NEW HORIZON GURUKUL

POINTS TO REMEMBER FOR CLASS: VIII

SUB: MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER: ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

1. Multiplication Of Algebraic Expressions:(i) a b =ab Example: 3x 4y = 12xy

(ii) a(b+c) = a b + a c. Example: 2z (3x + 5y) = 6xz + 10yz

(iii) ( a + b)(c + d) = a c + a d + b c + b d

(iv) This rule can be extended to multinomials also. Example:

2. Division Of Algebraic Expressions:-

SUB:ENGLISH

CHAPTER: THE LAST CLASS

Background
The story is set in the days of the Franco-Prussian war. The French district of Alsace and Lorraine
were captured by Germans. The new master was to come the next day in a school in Alsace to
teach German in place of French. The story tells the effect of this news on the life of a young boy
named Franz, at a school in Alsace.
The story at a glance
The prose The Last Class by Alphonse Daudet narrates about the year 1870 when the Prussian
forces under Bismarck attacked and captured France. The French districts of Alsace and Lorraine
went into Prussian hands. The new Prussian rulers discontinued the teaching of French in the
schools of these two districts. The French teachers were asked to leave. The story describes the
last day of one such French teacher, M. Hamel.
M. Hamel had been transferred and could no longer remain in his old school. Still he gave his last
lesson to his students with utmost devotion and sincerity as ever. The story depicts the pathos of
the whole situation about how people feel when they dont learn their own language and then
losing an asset in M. Hamel. One of his students, Franz, who dreaded French class and
M.Hamels iron rod, came to the school that day thinking he would be punished as he had not
prepared for his test. But on reaching school he found his teacher, M.Hamel dressed in Sundays
clothes and all the old people of the village sitting there. It was due to an order on the bulletin
board. That was the first day when he realized for the first time that how important French was for
him, but it was his last lesson in French and they were only to learn German in school after that
day. M. Hamel seemed very upset. Finally the lesson began M. Hamel taught them everything he
could; everyone listened to his orders and appreciated their last chance to learn everything
possible. For once, Franz listened to all that was taught and realized how easy it was and how
much he had learned just in one day. The bell rang and class ended, Franz regretted not listening
all those times and not showing up until that Last Lesson.
The church clock struck twelve. It was time for the school to close. M. Hamel wanted to say
something. But he was overcome with emotion. He wrote Vive La France! on the blackboard,
and with a wave of his hand, he dismissed the school.
Theme:
Alphonse Daudet expounds the themes of freedom and patriotism in his short story The Last
Class. Courage, the importance of education, and the preciousness of ones own language are
interrelated themes

SUB: SCIENCE
CHEMISTRY: MATERIALS: METALS AND NON METALS

Nature of Oxides of Metals:

Metals like sodium, potassium and calcium react with oxygen to to form their respective

oxides. These oxides dissolve in water to their respective metallic oxide, which are basic in
nature and turn red litmus blue. They also react with acid to form metallic salt and water.

Sodium + Oxygen

sodium oxide

Sodium oxide + Water

Sodium hydroxide

Sodium oxide + Hydrochloric acid

Potassium + Oxygen

Potassium oxide

Potassium + Water

Potassium hydroxide

Potassium oxide + Hydrochloric acid

Calcium+ Oxygen

Potassium Chloride + Water

Calcium oxide

Calcium oxide + Water

Calcium hydroxide

Calcium oxide + Hydrochloric acid

Sodium Chloride + Water

Calcium Chloride + Water

Rust formation

Iron reacts with atmospheric oxygen and moisture to form iron oxide, which is commonly known
as rust. Nails rust because of the moisture present in air.
Iron when reacted with both water and oxygen which present in air (moist air), corrodes. Its
silvery colour changes to a reddish-brown, because hydrated oxides are formed which is
commonly called as rust.
Reaction showing formation of rust when reacted with water in presence of oxygen
(atmosphere).
4Fe + 3O+ xHO 2FeO.xHO

RUSTING OF IRON

Oxides of aluminium, copper and zinc slowly form oxides with oxygen. Their oxides are
insoluble in water but when they react with acid they form salt and water hence these
oxides are basic in nature.

Aluminium + Oxygen

Aluminium oxide

Aluminium oxide + Hydrochloric acid

Aluminium Chloride + Water

Copper + Oxygen

Copper oxide

Copper oxide + Sulphuric acid

Zinc + Oxygen

Zinc oxide

Zinc oxide + Sulphuric acid

Copper Sulphate + Water

Zinc Sulphate + Water

The oxides of metals which are acid as well as basic in nature are called amphoteric
oxides.

PHYSICS:

CHAPTER: LIGHT

Light is an invisible form of energy which helps us to see things.

Light from a source falls on an object which gets reflected to our eyes and the
information reaches to our brain and we can see things.

A ray of light can get reflected, refracted and absorbed at a same time
depending on the nature of the medium it is going through.

The phenomenon due to which a ray of light travelling from one optical medium
to another, bounces off from its surface with a change in angle is called
reflection of light.

Light gets both reflected from a mirror surface or from a book or table surface.

Difference is in case of mirror, the light rays are parallel reflected to our eye
which is making us see a very bright patch of light.
But in case of a book or a table, reflected rays are moving in different directions
so it does not form any bright patch of light.

Image formed in a plane mirror is a Virtual image.

The object distance from mirror is equal to the image distance from the mirror
after reflection.

SUBJECT: BIOLOGY

CHAPTER : CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

The activities or tasks which a farmer performs to cultivate a crop are referred to as
agricultural practices.

Irrigation is the supply of water to crops at different intervals. Modern methods of

irrigation include Sprinkler and Drip irrigation.

Drip irrigation is economical as water is not wasted and useful in regions of poor water

availability.

DRIP IRRIGATION

SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

Weeding is a process of removal of weeds (unwanted or uncultivated plants) from a field.

Trowel, Harrow and weedicides are used to remove weeds from fields.

TROWEL

HARROW

COMBINE

Harvesting is the removal or cutting of crop after maturity.

Hand sickle, thresher and combine are used in harvesting.

Combine includes both harvester and thresher which are attached to tractors to speed up
the harvesting process.

Threshing is the removal of grains from chaff and Winnowing is separation of grains from
chaff by wind.

THRESHING

WINNOWING

Storage of grains is done by using silos and granaries at large scale and at small scale
they are stored either in jute bags or metallic bins.

Proper storage is essential to protect the yield from moisture, microorganisms and rodents
like rats, squirrels etc.

SILOS

GRANARY

Animal husbandry is the field dealing with the study of food, shelter and healthcare of
domestic animals.

The keeping of animals for specific purposes (food, transportation, wool etc) is called
domestication.

All domestic useful animals constitute Livestock which includes cattle, buffaloes, sheep,
pigs, and camels.

SUB: SOCIAL SCIENCE

CHAPTER: 4THE UNION EXECUTIVE.

1. In India , Union Executive consist of the president , Vice-President , Prime Minister and
the Council of Ministers
2. Being

a parliamentary form of a government , India has a separate head of state

(President) and a separate head of government (Prime Minister)

3. The president acts on the advice of the prime minister; he or she is the supreme
commander of the armed forces.
4. The president appoints the prime minister and the council of ministers, and the chief
justices of the high court and the supreme court.
5. The president remains in office for a period of five years, though he or she can be elected
for second term.
6. The President enjoys a variety of powers- executive, legislative , judicial and emergency
powers.
7. The vice-president acts as the president in case the president resigns, acts as the

president till the newly elected president assumes power .

8. The vice - president is the ex-officio chairman of the rajyasabha.
9. The party thats wins the majority seats in the LokSabha is invited by the President to
form the government .
10. The prime minister chooses his or her council of ministers from among party members in
Parliament.
11. The Council has three categories of ministers cabinet ministers , ministers of state and
deputy ministers.
12. The Council of ministers is collectively responsible for the governments action.
13. The Civil officials are known as Civil servants.
14. The Civil service consists of members of Indian Administratives Service (IAS) , the Indian
PoliceServices (IPS) , the Indian Foreign Services (IFS)etc
15. Anyone can obtain information from the government under the Right To Information (RTI)
Acts 2005. People have used it to get things like ration cards, government aids,etc when
it has been unjustly denied to them.
SUB: HINDI II LANG

CHAPTER:

S MsMU

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MsMU Aml Ms AU eul M uxiuMi M mi eil xea Wi W ExM Ms q
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Lx m mxii MU e xoM sL WiMU W |

SUB: SANSKRIT
1. xuMr xkl os pui |
2. mj mwh uwq mZU |
3. xii krr xqUh MUhrq |
4. Lixr aixr Ucri kUpxMU pui |
5. x UuS Mu qlri |

CHAPTER: xSu mUi lkW cUhq

SUB: COMPUTERS

CHAPTER: MORE ON HTML

Ordered list displays the list that is precedes by a number or a letter.

Start=Value (This attribute indicates the starting value of the list).
List item tag is an empty element.
Unordered list tag displays a bulleted list.

Disc (a solid round bullet)

o Circle(a hollow bullet)

Square(a square solid bullet)

Nested list is required when a list has a sub list.

SUB: KANNADA II LANG

CHAPTER: vPr s

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SUB: KANNADA III LANG

- U z gzg J.P. gg.

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- UAi P v jUV CAivz.
- P g Plg U K iqP.
- t, qz U Ai gP.

CHAPTER: U (z)

CHAPTER: 6.LM rS

SUB: HINDI (III LANG)

1.

lW e M mU lq mQi euWUss lW j|

2.

mQi lW o x oWi mrU MUi j|

3.

o ElW mrU x cc lW MWi j|

4.

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q qlr ei W|
5.

u Sz M mWs mklq j, Sz M xuii xaq q

lW e M oWi raSl j|
SUB: FRENCH (II LANG)

CHAPTER: On voyage

SUB: FRENCH (III LANG)

CHAPTER: Faire les courses