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Clinical Microscopy

and other products of digestion

-analysis and examination that involves


non-blood procedures

Chyle - milky fluid containing emulsif ied fat

Chyme - thick semi fluid mass of partially

-involves urinalysis, fecalysis (stool examination)

digested food and digestive secretions that

and body fluids

is formed in the stomach and intestine

-sometimes called Urinalysis Laboratory or

during digestion

Miscellaneous Laboratory

Endolymph - fluid contained in


the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear

Body Fluids

Perilymph - fluid that surrounds and

-liquids originating from inside the bodies of

cushions the membranous labryrinth,

living humans

located within the cochlea

-fluids that are excreted or secreted from the

Exudate - fluid emitted by an organism

body

through pores or a wound, a process known

-widely recognized as vehicles for the

as exuding

transmission of human disease

Feces - solid bodily waste discharged from


the large intestine through the anus during

protective liquid contained by the amniotic

defecation

Aminiotic Fluid - or liquor amnii is the

sac of a pregnant female

paraurethral ducts through and around the

Aqueous Humour - watery fluid between

human female urethra during or before an

the cornea and the crystalline lens

orgasm

Vitreous Humour - clear jelly that f ills the

crystalline lens and the retina

Lymph - clear or white fluid that travels

Bile - digestive juice made and released by

through vessels, moves within tissues and

the liver and stored in the gallbladder

work to keep all the parts of the body clean

Serum - clear, yellowish coloured fluid which

Breast Milk - milk produced by

Mucus - slippery secretion produced by, and


covering, mucous membranes

is part of the blood

Gastric Acid - digestive fluid, formed in


the stomach

middle of the eye, and lies between the

Female Ejaculation - expulsion of fluid by the

Pericardial Fluid - serous fluid secreted by

the breasts (or mammary glands) of

the serous layer of the pericardium into the

a human female for her infant offspring

pericardial cavity

Cerebrospinal Fluid - clear, colorless body

Peritoneal Fluid - made in the abdominal

fluid found in the brain and spine

cavity to lubricate the surface of the tissue

Cerumen (Earwax) - produced by glands in

that lines the abdominal wall and pelvic

the ear canal

cavity and covers most of the organs in


the abdomen

Pleural Fluid - serous fluid produced by the


serous membrane covering normal pleurae

Vomit - eject matter from the stomach


through the mouth

Pus - an exudate, typically white-yellow,


yellow, or yellow-brown, formed at the site

Examinations done under Clinical Microscopy

of inflammation during infection.

Urinalysis

Rheum - also known as Gound, is thin

-physical, chemical, and microscopic

mucus naturally discharged from the eyes,

examination of urine

nose, or mouth during sleep

-initial valuable diagnostic information

Saliva - watery fluid, secreted into the mouth

concerning metabolic dysfunctions of both renal

by the salivary glands

and non-renal origin

Sebum (Skin Oil) - oily substance secreted


by the sebaceous glands

Procedure:

Serous Fluid - used for various bodily fluids

1. Clean the entire vulvar area in women from

that are typically pale yellow and transparent

front to back and the genitals in men with a

and of a benign nature

disinfectant towelette. (Sometimes physicians

Semen (Seminal Fluid) - fluid discharged at

will also recommend using a Betadine swab

ejaculation in the male, consisting of

along with the towelette.)

spermatozoa

2. The patient should begin to void into the

Smegma - whitish substance that may be

toilet and then catch urine in

present on the genitalia

container during midstream voiding of at least

Sputum - mixture of saliva and mucus

1-2 ounces of urine. Finish voiding in the toilet.

coughed up from the respiratory tract

3. The patient can screw on the container cap (if

Synovial Fluid - viscid lubricating fluid

given) or leave for the medical assistant or

secreted by the membrane lining joints and

nurse to complete.

tendon sheaths

4. The urine is viewed to see the color and if it is

Sweat - clear, salty liquid produced by

clear or cloudy.

glands in your skin

5. The technician or nurse then will place a

Tears - fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands

dipstick into the urine sample and put the

by means of which the conjunctiva and

dipstick into an automated reader.

the sterile cup

cornea are kept moist

Urine - liquid by-product of the body

Fecalysis

secreted by the kidneys through a process

-also known as the stool analysis

called urination (or micturition) and excreted

-to analyze the condition of a persons digestive

through the urethra

tract in general

Vaginal Secretion - naturally produced fluid

-these conditions can include infection (such as

that lubricates a woman's vagina

from parasites, viruses, or bacteria), poor

nutrient absorption, or cancer

1. a clean container and a straining device that


has a f ine mesh will be given

to the patient

Procedure:

2. the person f ilters all of their urine through the

1. Urinate before collecting the stool so that you

f ine mesh

do not get any urine in the stool sample.

3. the person then examines the mesh for any

2. Put on gloves before handling your stool.

particulates (stones may be

Wash your hands after you remove your gloves.

as small as grains of sand)

3. Pass stool (but no urine) into a dry container.

4. if a stone is found, it is placed into the clean


container, allowed to dry,

Gastric Analysis

easily visible or

and returned to the

laboratory or healthcare provider as instructed

-examines acids and other secretions found in


the stomach

Synovial Fluid Analysis


-also known as the Joint Fluid Analysis

Procedure:

-to help diagnose the cause of joint

1. a tube will be inserted to your nose

inflammation, pain, swelling, and fluid

2. it will pass down your throat and esophagus

accumulation

(food pipe) into your stomach


3. tube is used to collect samples of your

Procedure:

stomach secretions

1. First, the area will be cleaned and prepared for

4. f irst, a 30-minute baseline sample will be

injections. If you are getting anesthesia, it will be

collected

injected into the site to limit pain and

5. you will be given an injection of a medication

discomfort.

that makes your stomach produce acid

2. Once the area has been numbed, a larger

6. additional samples will be collected for one

needle will be inserted into the joint and draw

hour

fluid out into the syringe (arthrocentesis).

7. samples will then be taken to a laboratory for

3. The technician will f irst look at the color and

analysis

thickness of the fluid.


4. He or she will then assess red and white blood

Urinary Stone Analysis


-also known as Kidney Stone Analysis or

cells under a microscope.


Renal

Calculus Analysis

5. Finally, the fluid sample will be cultured to test


for bacteria.

Kidney stone also known as renal calculus or


nephrolith, is a solid piece of material which is

Seminal Analysis

formed in the kidneys from minerals in urine

-measures three major factors of sperm


1. number of sperm

Procedure:

2. the shape of the sperm

3. sperm motility (movement of sperms)

7. Fluid samples are then taken through the

-very important in evaluating fertility and status

needle. When fluid collection is

of post vasectomy cases

the needle is taken out.

complete,

8. The puncture site is cleaned again. A


Procedure:

bandage is applied.

1. Provide your doctor with a semen sample for a


semen analysis.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis
-analysis may be used to help diagnose a wide
variety of diseases and conditions affecting the
brain and spinal cord (central nervous system)
-A CSF sample is commonly collected by
performing a lumbar puncture (also known as a
spinal tap)
Procedure:
1. CSF is usually taken from the lower back area
the lumbar spine. It is very important to
remain completely still during the procedure.
2. You may be seated with the spine curled
forward. You may also lie on

your side with

the spine curved and your knees drawn up to


the chest. Curving your spine makes a space
between the bones in the lower back.
3. Once you are in position, your back will be
cleaned with a sterile solution.
4. A numbing cream is applied to the skin. Then
you will be injected with anesthetic.
5. Once the site is fully numb, your doctor will
insert a thin spinal needle between two
vertebrae. (Sometimes a special type of X-ray
called fluoroscopy is used to guide the
needle.)
6. First, CSF pressure (opening pressure) is
measured using a manometer.

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