEA alconto: WP reree 7 Frome try of pati fats nti “ n= Ey [et ee Some spe and conic that rs ~ 2° ein, 93 APPENDIX 9€ SOLUTION 10 STANDBY SYSTEM WITH REPAIR ‘West wih he oamig $0 « run corso i” £0) «run erry co) #20. Puta + PA) oe ‘Toei ons are (0) = Had FO, Using Lapse ato et en} =n) Tn see Hees tes Soving os by sof Cane’, bared dobrts +h ~ eam rer Rowing the eon 5, “ORRIN RR et ky = 445 + 7am y= Ar Then 7 Sen From he und frma, heres am Frm pia ons ‘Tania bk othe domain we et (59), Equation 0) eed Inte same. EXERCISES, 9 Nav Lge rf is mt inte te aay 50 tench oop ar Sitti es bn oa MTT Anin ‘sie ww fea mr th me ef ed oop front ai pba ieee Sorter itty eprom ee 93 Tenet neg mle gral Wis = 121, Sein ee Soper de rpinbe neni iia Ie Dr he sec) me 94 tegen ents i eh ain Tt etch ie ei SS th an tb eee Ine! Ame tht al epi ee 0 sping ‘sans ae eo 08 fale pe ea The sv Tae mods toed(8 tyne moe wl ete ence ae ma a gd ‘sulk tread os mone all pro peter fr atm). oe a (o lew. thy of mannan aig fats ile miner 46 Thin filo picf ement G opring a aia Det 40) 0001 ~ ted 202 100 {0} Dowie he SET if eemive mien wil ese the sem 9 ed meee mene 97 am a. epic ha pig i ns th en 1 Bi pa ch po ep ihe oe {Bear epi Nor lone pi = aoonisie* += mend i ya Dri eh ete awing pon wl vie be ‘pee orart acne oping ie pion. Disagree wi ‘pn nn vee mines pr sane mance ine ‘sie (ojeoe Ope seed mein pal wih meena. 99 Te pty ety ncn te ine ain ea fe eo lama ay ney W=2-00 0242 I~ (0 te tsunamis ls ee 6 ment it ei bodurne ss cine ely cheeses Share (Compe MTT ne pve mea pin Sart Eee ‘laced ih power mey octon vig he sn amet vale Sotcntai Renee apy mbit Wha nes pt cn ire sea (ads ed a eae tly pe wa mee nh ed ‘a a pe mene aE.) Cpe te MT mh Ee Gae. 998 ase smc wpe tg i wt et ole “he minima ee and he maine pee i Find) a946 Aopen mings cn a nin i ea ‘pou ar god var sun Beas ees ne een re 91 oa mest pte ayn ag {Goer nb epee he ten eae hen ‘hthestnty nicotine aero une se ‘mr i cosy se rs 920 Te Fp. te (amt d) Aiins mise aoe resaaon sytem hy ibe py fe rn ae 9.2% Stow 3.24 pc cn heave reba em md ep 1925 hn ie eesing epee a pi ei sang ‘ecco icy tton =F ah (Bsmt gece anes inti 10 peg arch funn hve tne hts gna with fg = 2D ads = 091. The ‘pn cen hd wu Wate py igcuarrer v6 Design for Maintainability eis chr hepa of moti ote din pes ase. a eat and reses exe Tt perp mayb etl nha he Shenae rr tu thing i ‘edurtson Neverthe tte hy tel owt an ceed tha etaty goverment a eee hu peed ‘init igs ur tess sys ty ad ies fe ace The next chaper wil as tte ly a aay nthe rine terse tg he ly esr ta Sign eels betmecn rei and miata ete peso ke ‘uly, rma lg ea heron Bi eet fe Teste of mani 0 ede sem vane yng Terie ‘The ait design proces i smart hat of ish ds. ie 0 te rs gy ng he ay aT erinaton of se Bs since wie ey estes, Using te Salbiy mst oe nth et cap nec ake ade een ‘by io mit. Te oneal acy gol mt en {edhe eunble subsets ancora Monat esp ne ah chs int loess an Oe trois wee the peste ope ainsi prunes Ses ‘Soden sh she aye gay ea ees a eve ‘pic ae ileal Fig sen hie ‘simula aol design cay my ene he al tt ‘Sine Ths my eqs eve ote clay ps we aS" [agama MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS. ‘The design ses oud begin by fing stem itty betes and ‘aan The tafe squib mame fe er ees os WGrseaqutinve despot be manerin whch ep ist be acomplia {aon ut sete consi Once hs enacts oe ‘Sse te aah era con let howe eel component 10.14 Measarements and Speccations Qube mesos of minty nh he lowing: ence ATID Asoc antes an Tape cong sunreoe he ep deat nh le ve {Feo duiuons hinge sane een pride costa lee ‘ange rete Anima wuss pet anupper bon o0 ‘evans orale te snr visto ofthe ep es ‘Tint man Atllnfance vier mae cnn piss at Iecinr tbe MTR. Man ie epi The eis aha erage an she sane ad Sethe ATI epee oer te MTR he op ine ae Tipu sawed Foretampls evry lage ei ines wl infirce [BESET edn Ino ts Sh pce at be Ime in eer urrcoldbe seta wel Tati ere {ime ar wich 21 and 100 pace of te pia wood beacon ‘rnd pao potionMaxi ine wich ce pore of hes at ew ein nc sce pred verte SFA ad cn ne {ici soestn erp anna) prin be ot oe ‘itu. Mathematically. ™ PUP = 4) = Hugh = 00) Mem sem downing), Mean ser dowsing own incl shed mitenans clang spy Fierce ‘tii Siete requ fred mares uy ty signi appropri onde sched wes te de Sone atta, wy = OMIT aon woo here Ti = theme) tine eon perenne svete mai y= test design oreo) He [MONT =the ean evetie anean in ‘m) = erga amber flaesin ne 1) nein Second frethera ses ena ps Stent rn) = Mad eee ene yD Oe ec nce Men in we ea see yt ase ye nn ay aes ‘iste nappupine eee shen actly se ae cd llsicace capt poke were Nr oss ster MDT mn ay fr ated SOT men ey Spay suo oper opening hr IMO, Thank of min ue tn pln Sse yaa prc Biryetei tien mieten een Speke eae on ore Mana i mcr CRE io Sa. mx ‘oy he mit at RE emp se Fa - Bisraciser epetstictar MY axwmexcey one He iin AE soe tad MHL MTR CRE) METER G95 whee CREW he eae ce sie or reventie malnerace Te ‘ie pried e speed prt ume orcol eat te dene ‘lbesen. An improved oitaiaity ene ay eth maine ost per epraing Hou Sie by lipying te sove By a ‘Shore aor ceri fect ose deere see express {nd edt cee to perm thee kes ese aes ‘hele matty and conten dt aoa cost kztnam Raines mee ase alehyngs) eeu sane detent TT = ep. = eg "efor he ect et. Te mean te tine 10.12 Maintenance Concepts and Procedures 1 alto ein quate messes of mani one must dete ‘ora pf eden reso vse which mien sob {Soampiahe Fora eple sem soning of stash component farts meta nein te lowing Which wits be epi teh cae and eptce 2 Thence maimconce sche and see ak 4 cro nt eve of epic loa sevice cater or Fry) frccath fare me 4: Fecha ere oc tee antec $Themonbef esi chenes and pce pa evento) “The ecmumic def betwen epi an caring a nit ic cased in Suava I024 Foech compen opt a taker: aly ‘Spas, prilyrepibl ox omepae, Pra epibiy pi a‘sea ean filed weh its at conical oii arpa tea th nit sd condemned a epic tmt e ed Fra epale wat exgrecing wear tome po ee sng ost rpiemsyexca he repacament coe Penne mae y etd ines he of the wie whch eae he feguemy of roming eve innnce nt be tae “The decimation fhe eve of pisoenan conical des that be sid the caeance sil eel ei ln et pet eee, Spar prts tek ees, ml em ss of aang ethan op Steantato.Ahe lowe evel par oes he ng gn ton nsw operatig perenne eqs pring th hse he Inthiscane rp consi mira eal so eco nd "Alibre eel cena puns tad vied ven opp! ein Maitenance pronase ened sesily ‘oper sie andy sve hers cel onthe ted at he owe [Es Rar ay be penal or emabeconpowent oon th ee a. Fecronbe yen nace prone may tae oe ng ste nee ‘nlocalon itor cnt vel ef ta sar de "The tighs lv! of er my be permed a he manure an sewn et enya ald Noma ‘la lpi glen sdk scl agrets, Overhae sone {np funeral oan se ered ti eve ply ore cen tips erp pes Een ed the propr eves thee murs ten ose ut ges pees ‘Teetch evel of manana ore mde tess esl lvl ftrr cin Fp 10.2 essere may es fea te tre ats sehr fee ae ao he eration of he a ast ode In esting an accpale mati ee, co tee ng sity an att may bench example singe ce aes the cleoftheSITBF andthe MTR once Lat a= design cr coo ie in oper ors = nitacqision ot = Bae eat of aloe ach pe pet) G = vane cot porurf Suntine (so abort cre ie anos of pesto) Th Ge Go gg ATT) cn rst equation suns nly oe esa cing het ae ‘RiesTclaedpesatvary man cos co snp 5 (rand Gi india nd mati pres, wis co crmparoe sore te ime tte ures nt at pera see recs tae dee nina ep ise te te een TSAI can beep tp [fh rep se nei Yen Fors ‘seh pa poses ferrari lb ETB) pee‘sce singh tone gun any S00 ot = ho» MBs 20 «sis con = 100+ Ms 2x0 = sme 10.13 Component Reliability nd Maintlnaiity ‘nce se system mii sss hve Bsn dtd ym sed Ino iowe vel sig gel. Thar an be spy hgh a lca po Cs sia o hao he eat alton Fr xn scm NET, "ste oh pecied maininaby eauemens, E02) frm ete or ‘ihising cpl compost ETT Sethe ton MPR weighed ‘Serge the component MTR wth the wep edo he ave ue reson aye comping isis srrnm, = MUIR jy an aa re MTR isthe stem MT nthe ext mtr faa tthe encore overtly The spn ne est {ares il hve te ses MTR Tew ga hove a hs NET gu tian eon bi meboean Foca we angel mpi somone i rs ier a ‘Serb, Thclre heaton may tected are en pgs ‘tts sige Eq (107, a npn ed be re om fore ehby alleopon hae cons fr swe ea Ene den semble wit “ue 07 Sete ni” pee" Sac exch component a comnts replace f i, n E109 “ sae - NTTRomtn = Sai “8 ER = 5 rth = AOU sy rae = $88 = 9500 =» Sas (Of coms, a ernie 1 (107) asin MFT = ETT, al compment orc By (2) en be computes allowing om oman MIT ob dines ya an ere Aa ertv aac lo rng ett sbeoaghsa avast gual Ts spac aes hap 2 DESIGN ETHODS: Inova sii ioe mane he pis mst be es. ‘Teaver hy ones at hone ole a at oy Tsp hi eon 102.1 Fault bolton and See Diagnostics Diagnosis af aire wh he ection of te at major kh foctpecss fen mg as nth oe ine greet varity Ips ong en 91,8) ming ete gros et of aay, sen cone tht oder he ‘ice, dps epoaty ore sia mai anal Smo om AF ne ome ees Son The pn or povenet may thee be ete rs we. ‘legos othe poses sng be athe mwah eseraion ine cps Reston ay coat of mental and epee he fe sonnet ris dre ea fen refered as role, anal To sane depres want ose sly with he do metre pge ct ee ci owing Typical te ‘atten holed whe pecs fenton Automat The fed wt ener ron om the et fhe se ndcmnestd compete sao tees anspred otese tle net mae, Te oe en es erate pgntg cp Sidon bn tote en sa dpm wae tuys nar tc ees ‘Sibir tte) ose Ehes ‘Sty so ous panr tee sa o ‘sedate yao ee Feed BeWn eesfahe ae beaut eee fal tcl St ep of ed In atcccaa sccioene aaset Gruman cet setae ohana Sm hw ran ua i nen te Wipes Eas Se iat my im hart Bip on rot omenba ig ‘paces come agrees ke a Sopot ae ee ip] A) = 098m 48 4°} ~ O01 Fm yes oem, ~ pale Pais ooryooe UTR MB RIAT ~ HRFOMEY © GOTTA ip) LAN anaes, PA pera = RIFTS ~ HART» NOY sda = 1009s ~ os ‘Onder emda ele hes nate a oc 10.22 Parts Standarizati and Iterchangeaiiy Sinton ress in meng sim te ange of prs tat mst fe ‘ssn ante The ae a ies pm a ‘Sone ny thee abe bree, sie is cng ‘allows oa snl ner oft eens eh ana Inentagcbity ds py a ows acc par fe whe with an ase foray ne put. Incanto hon {nd yal sistant regression in ins somes nde a wel ay ae snd aa ec. Frexgl, peso cpr can ace trey hard ives nf expanon arog aio sty standards cal yom ear sts domes, Fn sean my te spond th sta a ale cage ‘vache Par sda et by dep sete fee ma wile allt wherever at component ruse Tate asa 4p omeneteitercnzeaby te cmpaen ae nt nda bean intangibles 102.3 Modulrizatin ad Accessibilty “Te pushing of compen in second fn wis modi, fies sce. Typ afore snd by he ot ‘ie fart Ur matin, les he etic to yl et {bic bow. lagmter an the be appl for elt te fc Ma etna allows oe theresa apace he fed un, pve ‘pues ale wah minima sown, Trey ay tay te damataly inpoved Th fale mole my then Dericed sept from he pcan st, Molairaton permit pucktpng gst kee rene! haz ts een the chance of lute df a evn [toc The amu of neocon, uch sf Oh sets a eae ‘ie among tn sl be mie, “Thee may fe er level lian, Foe example ine plaee sinters othe Bight levelf oalizsan ip whi a ey ee ‘vel an pied tom ihe sry. Telnet a ‘Wnt is sop mplaeatie an hae eeu compan oe reveplcse it Lower vel of nlriaton ay we Ss tt Fr = oct ute A = tate rt sme cons) tal epic orp tine iaclaing NETTRansinesnce {ty mes) ‘Than AT ithe mean umber of ale api or ee Thre tee eed cott he numbor fonts reaply ATW he ml reed ‘wo urler motes exch wt nt ot of C2 a fare at of 2, an IFT des ma chang, ec cn ofthe mune of nso ese |ODMABVTN) = CATA, Tal te ot ued oles mle AF {Ge pres poly sack the etn macnn ncn pret ‘sbereale On eer tan sey sck nob ed he eal mere “par baton cos myers ince tet el tock wile edd Des oe acest i cncred wih the cig of te Adare sewn he dcr elcome) evel igre corpo le mescent hase omens fal Aces eet my Ay sme eovl fhe it the eof cera le set sig Sires wig nd cleanes mus be cere nh phys ei ny movil unt elfen of a a a sale pb wih ig ‘oma of ui th arated Cova rsh ts ‘py, soul be plac whe hy ce ea ose om al mer inpsion chs ponnty bea he nn ee gue 10 hows te inden faye. Pr ses thes infer eve at wc tm nares epee oe the fs wnt is creda etc mi to oe The ova nef "ainanatty' the ncn epee, noun ele one ily walle Ie reds daca, mma sil rete nl aout teste Reey aonuge of Sa hs ha thy eke ee a ray we Ferre aio, Replaces ef a ni appr tb ont Me ice cnet he fect eel rd ely. ronel prs. ‘thins cred wat shu Rave appeal the se hy a {He mea pr docs ot grt gh pace rate the me epee {i The sur poliy tees cea! oda tems. Spats pong ‘Severin Sota 103 He wel cso econ deca plot “The pir ition desing dsc ater hn iri conmi ne Ainge st del il epee ets st apna Howe hse ew nats snr ode a 1 = mer pr los vee of te sytem Fin ess mame. sper he 4+ fied tt of cating chs iver manage ‘resin. deen ose) ee ye = cat repair fle fr example, ba eX rw ie y= ett remove and pa dnd pt (Gr xampe Ibbrrae erew sic removal nd replace nh sume yb 1 = candemnion fat (prctag of fies hat cant be repeal must be oar andrea hen Regie = 4 Sb ehf 08) ws icant = a, #4 af ete lowing aly ssi i cheer cad ha ei Heth a4 bs ehh 09) ‘An née care been ca cn gee by suing 4 arma hob cow -j0-n* =F a “scare hav gee ype stapes shown in Fi. 1a Discaing i te ceed aera foray combat of wer fates a nt con ng ow te cre Aste ntfs cess paces y~ Blt {There tic ter ermal ep he the eat ss tha he ‘ene Gece he tbl cost repeater cso dca. Fr fed un cs ep Rcomes me ede (at 57 eres) eat ewes les tactv. Fors ied runer faut ie tac estes Isp scome mee active Albup hes concn ste ome ae ‘nti analysis pect detente he pope son, ‘= $2240 Grit espe adie) 1: = St00 nnd oven hep) 2) = $2 ae a er ra OS ecm Thetndeotiarveine = 732+ 178984 stows ig 10SReplacement mode 1 seamponet so be miialy esr i soto ag) hn a futon decison determine when rep he soporte mae, ‘Asoning hat comet hau nreing inert fon earns Psi ce hs i i el og on squad ipo ot dso svage vate, suing on 0p inne ling orion. Let = opening cv prune Ga cot fale won 1 = plement ine Then c= creer er] ona ce S6608 [ane cor ate poner aw pss (Setn 9.1 it pe) = abe By. (12) Boames| Speech coe “ominnie econ pertinent se dCi) ~ Da ef 1 = 60 neat mw atl 101 101 sen, ei ey ‘TER oun 00 dhe wee Sige; ts m ‘fre he mshi be ead er ging ne 102.5 Proactiv Maintenance ‘Cope 9 defo pctv msintnance tte reve miner ei thetic flowing dct pve mace noel ISeenvetn cabo optimum evetie near ea Tiss followed Byanenampiot pede mamenane basen bran aa machines. Preventive mnenance subtshng the oes eve of preventive mean can be a inpotant comune marin Qui en iin ost naling mie frp copied wth cons eo st podcton, Tse cons ay te vole ISparcough tm apresee preven mueunce rpm, Preventive inesamc mya improve thea of mance poss by sig st ma Sine pdacing prs win eign lr pcan Oh ey ‘end. heres ample eee uae preventer pred ‘coer, fen espe emanates way eens Tm Chap 9 was sown tat unfr ce cmon (pimy res ing ature res), verte muir nese vey. weve fh =i yt of ven, pevenv nance sate add sone ines ste own: Wo ss or arate aes hh amity ane ares ange dee ct Al be ‘Sow inthe net ptr revesie rine bast an ep eet ‘the eed eval The fqn penis maaan ede tiny compote esto cht cans iho and Ds fF eveive miteance Acteng the es vl af pevenine anes Sil ban veo he may Jef “The flowing dl dria he fied ine tween cosessv preset enc to a wi ete ten so sa es tem, surest revenne sinenanc esse spc ep oa ‘nition ifs aed ak ears tinea nea ee (etait cpa La 6, = cotofascetled (event) menace atv whee 7 = linet ous evee preventive mtn ties 0) ~ ens fc nnbnogsnets Poison poses Mente xc antral Betsen prvi mien ie suv = [ana + Sloe “he co ofa single scheduled maienace sty Cad he tl expected ‘ney macnn ts tae w= Sf woareS ms "he iment facie ihe power aw poss) ~ abt! Ea (1015) be te SllariacS car's S ani “hinge fin sane of (10.16 wth espa Tan sting rete Mrs eben aio or ain ae ary FE year? any ‘howed th evenensenance sad tbe petri when he sys ‘may ne sn ae stand dative pose all > 1 Tei Eocene (10a (0) sl Be open myesealaipo2 Etealy= Sipe’ cuttasceaedminemie SQ untae par ope asco Free msnenace tah pie mean, he apm i ce he ccs hl sen ene pyr anne mera SSL ete mene pam nsdn weapon op antec ms py tren ae ee Serra eon neo ocean om fo eect tegen ay voy eee aly. Anse pee ‘SEeumSepe pss man Ist me SerrSle oarsmen sear te pop crest namie cn ipl hr fle ang ee ne mayen oe [ittSteesaupen hsp ie Meme ha ‘acca cih pve ranean) to porn re int sors of he gape mice fen he ae of (Sat ne eed wha oe opine, mana ad ‘fata tush tee se, ey ce etme dapat eee ns cnr ae anaerobes oh caeCanines or pene maintenance re mete and oie fr wich somal pring conto cane ese med overt: When ce onan evi om th nar raven plea ay vey ad 1a fale The nate th pale sod isnt th be dered Examples dct aitenance ecg ioe hcogrph mon. ‘mente speciosa eltatan anaes ‘ination ana Ou aa feta wil et sal sous ete [less y abrasion One can marr te ru fp nh ‘Sheen obras acy Indes on suntv beseech Sco wr wing or cman oe aig wel i ele ‘veh nt sly cme viaon Exp ogre casing en cine ms tm cag Si in tym te ‘Scitysshatapiomin tema ony. mek lest dln pacman by mping ae ny ih Feqeyio) aia ms Oteepnoa ine ‘ht Ess ps poe Sew Mago Semaine smd een "cpm ee ly ae Cg 90 Stn aa tenes aaron ration en, ‘ici mn tt oe ig en mpi ie Prive sien, yatemping onic. posable om the pen of sash rope peeve manne tra Ho tverpeiiveminnc ohenes nsied mooring and dgnsc ‘tds nd on mere ed ppb 103, HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS Repirisesenialy tun avi. Terre desig fr mia us Inne Condens sb Uinta of near pen Tel the event in wich fp tbe econo te ial sien {Teemu d saley, Hanfcor,o eapami. sconce ihe marco at hme i th piel obj hey enue petoang Heirs the sy of rn te neal ilps sachs“pute omnia gi wa nosey inmineancs stem deigr eae ccered wih ee saps antrponey. Boneh yee psshpeys ana pect tuman pete hrm i yo Roman bly Ces Se {epoca wich atresia sm eth nd ic Shey dapper store npg ati ie a pcs ean eh ‘Site move of te sce apd jt se O one ae the geeg tates of dig wore ch fag sts sin: Bh cepa stich suds br prep copay, nd mon peep a ener ‘i tow inmates op es, see emcee) a tered Minn erfrmanceis concerned hha iho Components of the wei Ising er ae, bomen tora fssarctbecomiced These se cos il anole ei ‘espace nti einomene Asem sare sea nein oncring rs far Sor nd Mc 1993) “tsa aaa ne en testy edad Aiea rh harden soe, ae ey lal shui aed 1 dsgn esas: n desing fora hen plc sum ad sur nh ie ed pce ot plan ine ve even often ae ans ef sepa showy Sh tnd Ssh tscnleshae elsed Exar opal dae Sn “he 102 Eanes ve ber compel y Woon lini nan ine Haman Factors Dig Hondo 9 eon shoo an, ‘hands bn aco instep dla. onl pul mange pont and pot ug sp sda trois contol nes anf Spine Reinga weigh os stcofen import conerato, Avs gener te, ae sel ay inven 33 pce of ty weigh wea ees 5 pun sod {cara by to psn afr meh of mre an 90 pod than Sel ifing device sta be aed Labor le sl ee he "sks Foret lon an rept mal ee hil ve Entec % 7 ‘a weet moh se gomle ‘ae s pein tan preventive mites simp ena and eplicermet ask ‘estate ech a so lmao reuemens an ig a ae evel shld lobe conser Tatung envionment ponte fiends To compen somewhat fr ths tes, worl ante reese can be ee ‘reeset: recto spit the ervioomen prove fo Tht ae fot FExing a theo ai esi temperate an buy. "The scl enon the pen mt poi fr esc cs al faites Ts secs ay tg spoon, etn. ite Oa Inpro cmpete remo) ofthe ile nt In decries. es tm beet orb mene an opening wim over aloo she ae ged Ss, otra pan nh nese, quasi ster ae frie ne sus or ads The pe nd aon fates od ae ‘meso eepsse perce hp td on ann de ‘eevean bano vighawih ang Becaly pre Meteo les Uta ey anes Iceni ale soa ea a pa Fcc ‘tordecion Whoncolrceting rand cance tt preneoF "Be toi eieation of aman eo: Hama re i fal tb nore vo! Ear my scar whe tess vel ter no igh tooo Examples high se ca te soseind vp, hk ar Senso alate tn oe at come Fan lay nay be sete singly mein’ wt ite uber ne tk as ben peromednithe umber f n itl complotons Exo may st fe inspedent, sie nce pero 104 MAINTENANCE AND SPARES PROVISIONING Inch 9 mines dovaine wa ods ide mterace dey tin spay dy te. Mnant ly oc when hee avai (epee ad sup delay ecu eplaemen pat or eomgonen| [Shot immediacy vel Tow cays eww herent haces 0 taunt sada rend on mr of ean esas hd ‘Stuer of vas gr Spares ny nl he numb of pases (hari sy end) sw he une of envelopes and pares eating segue sper ats machineliye inet eb an nisi. For example Hal and {Gin [vss nas whch he reat of raat wa ble, the spas wee doveased ctl and aden in svi we seed Tieoease wes ibd neers! spac ines del 141 Finite Population Quenng Model with Spares ‘nen there ined iter repir shane sls sme ting (we tng forse hana ay cu he te Ste a he pe tibiae eget the pre i detheserve quvig el y teed we dtemine tbe mitnsre Sly in a nto mtr of foi hancs eres) Tis noel sme al ep enn st et Ine penn Apoadc HOA. The node pected ae fe eee ‘hemectne mpi proien: Issam fe ema) nom of eps = mabe of operating ie 1 unter of pal pair chanal sere) = munbe sare stb oda at | sogle-ui aaa conan) = VMTBE epi (sumed cna) MITER Py = sent sie ebay of mos engin epi = amt pre 107 sts the eps pl proces ing mle. Fr he Po ih PenGhe ne Ndouames cs vee settr > weg ret vet fen kA Lombe BRE ae fore took fete tt fern bstot ~ c BRE imay | ERT EA omte = “Texto numberof ns in pis given by = Sour, 1039) td te eget me of units operating tea adres Sowssome, «029 ‘Tet ovine ptt pa inernes tin)+ & «ananwere Tom 029) th mas nl ih pity Ts vi eee fem sof afl) (8)- Bo slat ta)> Using hs moe, ae fs oon he aber fea hans the huoheoof epi Ce anal be soto pa lcs formamenance sa ‘py eres wey ih ae the flowing pele Moxts sitet GuEtGrs 8G, ec nhs (othe itgerpion Since isis only wail pole, (lect scrch eign be ind he ston uri Fr mi Bm 19,6, = S06 = 00, 4. 2am nomen EiSvigmt ap ol gh S600 a tie asp concring conta lea epi tes an ead, etn 19a Ska, Cron, ad Neen 198) recess on co i ln ng nde sig no aie ov noe eae meri eed expected umber pring ee he ‘Stn a peel ne 104.2 Component Sparing Fetes pres hve on th ean opty ely tne SDT) Obvons ne are {npr SDT =O In many ss isla so cosa oe ifm conse ang Spare monet a eal tl (Sb) ‘eluant as gnc een et Leaner nz) stp ci gti (18102. Wt ern SF 25 Rtn the vue capone sl spae pareve the mez soppy clay ine reach congnencanbefoanawephedaverget he compan020) ee the sabre othe th component st Tod SOT). coset Tere ny tine re i ew for non eae chon for tarp, Trlr ecpeced spy dey ones sso xpd te of acer rt sees at cht Cre spe), ee wil ‘ut, vy dan wl bck od hl ew MTR ‘heme ine etre resp the th part ore hcp (a) fate hse te pty us tig In repeat ‘themumterot pre nate stem Then epee ef batho (e018 spmjay = S806) 0026) be avrg tein (1026) isin tess per dyes ay ‘ie bemeataed nuit rays. epee erage ine ‘eg rp pacer wating oa the th fre at vole sym ‘iT sey (102) er a oxpeed om ay (1019), 0020) and 800) tay _ Ei Re wee = Te, + aD, 028) soto) = -™ 020) ‘Thais. fete ae noses esse fr esnet ite expe eye feevepilg (ni se est Ofte empou the sn hee rept ate mean ie sper wasig rare chanel Its» fen EBO\) and SDT) = Oas exp om E1026. sch nang nea ht ies expel ctw segue tOminimiing SD Gen ake (snl) ube eal hel te gene Ide dered peius} cane pled we component nd i) he {te anpe note) ea Taso he nf compos ping ie ‘Gara nite pplaton, ote urns of te bh eh going mos Inyte ved Excl dscusoe on ving mel nay be onda Hier and ‘eke 198, Klenk 1973) 0¢ Got and Har 1985 ‘ron 1: Boon er Miiiiy 26, Pan's theorem eth init esi charel eo uci) nif popation ssumpions

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