Circuit Analysis 1

Chapter # 4
Operational Amplifier
Dr S.A. Bazaz
HEC Foreign Professor
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and
Technologies, Topi, Pakistan

Lecture # 18

A concept of GIKI microchip

network/club
A student hobby club/association for the fans of
microchip developers. Instead of watching Indian movies, it
is best utilization of your time in Topi.
Members will be students from FEE, others may also
included
Shall hold activities to develop simple circuits on
boards, PCBs and microchips. Application might be from
home, room, class room, cafeteria, or external to GIKI.
Students may also develop the chip in test lab with me
while developing test fixtures, custom based amplifiers
used for future chip testing.
Hold competitions for the best circuits of the year
The activities under this club may end-up in your FYPs
The designs might be from one of the areas: analog,
digital and mixed signal. This may also help you to
organize your future carrier as analog/digital/mixed signal
engineers at early stage.
Please Contact: Usama Sardar, Sarah, Taimur Aftab (FEE),
Yaar Jan (FMME) to give us your ideas. Need more
2
volunteers.

A SEMI-IDEAL OP-AMP MODEL

This is an intermediate model, more accurate than the ideal op-amp
model but simpler than the linear model used so far

Ri = , RO = 0, A = AO i+ = i = 0 v + v !!

v+

Replacement Equation

ve = vin

vO = AO ve = AO (v+ v )

Non-inverting amplifier and semi-ideal model

v+ = v S
vO =

R2 + R1
v (as before)
R1

vO
AO
R1
=
; =
v S 1 + AO
R! + R2

actual gain-ideal gain = 1

GE =
1 + A0
ideal gain
3
AO (v S v ) = vO (replaces v+ = v )

Sample Problem

R
v

Set voltages?

i = 0

Use infinite gain assumption

v+

vO

iS

+
-

vS

v+ = v S

v = v S

Use infinite input resistance assumption

and apply KCL to inverting input

vo v
iS +
=0
R

vo = vS RiS

Find the expression for Vo. Indicate

where and how you are using the Ideal
OpAmp assumptions

Sample Problem

DRAW THE LINEAR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND WRITE THE LOOP EQUATIONS

4. Redraw if necessary

Ri

iS

RO
+

vO
A(v+ v )

iS

vo

i2

i1

RO

Ri
+
-

A(v + - v -)

1. Locate nodes

v+

2. Erase Op-Amp
3. Place linear model

TWO LOOPS. ONE CURRENT SOURCE. USE MESHES

MESH 1 i1

= is

Ri ( i2 i S ) + ( R + RO ) i2 + A(v+ v _ )
CONTROLLING VARIABLE v + v _ = Ri ( i2 i1 )

MESH 2

COMPARATOR CIRCUITS

Some REAL OpAmps require

a pull up resistor.

ZERO-CROSSING DETECTOR

LEARNING EXAMPLE

DC MOTOR CONTROL - REVISITED

CHOOSE NON-INVERTING
AMPLIFIER (WITH POWER
OP-AMP PA03)

1+
Constraints: VM

RB
= 4 (design eq.)
RA

20V

Power dissipation
in amplifier 100mW
Significant power losses

Simplifying assumptions: Ri , RO 0 Occur only in Ra, Rb

Worst case occurs when Vm=20

(20V )2
PMX =
100mW RA + RB 4000
RA + RB

RB
=3
RA

One solution: RB = 3k , RA = 1k
Standard values at 5%!
7

V1
DESIGN EXAMPLE: INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
V2
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

G=

VO

VO
= 10
V1 V2

HIGH INPUT RESISTENCE

LOW POWER DISSIPATION
OPERATE FROM 2 AA BATTERIES
MAX4240

VO = VX VY
ANALISIS OF PROPOSED CONFIGURATION
VA = V1 ; VB = V2 Infinite gain
V1 V2 V1 VX
+
=0
R
R1
V V1 V2 VY
@B: 2
+
=0
R
R2
@ A:

R
R
R
R

VO = V1 1 + 1 V2 1 + 2 + V1 2 V2 1
R
R
R
R

SIMPLIFY DESIGN BY MAKING R1 = R 2 V = 1 + 2 R1 (V V )

O
2
R 1

DESIGN EQUATION: 2R1 = 9R

USE LARGE RESISTORS FOR LOW POWER e . g ., R = 100k , R1 = R2 = 450k
8

IMPLEMENT THE OPERATION VO = 0.9V1 0.1V2

DESIGN EXAMPLE

DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
AS FEW COMPONENTS AS POSSIBLE
MINIMIZE POWER DISSIPATED
USE RESISTORS NO LARGER THAN 10K
Given the function (weighted sum
with sign change) a basic weighted
adder may work
ANALYSIS OF POSSIBLE SOLUTION

V+ = 0

R
R
VO = V1 V2
V V
V
@V :

=0
R1
R2
O

R1 1

R2

R2 = 9 R1
R
= 0.1
R2

DESIGN
EQUATIONS

R2 > R1 > R
SOLVE DESIGN EQUATIONS USING TRIAL AND ERROR IF NECESSARY

R2 = 10k ,5.6k ,...

ANALYZE EACH SOLUTION FOR OTHER CONSTRAINTS AND FACTORS; e.g.
DO WE USE ONLY STANDARD COMPONENTS?
9

LEARNING BY DESIGN

DOES NOT LOAD PHONOGRAPH

DETERMINE R2 , R1 SO THAT
IT PROVIDES AN AMPLIFICATION OF 1000

VO
R
= (1)(1 + 2 )
V1
R1

10

LEARNING EXAMPLE

RT = 57.45e 0.0227T
UNITY GAIN
BUFFER

ONLY ONE LED

IS ON AT ANY
GIVEN TIME
COMPARATOR CIRCUITS

11

MATLAB SIMULATION OF TEMPERATURE SENSOR

WE SHOW THE SEQUENCE OF MATLAB INSTRUCTIONS USED TO OBTAIN THE PLOT
OF THE VOLTAGE AS FUNCTION OF THE TEMPERATURE
T=[60:0.1:90]'; %define a column array of temperature values
RT=57.45*exp(-0.0227*T); %model of thermistor
RX=9.32; %computed resistance needed for voltage divider
VT=3*RX./(RX+RT); %voltage divider equation. Notice ./ to create output array
plot(T,VT, mo); %basic plotting instruction
title('OUTPUT OF TEMPERATURE SENSOR'); %proper graph labeling tools
xlabel('TEMPERATURE(DEG. FARENHEIT)')
ylabel('VOLTS')
legend('VOLTAGE V_T')

12

EXAMPLE OF TRANSFER CURVE SHOWING SATURATION

v+ = v1
i = 0
v = v1

THIS SOURCE CREATES THE OFFSET

THE TRANSFER CURVE

OUTPUT CANNOT
EXCEED SUPPLY
(10V)

KCL @ v_

IN LINEAR RANGE

OFFSET
13