Circuit Analysis 1

Chapter # 4
Operational Amplifier
Dr S.A. Bazaz
HEC Foreign Professor
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and
Technologies, Topi, Pakistan

Lecture # 17

Mid Term Exam

Final date: October 15, Sunday 2:15PM

Duration: 1-1.5 hours
Just 4 chapters, I repeat only first 4 chapters will be
included in the mid term.
Hopefully, shall not be any surprises this time. Mid term
should be straight forward.

WHY USE THE VOLTAGE FOLLOWER OR UNITY GAIN BUFFER?

vO = vS

v+ = v s
v = v+

vO = v

VOLTAGE FOLLOWER ACTS AS BUFFER AMPLIFIER

1. THE VOLTAGE FOLLOWER ISOLATES ONE
CIRCUIT FROM ANOTHER
2. ESPECIALLY USEFUL IF THE SOURCE HAS
VERY LITTLE POWER
3. No current (power) is needed from
driving circuit. The load current
(load power) is provided by the power
supplies through the op-amp.

Buffer meaning: thing that shields and protects against annoyance, harm, hostile
forces etc or that lesson the impact of a shock or reversal
CONNECTION WITHOUT BUFFER
CONNECTION WITH BUFFER

vO = v S
THE SOURCE SUPPLIES POWER

THE SOURCE SUPPLIES NO POWER3

LEARNING EXAMPLE

DETERMINE THE GAIN G =

APPLY KCL @ v Vs 0 Vout 0

+
=0
R1
R2

Vout
Vs

v = 0
i = 0
v+ = 0

G=

Ao = v + = v v = 0

1.
2.
3.

Vout
R
= 2
Vs
R1

If R2>R1, inverting amplifier

If R1>R2, inverting Attenuator
If R1=R2, inverting buffer

Ri = i = i+ = 0
FOR COMPARISON, NEXT WE EXAMINE THE SAME
CIRCUIT WITHOUT THE ASSUMPTION OF IDEAL
OP-AMP
4

4.3 Fundamentals of Op-Amp circuits

REPLACING OP-AMPS BY THEIR LINEAR MODEL

WE USE THIS EXAMPLE TO DEVELOP

A PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE OP-AMP
CIRCUITS USING THE LINEAR MODELS

1.

Identify Op Amp nodes

vo

3. Draw components of linear OpAmp

(on circuit of step 2)

vo

Ri

v+

v+

RO
+

2. Redraw the circuit cutting out

the Op Amp

A( v + v )

4. Redraw as needed

R2

vo

v+
v+

INVERTING AMPLIFIER: ANALYSIS OF NON IDEAL CASE

USE LINEAR ALGEBRA

R2

NODE ANALYSIS

CONTROLLING VARIABLE IN TERMS OF NODE

VOLTAGES

TYPICAL OP - AMP : A = 105 ,

Ri = 108 , RO = 10

R1 = 1k, R2 = 5k

vO
v
= 4.9996994 A = O = 5.000
vS
vS 7

Homework:
All Solved examples
Example: 4.3, 4.4 (non-inverting opamp)
E4.2, 4.3,
P: 4.9, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.18,
4.19, 4.21, 4.31, 4.33, 4.37,4.39

SUMMARY COMPARISON: IDEAL OP-AMP AND NON-IDEAL CASE

gain is
dependent on
external
resistors,
independent of
op-amps
parameters.
Makes it stable
Why inverting?
mathematical
Inverting
operation

v = 0
i = 0

v+ = 0
IDEAL OP-AMP ASSUMPTIONS

Ri = i = i+ = 0

A = v+ = v
KCL @ INVERTING TERMINAL

NON-IDEAL CASE
REPLACE OP-AMP BY LINEAR MODEL
SOLVE THE RESULTING CIRCUIT WITH
DEPENDENT SOURCES
GAIN FOR NON-IDEAL CASE

0 v S 0 vO
v
R
+
=0 O = 2
R2
R1
vs
R1
THE IDEAL OP-AMP ASSUMPTION PROVIDES EXCELLENT APPROXIMATION.
(UNLESS FORCED OTHERWISE WE WILL ALWAYS USE IT!)
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LEARNING EXAMPLE: DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

THINK NODES!

OUTPUT CURRENT IS NOT KNOWN

THE OP-AMP IS DEFINED BY ITS 3 NODES. HENCE IT NEEDS 3 EQUATIONS

KCL AT V_ AND V+ YIELD TWO EQUATIONS
(INFINITE INPUT RESISTANCE IMPLIES THAT i-, i+ ARE KNOWN (TO BE ZERO))
DONT USE KCL AT OUTPUT NODE. GET THIRD EQUATION FROM INFINITE
GAIN ASSUMPTION (v+ = v-)
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LEARNING EXAMPLE: DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

Another mathematical
operation:
Difference of input
voltages

IDEAL OP-AMP CONDITIONS

NODES @ INVERTING TERMINAL

R4
R4
v2 v =
v2
R3 + R4
R3 + R4

R
R
R
R
vO = 1 + 2 v 2 v1 = 2 1 + 1 v v1
R1
R1
R1 R2

i+ = 0 v + =

NODES @ NON INVERTING TERMINAL

R4 = R2 , R3 = R1 vO =

R2
(v2 v1 )
R1

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LEARNING EXAMPLE: USE IDEAL OP-AMP

v 1+

FIND vO

vo1

v 1
vm1
v2

v 1 = v m 1
v 2 = v m 2
FINISH WITH INPUT NODE EQUATIONS
USE INFINTE GAIN ASSUMPTION

v 1+ = v 1

v 2+
vo 2

v 2

v m 1 = v1

v 2+ = v 2

vm 2 = v2

USE REMAINING NODE EQUATIONS

vm 2

6 NODE EQUATIONS + 2 IDEAL OP-AMP

v 1+ = v 1
v 2+ = v 2

v1 v 01 v1 v 2 v1 v o 2
@ vm1 :
+
+
+0=0
R2
RG
R1

v 2 v o 2 v 2 v1 v 2
@ vm 2 :
+
+
+0=0
R1
RG
R2

ONLY UNKNOWNS ARE OUTPUT NODE VOLTAGE

SOLVE FOR REQUIRED VARIABLE v o = v o 1
12

LEARNING EXTENSION

FIND IO . ASSUME IDEAL OP - AMP

v + = 12V

AO = v = 12V

v = 12V
Ri = i = 0

12 Vo 12
+
= 0 Vo = 84V
12k
2k
V
I O = o = 8.4mA
10k

KCL@ v :

13

Homework:
All Solved examples
Example: 4.3, 4.4 (non-inverting opamp)
E4.2, 4.3,
P: 4.9, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.18,
4.19, 4.21, 4.31, 4.33, 4.37,4.39

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