BSNL

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED is abbreviated as BSNL.

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000
It is a telecom company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in India: Wire
line, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT,
VoIP services, IN Services etc.
BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in the country and now focusing on
improving it, expanding the network and introducing new telecom services
Today, BSNL is the No. 1 telecommunication company and the largest public sector
undertaking of India.
It is fourth largest department of Telecommunication Company in Asia
It is seventh in world today.
It is one of the most earning revenue in India.
Above more than 3 laces employees, officer and engineers working in BSNL at present.
Today, it has about
47.3 million line basic telephone capacity
20.1 Million GSM Capacity(CellOne) garnering 24 percent of all mobile
users as its subscribers. That means that almost every fourth mobile user in
the country has a BSNL connection.
4 million WLL capacity
More than 37382 fixed exchanges
18000 BTS
287 Satellite Stations
480196 Rkm of OFC Cable

 63730 Rkm of Microwave Network connecting

Spread in 602 Districts, 7330 cities/towns and 5.5 Lakhs villages

The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and
Maintenance of Switching & Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO
9000certified Telecom Training Institute.

Financial Position
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, the largest Public Sector Undertaking of the Nation, is
certainly on a financial ground that's sound.
Scaling new heights of success, the present turnover of BSNL is more than Rs.351,820
million (US $ 8 billion) with net profit to the tune of Rs.99,390 million (US $ 2.26
billion) for last financial year.

Conclusion

The turnover, nationwide coverage, comprehensive range of telecom services and the desire
to excel has made BSNL the No. 1 Telecom Company of India.
VISION
To become the largest telecom Service Provider in Asia
MISSION
*To provide world class telecom services to its customers on demand at competitive prices.
*To Provide world class telecom infrastructure in its area of operation and to contribute to the
growth of the country's economy
Headquarters

Delhi Area, India

Industry

Telecommunications

Type

Public Company

Status

Operating

Company Size

more than 3 laces employees

Founded

2000

Top Locations

Chandgarh Area,
Delhi Area,

India (35)

India (75)

Bangalore Area,

India (34)

MAKING A TELEPHONE CALL

A telephone call starts when the caller lifts the handsets of the base. Once
the dial tone is heard, the caller uses a rotary or a push button dial
mounted either on the handset or on the base to enter a sequence of
digits, the telephone number of called party. The switching equipment
from the exchange removes the dial tone from the line after the first digit
is received and after receiving the last digit, determines the called party is
in the same exchange or a different ones. If the called is in the same
exchange, burst of ringing current is applied to the called partys line.
Each telephone contains a ringer that responds to specific electric
frequency. When the called party answers the telephone by pocking up
the handset, steady start to flow in the called partys line and is detected
by the exchange. The exchange than stops applying ringing and sets up
the connection between the caller and the called party. If the called party
is in different exchange from the caller, the caller exchange set up the
connection over the telephone network to the called partys exchange.
The called party then handles the process of ringing, detecting an answer,
and notifying the calling and billing machinery when the call is completed.
When conversation is over, one or both parties hang up by replacing their
handset on the base, stopping the flow of current. The exchange when
initiates the process of taking down the connection, including notifying
billing equipment of the duration of the call if appropriate.

Basic Concept:
1. Switching equipment:
Equipment which effects interconnected of telephones is known as
switching equipment. Basically it is a device or a system that

connects one telephone line to another so that 2 or more people

can have a conversation over their respective telephones or so that
your computers modem can connect to a remote modem such as a
remote modem owned by an ISP (internet service provider ) which
in turn connects you to the internet.

2. Telephone exchange:
The switching centre, which houses the terminating and switching
equipment is called telephone exchange.

EXCHANGE LAYOUT:
Typical exchange consists of:
Switch Room
Operations and Maintenance (OMC) Room
Input Output processor (IOP) Room
Power Plant Room
Battery Room
Main Distribution Frame (MDF) Room

Main Distribution Frame (M.D.F) :

To connect switch (exchange) with the external environment (subscriber)
i.e. it is the interface between subscribers and exchange.
The switching equipment, common to all the subscribers of the area is
located in an exchange. To make possible for a subscriber to communicate
with remaining subscribers, telephone of each and every subscriber must
be connected to theexchange. The function of MDF is to provide a means
for connecting side is terminated at OCB where the switching take place.
From OCB, through PCM connected to various sections like WLL, TAX etc.
FUNCTION OF MDF :
A fixed means of terminating the external cables.
A means for mounting the protective devices for incoming circuits.

A convenient point of interception for locating of faults.

A means for cross connecting the external circuits to the appropriate
internal circuits.
The primary function of MDF is to remove fault. It is also
known as Fault Remove Section.
The telephone numbers are also disconnected in the MDF because of
some specific reason.

A line from the subscribers telephone set involves:

Subscribers House wiring
Overhead wires
Cable Distribution Point
Underground cables
Exchange Main Distribution Frame
From the subscribers house wiring, the line is brought on overhead wires
to a point called distribution point(DP). From the DP, the pairs are
extended to the exchange through underground distribution cables,
secondary cables and primary cables. At the exchange are brought
through underground cables to cable chamber. In the cable chambers,
they are jointed to PVC cables for terminating at MDF. This frame
incorporates protecting devices and provides for a flexible arrangement
for connecting subscribers lines to exchange equipments.
SUBSCRIBERS HOUSE WIRING :
PVC aluminum twin wire 1or1.12 mm is used for wiring at subscribers
house. Protective devices are not necessary at the subscribers premises
as per present standards.
UNDERGROUND CABLES :
The underground cables laid at a depth to 2.5 feet

below the ground level connect the DP post to the exchange MDF. The
cabinets and pillars included in the cable network provide flexible
arrangement of interconnection between various sizes of cables.
The MDF is properly earthed for the protection of the equipment. The
external pairs are area wise terminated on the line side of the frame,
while connection from the equipment is done on the exchange side in a
numerical order. By interconnections at this frame with the help of jumper
wires, any subscriber in any area can be given any exchange number. This
MDF mounts Delay Fuses
Address Scheme :
MDF has many tag blocks of 100 and that numbered from 1 to 100.
In a tag block, there are 128 pair wire theoretically. Therefore, total
number of connecting wires are 1024 theoretically. But in practical, there
are only 1000 pairs.
For equipment side: From ground, a single pair of 400 wires originates,
which is divided in 4 pairs of 100 wires. Practically, each pair is provided
with 102 wires. These exact 2 wires are used in case of any
manufacturing defect.
For broadband connections, different colored tag blocks are provided.
Broadband is used to provide different facilities on land-line phones with
high speed to access them. A grey colored tag block is used for line
side while yellow colored tag block is used on equipment side. These
tag blocks has 0 to 47 pairs.
In order to know the centre load point: Cabinet and pillar are provided
with capacity as per requirement. The D.P. box is provided with 10 or 20
or 5 pairs. Now a days, a D.P. box of 5 pairs is used which is wall mount
instead of being mounted on pole.
To identify any telephone, we require the following two addresses:1. Exchange/line address
2. Equipment address
Exchange address is written in given manner:
Vertical number--Tag block number--Pair number

For example 7-5-15

Here, Vertical no.=7
Tag block no.=5
Pair no.=15
This gives the address of a telephone in the exchange.
Equipment address is given as:Rack number-Tag block number-pair number

For example7-6-87
Here, Rack no.=7
Tag block no.=6
Pair no.=87
This gives the information about the actual location of telephone
equipment. This address is provided to lineman for repairing, in case of
any fault.
There is another section of fault repairing located in MDF section. When
subscribers phone is not working, then subscriber calls to exchange. For
this he dials, 198.
At other side in exchange anyone on computer feeds
subscriber detail and phone number.
Further system is fully computerized. Computers do the
testing of line and gives fault at its output. Then fault is given to
lineman of that area. He checks out the lines of that area and removes
the fault. After this, he informs to the exchange that the line is OK and
then the exchange informs the subscriber at their phone number, that
there telephone is working now.
N.E.: The word NE stands for the NUMBER OF EQUIPMENT.It is used for testing
number.
WEDGE: Wedge is used as a device for checking the ring. Wedge is placed in jack strips,
which is connected to telephonefor checking.
CONSTRUCTION OF M.D.F:Main distribution frame is mainly divided in two parts.

(1) Vertical Side or Line side.

(2) LEN side or Exchange side.
Vertical Side or Line side:

All the part from vertical side to the subscriber is generally

called outdoor section.
1. One Vertical has 10 tag blocks.
2. Each Tag block has 10 rows
3. Each Row has 10 tags.
So finally, each tag block has 100 tags.
4. Connection between vertical side & subscribers are provided by Jelly
filled cables.
5. These wires are first terminated in Cabinet box, then according to
requirements the group of the wires (e.g. 200 wires, 100 wires etc.) is
terminated in Pillar box.
LEN side or Exchange side:
All the parts from LEN to the exchange are calledindoor section.The
connection of subscriber from exchange is terminated on this side of MDF.
1. In 1 Tag block there are 128 tags.
2. Each tag block is divided in 4 Segments. That is 0, 1, 2 & 3 and in
each segments.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULTS:
1. LOOP FAULTIf two wires are joined together because of improper
connection, storming air etc.
2. EARTH FAULT:-If two wires get scrape at some places and if this wire
comes in contact with tree, pillar or any metal objects then this type of
fault occurs.
3. CABLE FAULT:-For outdoor connections, jelly filled wires are used
which are affected by natural causes such as rain, earthquake etc. At such
time this fault occurs.

4. DISCONNECT FAULT:-This type of fault occurs due to the breaking of

wires between the vertical side & LEN side.
PROTECTIVE DEVICES USED IN M.D.F:
Comprehensive protection against effects of lightning and power line
contacts is achieved in practice by fuses, arresters and heat coils. They are not
affected by normal speech and signaling voltage and current but operates
when the foreign voltage or current on the line is excessive. The line is
then disconnected automatically from the equipment.
For safety precautions fuses are used. Every subscriber line has
individual fuse. These fuses are made of GD (gas discharge) tube, which are
connected in parallel. These fuses have two sides, one is exchange side
and other is subscriber side.
Connections between the different tag blocks are made using the Jumper
wires of red and white colours.
GD tubes are connected in parallel while Electrical fuses are connected in
series.
In electrical fuse, when high voltage appears across it, then it will break
up the connection and thus safeguard the system.
If GD tube is connected in series, then due to high voltage across any
line, the whole exchange will be disconnected. Thus when GD tubes are
connected in parallel, it will provide the required facility.
In case of heavy lightning discharges, gas discharge protectors are used
and more consistent voltage is obtained. The gas discharge protector
essentially consists of two tungsten electrodes sealed in a special glass
envelope containing a mixture of inert gases, mainly neon. One of the
electrodes are for connections to the lines and the other is the earth
electrode.
If the potential difference across the electrodes rises to a certain critical
value(the striking value) the gas is ionized and becomes conducting. This
condition will continue till the potential difference across the electrodes
falls to the extinction voltage value. For voltages less than striking value it
will not conduct. For normal operating voltages on the lines, it offers
extremely high impedance and thus does not introduce any transmission
loss.

POWER PLANT ROOM :

To feed proper power supply to exchange .As we know that, the
power is the main source or any organization.
It is the case of E-10B exchange. That is the first requirement of any
organization is the input. The main source of this exchange is AC supply.
However, as soon as the power supply is gone off, then what is source?
No one think on this that the telephone is always plays its role in the
human life. Even if the power supply gone off. Thus there must be
adjustment source of power.

Main parts of Power Plant Room:

The main parts of the power room are:
1. Batteries
2. UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply)
3. Charging - Discharging Unit
4. Inverter and Converter Unit
5. Engine Room
1. Batteries
These are the instant sources of the power as soon as power is gone off.

2. UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply)

The UPS must give supply to the computer. As we know there is some
equipment which can withstand any type of power supply, but there are
also some instruments which cannot withstand with this type of power
supply, even a microsecond delay will cause the loss of data.

3. Charging - Discharging Unit

The batteries we are using in the power room need timely charging.
As soon as the AC power supply is on, we make use of the charging
unit present in the power room. The slowly charging of the batteries
is known as the TRICKLE charging. But sometimes we need
the BOOSTER charging. In this type of charging we take off the
batteries from the load and charge separately, until it gets fully
charged.
The main work of the discharging unit is to control the discharging
of the batteries.

4. Inverter and Converter Unit

The main use of this system is to change ACmains to DC and vice
versa as required by the parts of exchange.

5. Engine Room
We know that the batteries are the instant source of supply but we
cannot use it for much larger time, thus for this, we have an engine
to generate the power supply. They are of 885 KVA. Thus, this room
controls the supply of the engine.

Operations and Maintenance (OMC) Room

Describe in written material
SWITCHING ROOM:
Switch room consists of BM and CM cabinets mounted in standard
switch.
These cabinets are fastened to a switch Room and interconnected by
cables.

It will be discussed in various Exchanges

Input Output processor (IOP) Room:
It will be discussed in various Exchanges
AC Plant:
To maintain the continuous temperature + or 2 degree Celsius to
the digital switch (exchange).
For the function of electrical equipment, cooling system is basic
requirement. The basic advantages of cooling systems are
following-

It provides the thermal stability so that the temperature does not

reach the tolerance limit of electronic equipment
It saves equipment from dust so to avoid malfunction of
equipments.
It protects equipment from excess humidity which can caused
rusting of equipment.
The basic unit of measurement used in the industry is known
as Ton of refrigeration (TR)which is equivalent to the heat extracted in
24 hours for converting thousands kg of liquid to ice at zero degree.
The compressor is the heart of the AC system and the costliest. It
increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant gas
coming from the evaporator coils by compressing it.
Compressor comes in various types. The most widely used is simple
reciprocal type a cylinder and piston arrangement. For capacity
more than 120 TR, centrifugal compressors are used.
The condenser liquefies the refrigerant gas by a heat exchange
process.
The capillary tube or the expansion valvepressurizes liquid refrigerant
and meters its flows to the evaporator.
The refrigerant then passes trough theevaporator coils, which
extract heat out of the ambience.

Computer Unit:
It deals with additional services of the exchange to the customers with
the help of computers.

As the name specified it is the main part of the exchange that deals
with the all services provided by the exchange to the customers with the
help of computer.
It also provides the updated data to all other part of the exchange.

The customers are using the services of the exchange by using the
internet also gets connected to the main server present in this room via
an internet room.
It mainly consists of the servers that are providing the different
services.
The main servers of this room are:IVRS is used for the change number services provided by the exchange.
CERS are provided by the exchange to avoid the problems that the users
are facing in repairing of telephone. In this system when the user enters its
complained it gets directly entered to the server and user is allotted with an id
number.
LOCAL DIRECTORY ENQUIRY is another services provided by the
exchange, by using this; subscribers calls the particular number and gets
the directory enquiry. The server present in the main computer room provides this
service.
INTERNET DIRECTORY ENQUIRY is the latest service by the exchange.
In this type of service makes enquiry using the internet, which gets
connected to the main server at the internet room in the exchange and further
to the main server in the computer room.

PART-II

EXCHANGE:
All new technology switching systems are based on Stored Program
Control concept.
The call processing programs are distributed over different control
organs of the system and are stored in ROM / RAM of different control
units.
Processor in the control units by using the programs and data stored in
unit ROM / RAM process and handle calls.
Handling or processing call means to ultimately establish a connection
in a switch between incoming line and outgoing line.
Depending on the name and architecture of control units and switch
may change but criterion for switching remains more or less the same.

There are two types telephone exchange. They are:

1. Manual exchange
2. Automatic exchange
1. Manual exchange:
With manual service, the customer lifts the receiver off-hook and asks
the operator to connect the call to a requested number. Provided that the
number is in the same central office, the operator connects the call by
plugging into the jack on the switchboard corresponding to the called
customer's line. If the call is to another central office, the operator plugs
into the trunk for the other office and asks the operator answering
(known as the "inward" operator) to connect the call.
In these exchanges there are two types of switch boards used:
a. Cordless type switch board:
It is used for small Private Exchange, where number of telephone
lines is less than 12.
b. Cord type switch board:
It is used when number of telephone lines exceeds 12 telephone
lines.

2. Automatic exchange:
All telephone subscribers are served by automatic exchanges.

Todays automatic exchanges use a pair of computers.

One, running the program that provides services.

Second, monitoring the operation of the first, ready to take over in a
few seconds in the event of equipment failure.
There are two types of Automatic exchanges:

1. Electromechanical Switching system:

I) Strowger Type Switching system
II) Crossbar Type Switching system
2. Electronic Switching system:
Various exchanges present in BSNL are: C-DOT, OCB, EWSD etc.
I) Strowger Type Switching system:
Almon B. Strowger was an undertaker in Kansas city, USA, the
story goes that there was a competing undertaker locally whose
wife was an operator at the local telephone exchange.
Whenever a caller asked to be put through to Strowger, calls
were deliberately put through to his competitor. This obviously
frustrated Strowger greatly & he set about developing a system
for doing away with the human part of the equation!
Strowger developed a system of automatic switching using an
electromechanical switch based around electromagnets & pawls.
With the help of his nephew (W.S. Strowger) he produced a
working model in 1888.in this selector, a moving wiper (with
contacts on the end) moved up to & around a bank of many
other contacts, making connection with any one of them.
II) Crossbar Type Switching system:
A crossbar switch is one of the principle architecture used to
construct switches of many types. Crossbar switches are some
times referred to as cross point switches. The other principle

switch architectures are that of memory switches or crossover

switch(banyan switch).
A CB exchange was divided into an originating side and a
terminating side when a user picked up their handset, the
resulting line loop operating the users line relay caused the
exchange to connect the users telephone to an originating
sender, which returns the user a dial tone. The sender then
recorded the dialed digits and passed them to the originating
marker,which selected an outgoing trunk & operated the various
crossbar switches stages to connect the calling user to it .

C DOT Exchange
Control Department Of Telematics (C-DOT) exchange was designed
by Mr.Shyam Petroda of Gujarat (The scientific advisor in the ministry
of Mrs. Indira Gandhi) to suit the Indian climatic conditions.
The exchange works satisfactorily up to 35 degree Celsius.
Exchange layout:
The exchange can be divided into the following rooms.
1. Switch Room
2. Operation and Maintenance Room (OMC)
3. Input Output Processor Room (IOP)
4. Main Distribution Frame (MDF)
5. Power Plant Room
6. Battery Room

C-DOTs various equipment:

1. C DOT Card Assembly:
Cards are used for connection & control of subscriber lines &
inserted in the rack of C DOT telephone exchange in their
respective places.
In C DOT exchange ,mainly 3 kinds of cards are used :
1. CLR (Control Line Rack) Cards group
2. CNR (Connection Network Rack) Cards group
3. SPL (Special Line Cards) Cards group
2. Card Frames:

From written material

3. Racks:

From written material

4. Cabinets :
1. Base Module cabinet
2. Central Module Cabinet
3. Input Output Cabinet

Basic building modules of C-DOT DSS MAX

(Diagram given in written material)
1. Base module(BM)
2. Central module(CM)
3. Administrative module(AM)
4. I/O Module (IOM)
Base Module
It interfaces the external world to the switch throw subscriber lines like
analog & digital trunks, CCM (coin collect metering) & PBX lines.
Each BM can interface up to 2024 terminations.
It carries out majority of call processing functions along with
maintenance & operation functions with the help of IOM.
In Single Base Module (SBM) exchange configuration, the BM acts as
independent switch system & provide connections to 1500 lines &128
trunks. In such configuration, BM directly interfaces with IOM for bulk
data storage, operations & maintenance functions.
Clock& synchronization is provided is provided by the source within BM.
Central module
Consists of message switching space to provide inter module
communication & perform voice & data switching btw BMs. It also
provides clock & synchronization on a centralized basis.
Administrative module

Performs system level resource allocation & processing function on a

centralized basis.
It performs all the memory & time intensive call processing support
functions & also administration & maintenance functions.
It communicates with the BM via the CM.
It supports the IOM for providing man machine interface.
It also supports the Alarm Display Panel (ADP) for the audio visual
indication of faults in the system.
Input / Output module
It is a powerful duplex computer system that interfaces various
secondary storage devices like disk drives, cartridge, tape drive & floppy
drive.
It supports printers & up to 8 serial ports for video display units, which
are used for man machine communication interface.
All the bulk data processing & storage is done in this module.
Remote Switch Unit (RSU)
RSU is an integral part of DSS architecture.
In order to realize a RSU, the normal BM can be modified for
communication with the host exchange via 2Mbps digital links .No. Of 2
Mbps links btw main exchange & RSU is primarily determined by the
traffic.
A max 16 PCMs can be provided btw RSU & main exchange.
Analog & digital trunk interfaces are also implemented in RSU to support
direct parenting of small exchange from RSU itself instead of parenting it
to the main exchange.
As far as call processing is concerned, RSU is an autonomous exchange
capable of local call completion.

In the event of failure of PCM links RSU goes to standalone mode of

operation .in case ,it is not possible to process a call request due to
unavailability of links to the host ,the subscriber is connected to
appropriate tone or announcement.
Common Channel Signaling # 7 (CCS#7)
It is implemented in CDOT DSS to provide value added services in
network e.g. intelligent network services, ISDN services .ISDN services
are the most widely used carriers to transport the bulk volume of data.
With the increasing use of internet access , the use of ISDN interface is
likely to go up as it has to provide reliable access to the user at
64/128kbps.It integrates computer on telephone on single access.
Redundancy
To meet the stringent availability CDOT DSS employs hot standby
techniques for all processor complexes so that event of the failure of any
one security block not more than 8 subscribers will be affected.
Hardware crosslink planned in such a way that even failure 2 dissimilar
processors do not affect the system performance. In the event of failure
of 1 unit, other units will share its load preventing the disruption of
services.
Time Switch Unit
Alarm Display Panel
Power Supply Arrangement
Cabling

C-DOT Software Architecture

C-DOT Real Time Operating Subsystem (CDOS)
Peripheral Processor Subsystem
Call Processing Subsystem
Maintenance Subsystem
Administrative Subsystem

Data Base Subsystem

Input Output Processor Subsystem

Facilities Provided By C-DOT

From Written material

OCB-283 Exchange
OCB-283 is digital switching system which supports a variety of
communication needs like basic telephony, ISDN, etc.
This system has been developed by CIT ALCATELof France and
therefore has many similarities to its predecessor E-10B (also known as
OCB-181 in France).
It is a digital switching with single T stage switch.
A maximum of 2048 PCMs can be connected.
It supports both analog and digital subscribers.
It supports all the existing signaling systems, like decadic, MF (R2), CAS
and also CCITT#7 signaling system.
It provides telephony, ISDN, Data communication, cellular radio, and
other value added services.
The system has automatic recovery feature. When a serious fault
occurs in a control unit, it gives a message to SMM. The SMM puts this
unit out of service and loads the software of this unit in a back up unit
and brings it into service. Diagnostic programs run on the faulty unit and
the diagnostics is printed on a terminal.
It has a double remote facility. Subscriber access unit can be placed at a
remote place and connected to the main exchange through PCM links.
Further, line concentrators can also be placed at a remote location and
connected to the CSNL or CSND through PCMs.

Various units of OCB 283 system are connected over token rings. This
enables fast exchange of information and avoids complicated links and
wiring between various units.
The charge accounts of subscribers are automatically saved in the disc,
once in a day. This avoids loss of revenue in case of battery failure.
The traffic handling capacity of the system is huge.
The exchange can be managed either locally or from an NMC through
64 kb/s link.
All the control units are implemented on the same type of hardware.
This is called a station.
The system is made up of only 35 types of cards. This excludes the
cards required for CSN. Due to this, the number of spare cards to be kept
for maintenance is drastically reduced.
The system has modular structure. The expansion can be very easily
carried out by adding necessary hardware and software.
The SMMs are duplicated with one active other standby. In case of
faults, switch over takes place automatically.
The hard disc is very small in size, compact and maintenance free. It
has a very huge memory capacity of 1.2 Giga bytes.
The space requirement is very small.
There is no fixed or rigid rack and suite configuration in the system.

FACILITY PROVIDED BY OCB-283:

Facilities to analogue subscribers:
A line can be made only outgoing or incoming.
Immediate hot line facility- The subscriber is connected to another
predetermined subscriber on lifting the handset without dialing any
number.

Delayed hot line facility-When subscriber lifts the handset, dial tone is
provided he can dial any number. If he does not dial a number, within a
predetermined time, he is connected to predetermined number.
Abbreviated dialing-The subscriber can record a short code and its
corresponding full number in the memory. Later he dial this number, he
has to only dial short code.
Call forwarding-When activated, incoming calls to the subscriber gets
transferred to the number mentioned by the subscriber while activating
the facility.
Conference between four subscribers-Two subscribers while in conversation
can include two more subscribers by pressing button and dialing their
numbers.
Call waiting indication-When a subscriber is engaged in conversation and if
he gets an incoming call, an indication is given in the form of tone.
Hearing this, the subscriber has option, either to hold the subscriber in
conversation and attend the waiting call or to disconnect this subscriber
and attend the waiting call.
Automatic call back on busy-If this facility is activated and if the called
subscriber is found busy, the calling subscriber simply replaces the
receiver. The system keeps watch on the called subscriber and when it
becomes free, a ring is given to both the subscribers. On lifting they can
talk to each other.
Priority line-Calls from this line are processed and put through even
when the number of free channels is within a threshold.
Malicious call identification-In this category, the number of calling
subscriber is printed on the terminal
Battery reversal-The system extends battery reversal when called
subscriber answers.
Detailed billing-The system provides detailed bills giving details of date,
time, etc.
Absent subscriber service-When activated, the incoming calls are diverted
to absent subscriber service for suitable instructions or information.

Facilities to digital subscribers:

Digital subscribers are provided all the facilities available to analog
subscribers. In addition, they are provided additional facilities which are
called ISDN services.
An ISDN subscriber can use many electronic devices on its telephone
line and can utilize them for two or more simultaneous calls of either
Voice or Data or Video.
2B+D LINE- 2 Voice Channel of 64kbps and 1 Data Channel of 16kbps It
provides 64kb/s digital connectivity between two subscribers for data
communication.
30 B+D LINE- 30 Voice Channel of 64kbps and 1 Data Channel of 64kbps
The system provides facsimile services.
It provides videotext services.
It provides display of calling subscriber number on called subscribers
telephone.
It also provides the facility for restriction of the display of calling
subscriber number on the called subscribers terminal.
Charging advice - The system is capable of providing charging advice
either in real time or at the end of the call.
User to user signaling - The system permits transfer to mini messages
between calling and called subscribers during call set up and ringing
phase.
Terminal portability during the call - A subscriber can unplug terminal, carry
it to some other place or room and resume the call within 3 minutes.
TIME SWITCH CONCEPT:
The time switch comprises of a Speech Buffer Memory, A Control Memory, An
Incoming Highway Of Digital Speech In Parallel Bits and An Outgoing Highway.

This is an Input Associated Controlled Time Switch. In this switch the

Buffer Memory and Control Memory are controlled write type i.e. the
writing in it is controlled. The control function writes in the control
memory at the location corresponding to the Incoming Time Slot Number,
the location where it should be written in the Buffer Memory. Both these
memories are sequential read type. Reading of control memory gives the
address in the Buffer Memory for writing Incoming TS Byte. Thus reading
of Buffer Memory sequentially the TS will be read from the location given
by the Control Memory. Thus a one way Time switching has taken place.
Similarly a both way switching requires two sets of such switches.
DUPLICATED SWITCHING:
The switching is done in OCB-283 in two fully duplicated branches
simultaneously. For this purpose from each connection units the LR links
originate in two parallel branches towards two parallel sets of switching
matrices called SMX A and SMX B. The branches of such network are
called A and B branches. Also the receive side LR links come from both
the SMXs A & B and are terminated on the respective connection units.
The duplicated branches of switching have been designed to provide high
reliability switching path for such diverse purposes as data switching,
video conference, ISDN applications etc.
With the duplicated paths of switching if there is error in one path the
other path which is good can be used continuous without interrupting the
call in progress.
SAB FUNCTION:
The connection units have their internal duplicated hardware which is
called Control Logic, which work in Pilot / Reserve arrangements. Also
they have non duplicated hardware such as subscriber cards and PCM
termination cards. The duplicated LRs originate from a function in
connection units called SAB-Selection and Amplification Of Branches. Its
role is to generate two sets of LRs in trans-direction with calculation of
parity etc. In receive direction it gets data from both the branches which
it checks for parity and compares to detect any error in the two branches.
In case of error the samples from only the good branch are taken after
automatic testing of the quality of transmission of both the branches by
the common control and the faulty branch is withdrawn from the service.
The connection units lr links are formed into group of 8 LRs at the factory
into cables with both ends terminated with plugs for the convenience of
installation. Such groups of LRs are called GLR.
COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALLING NO.7:

The latest signaling being implemented world wide is now the Common
Channel Signaling. This type of signaling is essential for the setting up of
the ISDN network.
In this type of signaling, the signaling information is sent from one
exchange to other exchange in the form of message coded in binary
which is understandable by the intelligent devices available in both
exchange. The CCITT organization has recommended a standard protocol
called CCITT signaling.
The signaling message travels over a single Time Slot of the PCM
connecting the two exchanges. This Time Slot is called Common Channel
for signaling, hence the name Common Channel Signaling. The message
over this common channel carries all relevant data for any other time
slots circuits which carry voice or subscriber data. The channels for
subscribers are called Voice Channels. Signaling is often referred to as the
Glue, which holds a network together. It provides the ability to transfer
information between subscribers, within networks and between
subscribers and networks. Without signaling, networks are inert. By
providing effective signaling systems, a network is transformed into a
tremendously powerful medium through which subscribers can
communicate with each other using a range of telecommunications
services.

Introduction

Aim of Data Communication and Networking is to facilitate the exchange of data such as audio, text or video between
various points in the world. This transfer of data takes place over the computer network over which the data travels
smoothly. For the delivery of data or information with the ease of accuracy various types of Switching Techniques are
employed in the Data Communication and Networking. Here in this post brief description of various types of Switching
Techniques including Packet Switching, Message Switching and Circuit Switching techniques is given.

Switching
A network consists of many switching devices. In order to connect multiple devices, one solution could be to have a
point to point connection in between pair of devices. But this increases the number of connection. The other solution
could be to have a central device and connect every device to each other via the central device which is generally
known as Star Topology. Both these methods are wasteful and impractical for very large network. The other topology
also can not be used at this stage. Hence a better solution for this situation is SWITCHING. A switched network is
made up of a series of interconnected nodes called switches.
Types of Switching Techniques

There are basically three types of switching methods are made available. Out of three methods, circuit switching and
packet switching are commonly used but the message switching has been opposed out in the general communication
procedure but is still used in the networking application.
1) Circuit Switching
2) Packet Switching
3) Message Switching
Circuit Switching
Circuit Switching is generally used in the public networks. It come into existence for handling voice traffic in addition to
digital data. How ever digital data handling by the use of circuit switching methods are proved to be inefficient. The
network for Circuit Switching is shown in figure.

Circuit Switching Network

Here the network connection allows the electrical current and the associated voice with it to flow in between
the two respective users. The end to end communication was established during the duration of call.

In circuit switching the routing decision is made when the path is set up across the given network. After the
link has been sets in between the sender and the receiver then the information is forwarded continuously over the
provided link.

In Circuit Switching a dedicated link/path is established across the sender and the receiver which is
maintained for the entire duration of conversation.
Packet Switching
In Packet Switching, messages are broken up into packets and each of which includes a header

with source,

destination and intermediate node address information. Individual Packets in packet switching technique take different
routes to reach their respective destination. Independent routing of packets is done in this case for following reasons:
1.

Bandwidth is reduces by the splitting of data onto different routes for a busy circuit.

2.

For a certain link in the network, the link goes down during transmission the the remaining packet can be
sent through the another route.

Packet Switching Network

The major advantage of Packet switching is that they they are used for performing data rate conversion.

When traversing the network switches, routers or the other network nodes then the packets are buffered in
the queue, resulting in variable delay and throughput depending on the networks capacity and the traffic load on
network.

Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching, a method which
sets up a limited number of dedicated connections of constant bit rate and constant delay between nodes for exclusive
use during the communication session.

In cases where traffic fees are charged, for example in cellular communication, packet switching is
characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted.
Message Switching
In case of Message Switching it is not necessary to established a dedicated path in between any two communication
devices. Here each message is treated as an independent unit and includes its own destination source address by its
own. Each complete message is then transmitted from one device to another through internetwork.

Message Switching Data Network

Each intermediate device receive the message and store it until the nest device is ready to receive it and
then this message is forwarded to the next device. For this reason a message switching network is sometimes called
as Store and Forward Switching.

Message switches can be programmed with the information about the most efficient route as well as
information regarding to the near switches that can be used for forwarding the present message to their required
destination.

The storing and Forwarding introduces the concept of delay. For this reasons this switching is not
recommended for real time applications like voice and video.