Section 13-1: Balancing Theoretical and Actual Reactions

13-1-1 [OMT] Methane is burned with the theoretical amount of air during a combustion
process. Assuming complete combustion, determine the air-fuel ratio on (a) mass basis, (b) mole
basis and (c) volume basis.[Unrestricted Solutions]
Answers: (a) 17.17, (b) 9.52, (c) 9.52

Anim. 13-1-1

13-1-2 [OMD] Acetylene (C2H2) is burned with the stoichiometric amount of air during a
combustion process.Assuming complete combustion, determine (a) the air-fuel ratio on a mass
basis and (b) the air-fuel ratio on a mole basis. (c) What-if Scenario: What would the air to fuel
ratio be if propane (C3H6) were burned instead of acetylene?[Solutions]

13-1-3 [OMY] For a theoretical (stoichiometric) hydrogen-air reaction at 200 kPa, find (a) the
fuel-to-air mass ratio, (b) the mass of fuel per unit mass of reactants, (c) the partial pressure of
water vapor in the products. Assume products temperature to be high enough for all H2O to be in
vapor form. (d) What-if Scenario: What is the minimum temperature of the products to ensure
that water stays as vapor in the products.

Anim. 13-1-3
13-1-4 [OMF] One kmol of octane (C8H18) is burned with air that contains 21 kmol of O2.
Assuming the products contain only 1.CO2, 2.H2O, 3.O2 and 4.N2, determine the (a) mole number
of each gas in the products 1,2,3, and 4 and (b) the air-fuel ratio for this combustion process.
[Solutions]

13-1-5 [OMM] Ethane (C2H6) is burned with 30% excess air during a combustion process.
Assuming complete combustion and a total pressure of 100 kPa, determine (a) the air-fuel ratio
and (b) the dew point temperature of the products. (c) What-if Scenario: What would the air to
fuel ratio be if methane were burned instead of ethane?[Solutions]

Anim. 13-1-5

13-1-6 [OMJ] One kmol of ethane (C2H6) is burned with an unknown amount of air. If the
combustion is assumed complete and there are 2 kmol of free O2 in the products, determine (a)
the percent theoretical air used, (b) the excess air used (in percent), (c) the equivalence ratio.

13-1-7 [OJO] Octane, C8H18, is burned with 150% theoretical air, determine the (a) molar
analysis of the products of combustion and (b) the dew point of the products if the pressure is 0.1
MPa.

13-1-8 [OMW] Octane, C8H18, is burned with theoretical amount of air at 500 kPa. Determine (a)
the air fuel ratio on a mole basis, (b) the air fuel ratio on a mass basis, (c) If the products are
cooled at a constant pressure of 500 kPa, at what temperature will dew start to form? (d) Suppose
the products are cooled below the dew point temperature so that all the water from the products
are removed (neglect any vapor which may still be present at very low amount). What would be
the volume fraction of CO2 in the dry products? If you have a smog test report of your gasoline
burning car at hand, compare the CO2 amount (in percent).

13-1-9 [OJR] Determine the air-fuel ratio for hydrogen burning with (a) 50% excess air and (b)
50% deficient air.[Solutions]

13-1-10 [OJB] Determine the air-fuel ratio on a mass basis for the complete combustion of
octane, C8H18, with (a) the theoretical amount of air. (b) What-if Scenario: What would the
theoretical amount of air be if complete combustion occurred in 120% theoretical air (20%
excess air)?[Solutions]

13-1-11 [OJS] A fuel mixture with the molar analysis 75% CH4, 15% CO, 5% O2 and 5% N2
burns completely with 10% excess air in a reactor operating at steady state. If the molar flow rate
of fuel is 0.2 kmol/h, determine the molar flow rate of air in kmol/h.[Solutions]

13-1-12 [OJA] A coal sample has a mass analysis of 76.39% carbon, 4.2% hydrogen (H2), 5.32%
oxygen (O2), 1.63% nitrogen (N2), 1.5% sulfur and the rest is ash. For complete combustion with
120% of the theoretical air, determine the air-fuel ratio on a mass basis.[Solutions]

13-1-13 [OJH] Methane, CH4, is burned with dry air. The molar analysis of the products on a dry
basis is CO2, 8%; CO, 1%; O2, 3%; and N2, 77.11%. Determine (a) the air fuel ratio on both a
molar and a mass basis, and (b) the percent theoretical air.[Solutions]

13-1-14 [OJN] A natural gas has the following molar analysis: CH4, 81.62%; C2H6, 4.41%; C3H8,
1.85%; C4H10, 1.62%, N2, 10.50%. The gas is burned with dry air, giving products having a molar
analysis on a dry basis: CO2, 8.8%; CO, 0.2%; O2, 6%; N2, 85 %. Determine (a) the air fuel ratio
on a molar basis.[Solutions]

13-1-15 [OJE] One kmol of ethane, C2H6, is burned with unknown amount of air during a
combustion process. An analysis of the combustion products reveals that the combustion is
complete, and there are 3 kmol of free O2 in the products. Determine (a) the air fuel ratio and (b)
the percentage of theoretical air used during the process.[Solutions]

13-1-16 [OJI] Coal from Kentucky, has the following analysis on a dry basis, percent by mass :
S, 0.8%; H2, 5.4%; C, 80.1%; O2, 9.5%; N2, 1.2%; Ash, 3% . This coal is burned with 40%
excess air. Determine the (a) air-fuel ratio on a mass basis. (b) What-if Scenario: What would the
air to fuel ratio be if the coal were burned with theoretical amount of air?[Solutions]

13-1-17 [OJL] Coal with a mass analysis of 79% carbon, 5% sulfur and 17% noncombustible ash
burns completely with 110% of theoretical air. Determine (a) the amount of SO2 produced, in kg
per kg of coal

13-1-18 [OJG] Diesel (Dodecane) is burned with air at an air-fuel ratio of 30 kg of air/kg fuel.
Determine the percent of theoretical air used.[Solutions]

13-1-19 [OJZ] Octane (C8H18 in gaseous form) is burned with dry air. The volumetric analysis of
the products on a dry basis is 8.86% CO2, 0.662% CO, 7.51% O2 and 82.978% N2. Determine (a)
the air-fuel ratio and (b) the percentage of stoichiometric air used. If the initial pressure and
temperature of the fuel air mixture are 100 kPa, 25oC, determine (c) the final pressure if the
combustion chamber is an insulated closed tank and the amount of fuel is 1 kmol.

13-1-20 [OJK] Analysis of the dry exhaust products from a burner which uses natural gas and air
reads 5% O2 and 9% CO2. Find the excess air used in this burner.

13-1-21 [OJP] One kmol of ethane (C2H6) is burned with an unknown amount of air. If the
combustion is assumed complete and there are 2 kmol of free O2 in the products, determine (a)

the percent theoretical air () used, (b) the excess air used (in percent), and (c) the equivalence
ratio ().

13-1-22 [OJU] Producer gas from bituminous coal has the following analysis on molar basis :
CH4, 3%; H, 14%; N2, 50.9%; O2, 0.6%; CO, 27%; CO2, 4.5%. It is burned with 30% excess
air.Determine (a) the air-fuel ratio on mass basis .

13-1-23 [OJX] A fuel mixture having a molar analysis of 70% CH4, 20% CO, 5% O2 and 5% N2
burns completely with 130% of theoretical air. Determine (a) the air-fuel ratio on a mass and (b)
mole basis.[Solutions]

13-1-24 [OJC] Octane (C8H18) is burned with dry air. The volumetric analysis of the products on
a dry basis is 10.02% CO2, 0.88% CO, 5.62% O2 and 83.48% N2. Determine (a) the air-fuel ratio
and (b) the percentage of theoretical air used.[Solutions]

13-1-25 [OJT] A fuel mixture having a molar analysis of 65% CH4, 25% C2H6, 10% N2 is
supplied to a furnace where it burns completely with 120% of theoretical air. Determine (a) the
air-fuel ratio on a mass basis. (b) What-if Scenario: What would the air to fuel ratio be if the fuel
had 25% of C2H4 instead of C2H6?

13-1-26 [OJV] A dry analysis of products in the combustion of coal yields 9.7% CO2, 0.5% CO,
2.95% O2 and the rest N2 by volume. (a) Determine the percent theoretical air () used in the
reaction and (b) the equivalent ratio ().

13-1-27 [OJQ] Carbon is burned with dry air. The volumetric analysis of the products produces
10.06 percent CO2, 0.42 percent CO, and 10.69 percent O2 (and the rest N2). Determine (a) the
air-fuel ratio on a mass basis, (b) the percentage of theoretical air () used in the reaction, and (b)
the equivalent ratio ().

13-1-28 [OJY] Octane (C8H18) is burned with theoretical amount of air at a pressure of 500 kPa.
Determine (a) the air fuel ratio on a mole basis, (b) the air fuel ratio on a mass basis, (c) If the
products are cooled at a constant pressure of 100 kPa, at what temperature will dew start to
form? (d) Suppose the products are cooled way below the dew point temperature so that all the
water from the products are removed (neglect any vapor which may still be present at very low
amount). What would be the volume fraction of CO2 in the dry products? (e) If you have a smog
test report of your gasoline burning car at hand, compare the CO2 level of your analysis with the
actual smog test result and discuss your finding.
Section 13-2: Open Systems Analysis

13-2-1 [OJF] (a) Explain why the enthalpy of formation of CO2 in MJ/kmol is the same as the
heating value of carbon in MJ/kmol. (b) Express these quantities in the unit of MJ/kg.

13-2-2 [OJD] In a combustion chamber, propane (C3H8) is burned at a rate of 5 kg/h with air
enters at a rate of 140 kg/h. Determine (a) the percent of excess air used, if the reactants enter at
25oC, also determine (b) the adiabatic flame temperature. Assume the products to be perfect gas
mixture with cp= 1.005 kJ/kg.K, ideal gas mixture.[Solutions]

13-2-3 [OJM] Calculate the higher heating value of methane (CH4) at (a) 298 K, and (b) 500 K.

Anim. 13-2-3

13-2-4 [OJW] In an adiabatic combustion chamber, methane (CH4) is burned at a rate of 1 kg/s
with 1 kg/s of oxygen with both the fuel and oxidizer entering the chamber separately at 100 kPa
and 300 K. Determine (a) the temperature of the products and (b) the rate of entropy generation.
[Solutions]

13-2-5 [OJJ] Hydrogen (H2) at 10oC is burned with 30% excess air that is also at 10oC during an
adiabatic steady flow combustion process. Assuming complete combustion, (a) determine the
exit temperature of the product gases using the PG mixture model with a uniform value of cp=
1.005 kJ/kg.K. (b) What-if Scenario: What would the exit temperature be if the IG mixture
model were used?[Solutions]

13-2-6 [OWB] Methane gas at 350 K and 1 atm enters a combustion chamber, where it is mixed
with air entering at 550 K and 1 atm. The products of combustion exit at 1500 K and 1 atm with
the product analysis given. For an operation at steady state, neglecting KE an PE, determine (a)
the rate of heat transfer from the combustion chamber in kJ per kmol of fuel. Use the IG mixture

model. (b) What-if Scenario: What would the rate of heat transfer be if the PG mixture model
were used?[Solutions]

13-2-7 [OWR] Diesel fuel is burned with 25% excess air in a steady-state combustor. Both fuel
and air enters at 77oF the products leave at 800oR. Assuming complete combustion, determine (a)
the mass flow rate necessary to supply a heating rate of 2000 Btu/s, (b) the change in entropy per
lbm of fuel. Assume the pressure remains constant at 14.7 psia.[Solutions]

Anim. 13-2-7

13-2-8 [OWO] Gasoline enters a combustion chamber at 1 atm, 298 K at a rate of 0.09 kg/min
where it burns steadily and completely with 70% excess air that enters the chamber at 1 atm, 200
K. If the exit temperature of the combustion products is 800 K, determine (a) the mass flow rate
of air and (b) the rate of heat transfer. Use the IG mixture model for gases. Represent gasoline by
liquid octane. (c) What-if Scenario: What would the rate of heat transfer be if the excess air used
were only 20%?[Solutions]

13-2-9 [OWS] Determine the adiabatic flame temperaturefor octane (C8H18) burning with 20%
excess air. The inlet conditions are 100 kPa, and 298 K. Use the IG model.

13-2-10 [OWA] Benzene gas (C6H6) at 25oC is burned during a steady flow combustion process
with 90% theoretical air that enters the combustion chamber at 25oC. All the hydrogen in the fuel
burns to H2O, but part of the carbon burns to CO. If the products leave at 1500 K, determine (a)

the mole fraction of the CO in the products(in percent) and (b) the heat transfer from the
combustion chamber during this process.[Solutions]

13-2-11 [OWH] Methane (CH4) enters a furnace at 100 kPa and 300 K. It is burned with 25%
excess air that also enters at 300 K and 100 kPa. Assuming the exhaust temperature to be 500 K
and and the heat transfer load to be 20 kW, determine (a) fuel consumption rate in kg/h. (b)
What-if Scenario: What would the fuel consumption rate be if theoretical amount of air were
used? Assume complete combustion and the IG model for gas mixtures.

13-2-12 [OWL] Methane (CH4) enters a steady flow adiabatic combustion chamber at 100 kPa
and 25oC. It is burned with 100% excess air that also enters at 25oC and 100 kPa. Assuming
complete combustion, determine (a) the temperature of the products, (b) the entropy generation
and (c) the reversible work. Assume that T0= 298 K and the products leave the combustion
chamber at 100 kPa.[Solutions]

13-2-13 [OWI] Liquid octane (C8H18) enters the combustion chamber of a gas turbine steadily at
100 kPa, 25oC, and it is burned with air that enters the combustion chamber at the same state.
Disregarding any changes in KE and PE, determine the adiabatic flame temperature for (a)
complete combustion with 100% theoretical air and (b) complete combustion with 200%
theoretical air. (c) What-if Scenario: What would the answer in part (a) be for incomplete
combustion where some CO were produced with 80% theoretical air?[Solutions]

13-2-14 [OWN] Methane gas at 450 K and 100 kPa enters a combustion chamber, where it burns
steady and completely with theoretical amount of air entering at 500 K and 100 kPa. The
products of combustion gas exit at 1900 K and 100 kPa. For operation at steady state, neglecting

the KE an PE, determine (a) the rate of heat transfer from the combustion chamber in kJ per
kmol of fuel.[Solutions]

13-2-15 [OWE] Ethene (C2H4) at 25oC and 1 atm is burned with 300% excess air at 25oC and 1
atm. Assuming that this reaction takes place reversibly at 25oC and that the products leave at
25oC and 1 atm. (a) Determine the reversible work for this process per kg of fuel. Use the IG
mixture model. (b) What-if Scenario: What would the reversiblework be if the PG mixture model
were used?[Solutions]

13-2-16 [OWK] Consider the same combustion process as in above problem 13-2-15 [OWE], but
let it takes place adiabatically. Assume that each constituent in the product is at 1 atm and at the
adiabatic flame temperature. The temperature of the surrounding is 25oC. Determine the
irreversibility of the adiabatic combustion process per kg of fuel.[Solutions]

13-2-17 [OWG] Ethene (C2H4) at 25oC and 1 atm is burned with 300% excess air at 25oC and 1
atm. Assuming that this reaction takes place adiabatically at 25oC and that the products leave at
at 25oC and 1 atm. Determine the irreversibility of the process per kg of fuel. Use the PG mixture
model. Assume cp to be uniform at 1.005 kg/kJ.K.[Solutions]

13-2-18 [OWZ] Liquid octane enters an internal combustion engine operating at steady state
with a mass flow rate of .0018 kg/s and is mixed with the theoretical amount of air. The fuel and
air enter the engine at 25oC, 100 kPa. The mixture burns completely and the products leave the
engine at 600oC. The engine develops a power output of 30 horsepower. Neglecting KE and PE,
determine (a) the rate of heat transfer from the engine. (b) What-if Scenario: What would the rate
of heattransfer be if the PG mixture model were used?[Solutions]

13-2-19 [OWP] Octane (C8H18) at 24oC and 100 kPa enters well insulated reactor and reacts at
the same temperature and pressure. For steady state operation and negligible effects of KE and
PE, determine the temperature of the combustion products for the complete combustion with (a)
theoretical amount of air and (b) 300% theoretical air.[Solutions]

13-2-20 [OWU] Ethylene (C2H4) enters an adiabatic combustion chamber at 25oC, 1 atm and is
burned with 40% excess air that enters at 25oC, 1 atm. The combustion is complete, and the
products leave the combustion chamber at 1 atm. Assuming T0= 25oC, determine (a) the
temperature of the products, (b) the entropy generation and (c) the irreversibility.[Solutions]

13-2-21 [OWX] Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of gaseous methane, in kJ per kg of fuel,
(a) at 25oC, 100 kPa with water vapor in the products, (b) at 25oC, 100 kPa with liquid water in
the products. (c) What-if Scenario: What would the enthalpy in part (a) be at 850 K, 1 atm?
[Solutions]

13-2-22 [OWC] Liquid propane (C3H8) enters a combustion chamber at 25oC, 100 kPa at a rate
of 0.5 kg/min where it is mixed and burned with 150% theoretical air which enters at 10oC. Only
90% of C is converted to CO2, the rest to CO while the hydrogen burns completely into H2O. The
products leave at 1000 K and 100 kPa. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of air, (b) the rate of
heat transfer and (c) the rate of entropy generation assuming the surroundings to be at 300 K.
[Solutions]

13-2-23 [OWV] Ethylene burns with 50% excess air, both entering at 25oC, 100 kPa and the
product exiting at the same temperature and pressure. Determine (a) the lower heating value, (b)
the higher heating value and (c) the heat transfer per kmol of fuel without assuming complete
vapor or complete liquid in the product.[Solutions]

13-2-24 [OWQ] Propane burns with theoretical amount air, both entering at 25oC, 100 kPa and
the product exiting at the same temperature and pressure. Determine (a) the lower heating value
and (b) the higher heating value. (c) What-if Scenario: What would the lower heating value be if
liquid propane were used?[Solutions]

13-2-25 [OWT] Octane gas (C8H18) at 25oC is burned steadily with 50% excess air at 25oC, 100
kPa and 40% relative humidity. Assuming combustion is complete and the products leave the
combustion chamber at 800 K, determine (a) the heat transfer for this process. (b) What-if
Scenario: What would the heat transfer be if hexane (C4H14) were used?[Solutions]

13-2-26 [OWY] Liquid octane (C8H18) enters an internal combustion engine operating at steady
state with a mass flow rate of 0.002 kg/s and is mixed with 10% excess air. Fuel and air enter the
engine at 25oC, 1 atm and the products leave the engine at 500 K. The engine develops a power
output of 40 kW. (a) Assuming complete combustion and neglecting KE and PE effects,
determine the rate of heat transfer from the engine. Use the PG mixture model. (b) What-if
Scenario: What would the rate of heat transfer be if the IG mixture model were used?[Solutions]

13-2-27 [OWF] Liquid octane (C8H18) enters an internal combustion engine operating at steady
state with a mass flow rate of 0.002 kg/s and is mixed with 20% excess air. Fuel and air enter the
engine at 25oC, 1 atm and the products leave the engine at 500 K. The engine develops a power

output of 35 kW. Assuming complete combustion and neglecting KE and PE effects, determine
the rate of heat transfer from the engine. Use the IG mixture model.[Solutions]

13-2-28 [OWD] Repeat problem 13-2-27 [OWF] for 10% excess air. (b) What-if Scenario: What
would the answer be if the reactor pressure were 50 atm?[Solutions]

13-2-29 [OWM] Repeat problem 13-2-27 [OWF] for 10% deficient air.[Solutions]

Section 13-3: Closed Systems Analysis

13-3-1 [OWJ] A rigid tank contains a mixture of 1 lbm of methane gas and 5 lbm of O2 at 77oF
and 25 psia. Upon ignition, the content of the tank burns completely. If the final temperature is
1500oR, determine (a) the final pressure in the tank and (b) the amount of heat transfer during the
process.[Solutions]

Anim. 13-3-1

13-3-2 [OWW] A 10 m3 insulated rigid tank contains a mixture of 1 kmol of Octane (liquid) and
the theoretical amount of air at 25oC. The contents are ignited and the mixture burns completely.
Determine the final temperature and pressure. Assume the products to be (a) a perfect gas
mixture with a cp of 1.005 and (b) an ideal gas mixture.[Solutions]

13-3-3 [BRR] A mixture of 1 kmol of gaseous methane and 2 kmol of oxygen initially at 298 K
and 100 kPa burns completely in a closed, rigid container. Heat transfer occurs until the products
are cooled to 1000 K. If the reactants and the products each form ideal gaseous mixtures,
determine (a) the amount of heat transfer and (b) the final pressure. (c) What-if Scenario: What
would the final pressure be if the heat transfer occurred until the products were cooled to 800 K?
[Solutions]

13-3-4 [BRS] A constant-volume tank contains 1 kmol of methane (CH4) gas and 4 kmol of O2 at
25oC and 100 kPa. The contents of the tank are ignited, and the methane gas burns completely. If
the final temperature is 700oC, determine (a) the final pressure in the tank and (b) the heat
transfer during this process[Solutions]

13-3-5 [BRO] Ethane (C2H6) is burned with 200% theoretical air at 500 kPa. Assuming complete
combustion at constant pressure, determine (a) the air-fuel ratio and (b) the dew point
temperature of the products.[Solutions]

TEST Solution

Manual Solution

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Anim. 13-3-5

13-3-6 [BRB] A closed combustion chamber is designed so that it maintains a constant pressure
of 120 kPa during the combustion process. The combustion chamber has an initial volume of 0.6
m3 and contains a stoichiometric mixture of octane (C8H18) gas and air at 25oC. The mixture is
now ignited, and the product gases are observed to be at 900 K at the end of the combustion
process. Assuming complete combustion, and treating both the reactants and the products as
ideal gases, determine (a) the heat transfer from the combustion chamber during this process. (b)
What-if Scenario: What would the heat transfer from the combustion chamber be if the initial
volume were 0.8 m3?[Solutions]

13-3-7 [BRA] A constant volume tank contains a mixture of 1 kmol of benzene (C6H6) gas and
20% excess air at 25oC and 1 atm. The contents of the tank are now ignited, and all hydrogen in
the fuel burns to H2O but only 93% of the carbon burns to CO2, the remaining 7% forming CO.If
the final temperature in the tank is 1000 K, determine (a) the heat transfer from the combustion
chamber during this process. Use the IG mixture model. (b) What-if Scenario: What would the
heat transferfrom the combustion chamber be if the PG mixture model were used?[Solutions]

13-3-8 [BRH] A constant volume tank contains a mixture of 150 g of methane (CH4) gas and 750
g air at 25oC, 150 kPa. The contents of the tank are now ignited, and the methane gas burns
completely. If the final temperature in the tank is 1100 K, determine (a) the final pressure in the
tank and (b) the heat transfer during this process.[Solutions]

13-3-9 [BRN] One kmol of gaseous ethene (C2H4) and 4 kmol of oxygen at 25oC react in a
constant volume bomb. Heat is transferred until the products are cooled to 800 K.Determine (a)

the amount of heat transfer from the system. (b) What-if Scenario: What would the amount of
heat transfer be if ethene reacted with 3 kmol of oxygen?[Solutions]

TEST Solution

Manual Solution

13-3-10 [BRE] An adiabatic constant volume tank contains a mixture of 1 kmol of hydrogen (H2)
gas and the stoichiometric amount of air at 25oC and 1 atm. The contents of the tank are now
ignited. Assuming complete combustion, determine (a) the final temperature and (b) pressure in
the tank. Use the PG mixture model. (c) What-if Scenario: What would the finaltemperature and
pressure be if the IG mixture model were used?[Solutions]

13-3-11 [BRI] Consider the same combustion process as in 13-2-15 [OWE] , but assume that the
reactants consists of a mixture at 1 atm, 25oC and that the product also consist of a mixture at 1
atm, 25oC. Determine (a) the work that would be done if this combustion process took place
reversibly and in pressure and temperature equilibrium with the surroundings.[Solutions]

TEST Solution

Manual Solution

General Instruction: Launch

the following daemon in a separate tab or, if linked from the left margin,
right here by clicking the daemon icon. The TEST-code (if shown below) describes the flow of
logic (how to evaluate states, devices, and/or processes by entering the known properties). If you
are interested in a what-if study, you can jump start the TEST solution by copying the TEST-code
onto the I/O panel of the daemon and clicking the Load button. Once the solution is reproduced,
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insight into the thermodynamic behavior of the working substance.
Daemon Path:

Home>Daemons>closed>Steady>Specific>Combustion >Premixed>IG Model

#-----------Start of TEST Code--States {

State-1: Reactants > mixture
Given:
{ p1= 1 atm; T1=
State-2: Products > mixture;
Given:
{ p2= "p1" kPa; T
}
Analysis {
Device-A: i-State = State-1;
Given: { T_B= 25.0 deg-C; S
}

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