Steady-State Flow of Gas Through Pipes

Oil and Gas Pipeline Design,
Maintenance and Repair

Dr. Abdel-Alim Hashem
Professor of Petroleum Engineering
Mining, Petroleum & Metallurgical Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering Cairo University
aelsayed@mail.eng.cu.edu.eg
ahshem2000@yahoo.com
Part 2: Steady-State Flow of Gas

through Pipes
PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair
INTRODUCTION
Pipes provide an economic means of
producing and transporting fluids in large
volumes over great distances
The flow of gases through piping systems
involves flow in horizontal, inclined, and
vertical orientations, and through
constrictions such as chokes for flow
control
ENERGY OF FLOW OF A FLUID
BERNOULLI'S EQUATION
V A2
PB V B2
ZA +
+
+Hp = ZB +
+
+ hf
2g
2g
PA
P
V
Z
Hp
hf
= the pressure
= the velocity
= the height
= the equivalent head added to the fluid by a
compressor at A
= represents the total frictional pressure loss
between points A and B.
VELOCITY OF GAS IN A PIPELINE

Q =VA
M 1 =q 1 1 = M 2 = q 2 2
V 1 1 = V 1
q1 = V 1 A1
M 1 = q 1 1 = q 2 2 = q b b
P1

q1 = q b b
1
1 =
=Z1RT1
Pb
b =
Zb RTb
P1
Z1RT1
Pb T1 Z1
q1 = q b
Tb P1 Zb

Pb T1
q1 = qb Z 1 since Zb = 1.0
Tb P1
qb Z1 Pb T1 4x 144qb Z1 Pb T1
V1 =
=

A Tb P1
d 2
Tb P1
qb Pb Z1T1
V 1 = 0.002122 2
(USCS )
d Tb P1
V1
qb
d
Pb
Tb
P1
T1
= upstream gas velocity, ft/s

= gas flow rate, measured at standard conditions, ft3/day
= pipe inside diameter, in.
= base pressure, psia
= base temperature, R (460 + F)
= upstream pressure, psia
= upstream gas temperature, R(460 + F)
(SCFD)

Gas velocity at section 2 is given by
qb Pb Z2 T2
V 2 = 0.002122 2
d Tb P2
Gas velocity at any point in a pipeline is given by

V = 0.002122
V = 14.739
qb Pb ZT
(USCS )
2
d Tb P
qb Pb ZT
(SI )
2
d Tb P
EROSIONAL VELOCITY
V max =
100
Vmax = maximum or erosional velocity, ft/s

= gas density at flowing temperature, lb/ft3
V max = 100
Z
R
T
g
P
ZRT
29 g P
= compressibility factor of gas, dimensionless

= gas constant = 10.73 ft3 psia/lb-moleR
= gas temperature, oR
= gas gravity (air = 1.00)
= gas pressure, psia
Example 1
A gas pipeline, NPS 20 with 0.500 in. wall
thickness, transports natural gas (specific gravity
= 0.6) at a flow rate of 250 MMSCFD at an inlet
temperature of 60F. Assuming isothermal flow,
calculate the velocity of gas at the inlet and
outlet of the pipe if the inlet pressure is 1000
psig and the outlet pressure is 850 psig. The
base pressure and base temperature are 14.7
psia and 60F, respectively. Assume
compressibility factor Z = 1.00. What is the
erosional velocity for this pipeline based on the
above data and a compressibility factor Z = 0.90?
Solution
For compressibility factor Z = 1.00, the velocity of gas at
the inlet pressure of 1000 psig is
250x 105 14.7 60+460
V 1 = 0.002122
= 21.29 ft/s
2
19.0 60+460 1014.7
Gas velocity at the outlet is

1014.7
V 2 = 21.29
= 24.89 ft/s
864.7
The erosional velocity is found for Z = 0.90,

V max = 100
0.9x 1014.7 x 250

= 53.33 ft/s
29x 0.6x 1014.7
REYNOLDS NUMBER OF FLOW
V d
Re =
Re
V
d
(USCS )
= Reynolds number, dimensionless

= average velocity of gas in pipe, ft/s
= inside diameter of pipe, ft
= gas density, lb/ft3
= gas viscosity, lb/ft-s
REYNOLDS NUMBER OF FLOW
V d
Re =
(USCS )
USCS or SI
Re = Reynolds number, dimensionless
V = average velocity of gas in pipe, ft/s or m/s
d = inside diameter of pipe, ft or m
= gas density, lb/ft3 or kg/m3
= gas viscosity, lb/ft.s or kg/m.s

REYNOLDS NUMBER OF FLOW IN

CUSTOMARY UNITS
Pb
R e = 0.0004778
Tb
Pb
Tb
g
q
d
gq
(USCS )
d

= base temperature, R (460 + F)
= specific gravity of gas (air = 1.0)
= gas flow rate, standard ft3/day (SCFD)
= gas viscosity, lb/ft.s
REYNOLDS NUMBER OF FLOW IN

CUSTOMARY UNITS
Pb
R e = 0.5134
Tb
Pb
Tb
g
q
d
gq
(SI )
d
= base pressure, kPa

= base temperature, K (273 + C)
= specific gravity of gas (air = 1.0)
= gas flow rate, standard m3/day (SCFD)
= pipe inside diameter, mm
= gas viscosity, Poise
Flow Regime
Re 2000
2000 > Re 4000
Re > 4000
Laminar flow,
Critical flow
Turbulent flow
Example
A natural gas pipeline, NPS 20 with 0.500
in. wall thickness, transports 100
MMSCFD. The specific gravity of gas is
0.6 and viscosity is 0.000008 lb/ft.s.
Calculate the value of the Reynolds
number of flow. Assume the base
temperature and base pressure are 60F
and 14.7 psia, respectively.
Solution
Pipe inside diameter = 20 - 2 x 0.5 = 19.0 in.
The base temperature = 60 + 460 = 520 R
Using Equation we get
6
14.7 0.6x 100x 10
R e = 0.0004778
= 5,331, 726
520 0.000008x 19
Since Re is greater than 4000, the flow is in the turbulent

region.
FRICTION FACTOR
fd
ff =
4
ff = Fanning friction factor
fd = Darcy friction factor
For laminar flow
64
f =
Re
FRICTION FACTOR FOR TURBULENT

FLOW
INTERNAL ROUGHNESS
Type of pipe
e, in
Drawn tubing (brass, lead, glass)
0.00006
Aluminum pipe
0.0002
Plastic-lined or sand blasted
0.0002-0.0003
Commercial steel or wrought iron
0.0018
Asphalted cast iron
0.0048
Galvanized iron
0.006
Cast iron
0.0102
Cement-lined
0.012-0.12
Riveted steel
0.036-0.36
PVC, drawn tubing, glass
0.000059
Concrete
0.0118-0.118
Wrought iron
0.0018
Commonly used well tubing and line pipe:
New pipe
0.0005-0.0007
12-months old
0.00150
24-months old
0.00175
e,mm
0.001524
0.000508
0.00508-0.00762
0.04572
0.1292
0.01524
0.25908
0.3048-3.048
0.9144-9.144
0.0015
0.3-3.0
0.045
0.0127-.01778
0.381
0.04445
TRANSMISSION FACTOR
The transmission factor F is related to the
friction factor f as follows
2
F=
f
4
f = 2
F
Relative Roughness
e
Relative roughness =
d
e = absolute or internal roughness of pipe, in.
d = pipe inside diameter, in.
FLOW EQUATIONS FOR HIGH

PRESSURE SYSTEM
General Flow equation

Colebrook-White equation
Modified Colebrook-White equation
AGA equation
Weymouth equation
Panhandle A equation
Panhandle B equation
IGT equation
Spitzglass equation
Mueller equation
Fritzsche equation
GENERAL FLOW EQUATION (USCS)

Tb
q sc = 77.54
Pb
qsc
f
Pb
Tb
P1
P2
g
Tav
L
Zav
d
P1 P d
g Z avT av fL
2
2
2
0.5
(USCS )
= gas flow rate, measured at standard conditions, ft3/day (SCFD)

= friction factor, dimensionless
= base temperature, R( 460 + F)
= downstream pressure, psia
= average gas flowing temperature, R (460 + F)
= pipe segment length, mi
= gas compressibility factor at the flowing temperature, dimensionless
Steady flow in a gas pipeline
GENERAL FLOW EQUATION (SI)

q sc
P1 2 P22 d 5
T
= 1.1494 x 10 3 b
Pb g Z av T av f L
qsc
f
Pb
Tb
P1
P2
g
Tav
L
Zav
d
0.5
(S I )
= gas flow rate, measured at standard conditions, m3/day

= base temperature, K (273 + C)
= upstream pressure, kPa
= downstream pressure, kPa
= average gas flowing temperature, K (273 + C)
= pipe segment length, km
General flow equation in terms of the

transmission factor F
Tb
q sc = 38.77 F
Pb
P1 P d
g Z avT av L
2
2
2
0.5
(USCS )
2
F=
f
P1 P d
g Z av T av L
= transmission factor
Tb
q sc = 5.747 x 10 F
Pb
4
2
2
0.5
(SI )
EFFECT OF PIPE ELEVATIONS

(
0.5
P1 e P d
(USCS )
g Z avT av Le
0.5
s
2
2
5
T b ( P1 e P2 ) d
4
(SI )
q sc = 5.747 x 10 F
Pb g Z av T av Le
s
T
q sc = 38.77 F b
Pb
2
2
(e - 1)
Le =
L
s
s = (0.0375) g ( z)/(Zav Tav ) (USCS)

s = (0.0684) g (z)/(Zav Tav ) (SI)
s
Z
e
= elevation adjustment parameter, dimensionless

= elevation difference
= base of natural logarithms (e = 2.718...)
Gas flow through different elevations
(e s1 1)
e s1 (e s 2 1)
e s1 +s 2 (e s 3 1)
e
Le =
L1 +
L2 +
L 3 + ....... +
s1
s2
s3
s n 1
(e s n 1)
Ln
sn
si 0
(es - 1)
j=
s
Le = j 1L1 + j 2 L 2e s1 + j 3 L 3e s 3 + ....... + j n L n e s n 1
si 0
AVERAGE PRESSURE IN PIPE

SEGMENT
P1P2
2
Pav = P1 + P2 +
P1 + P2
3
Or
2 P13 P23
Pav = 2
3 P1 P22
COLEBROOK-WHITE EQUATION
A relationship between the friction factor and the Reynolds
number, pipe roughness, and inside diameter of pipe.
Generally 3 to 4 iterations are sufficient to converge on a
reasonably good value of the friction factor
2.51
1
= 2 log e
+
3.7d R f
f
Turbulent flow

f = friction factor, dimensionless

d = pipe inside diameter, in.
e = absolute pipe roughness, in.
Re = Reynolds number of flow, dimensionless
COLEBROOK-WHITE EQUATION
2.51
1
= 2 log
R f
f
e
1
= 2 log e
3.7d
f
Turbulent flow in smooth pipe
turbulent flow in fully rough pipes
Example
A natural gas pipeline, NPS 20 with 0.500
in. wall thickness, transports 200
MMSCFD. The specific gravity of gas is
0.6 and viscosity is 0.000008 lb/ft-s.
Calculate the friction factor using the
Colebrook equation. Assume absolute
pipe roughness = 600 in.
Solution
Pipe inside diameter

= 20 - 2 x 0.5 = 19.0 in.
Absolute pipe roughness
= 600 ~ in. = 0.0006 in.
First, we calculate the Reynolds number
Re = 0.0004778(14.7/(60+460))x(( 0.6 x 200 x 106)
/(0.000008x 19)) = 10,663,452
This equation will be solved by successive iteration.
Assume f = 0.01 initially; substituting above, we get a
better approximation as f = 0.0101. Repeating the
iteration, we get the final value as f = 0.0101. Therefore,
the friction factor is 0.0101.
MODIFIED COLEBROOK-WHITE
EQUATION
2.825
1
e
= 2 log
+
R f
d
3.7
f
turbulent flow

1.4125F
e
F = 2 log
+
3.7
d
Re
with transmission factor
AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION

(AGA) EQUATION
3.7d
F = 4 log
Von Karman, for rough pipe
e
Re
F = 4D f log
Von Karman, smooth pipe
1.412Ft
Df known as the pipe drag factor depend on bend index,

Its value ranges from 0.90 to 0.99
Ft = Von Karman smooth pipe transmission factor
Re
Ft = 4 log
Ft
0.6
Bend Index
Bend index is the sum of all the angles and bends in the pipe
segment, divided by the total length of the pipe section under
consideration
BI =
total degrees of all bends in pipe section

total length of pipe section
Material
Bend Index
Extremely Low
5 to 10
Average
60 to 80
Extremely High
200 to 300
Bare steel
0.975-0.973
0.960-0.956
0.930-0.900
Plastic lined
0.979-0.976
0.964-0.960
0.936-0.910
Pig burnished
0.982-0.980
0.968-0.965
0.944-0.920
Sand blasted
0.985-0.983
0.976-0.970
0.951-0.930
WEYMOUTH EQUATION
Tb
q sc = 38.77 E
Pb
qsc
f
Pb
Tb
P1
P2
g
Tav
Le
Zav
d
P1 e P d
g Z avT av Le
2
2
2
16 / 3
0.5
(USCS )
= gas flow rate, measured at standard conditions, ft3/day (SCFD)

F = 11.18d 1/ 6 (USCS )
= base temperature, R(460 + F)
= downstream pressure, psia
= average gas flowing temperature, R (460 + F)
= equivalent pipe segment length, mi
WEYMOUTH EQUATION
Tb
q sc = 3.7435x 10 xE
Pb
3
qsc
f
Pb
Tb
P1
P2
g
Tav
Le
Zav
d
P1 e P d
g Z avT av Le
2
2
2
16 / 3
0.5
(SI )
= gas flow rate, measured at standard conditions,m3/day

1/ 6
F
=
6.521
d
(SI )
= base temperature, K(273 + C)
= upstream pressure, kPa
= downstream pressure, kPa
= average gas flowing temperature, K (272 + C)
= equivalent pipe segment length, km
PANHANDLE A EQUATION
1.0788
Tb
q sc = 435.87 E
Pb
1.0788
Tb
3
q sc = 4.5965x 10 E
Pb
E
P1 e P
0.8539
g xT av xLe xZ
2
2
0.5394
d 2.6182
P1 e P
0.8539
g xT av xLe xZ
2
2
(USCS )
0.5394
d 2.6182
(SI )
= pipeline efficiency, a decimal value less than 1.0
Transmission Factor
q g
F = 7.2111E
d
q g
F = 11.85E
0.07305
(USCS )
0.07305
(SI )
PANHANDLE B EQUATION
1.02
Tb
q sc = 737 E
Pb
1.02
Tb
q sc = 1.002x 10 E
Pb
2
P1 e P
0.961
g xT av xLe xZ
2
2
0.51
d 2.53
P1 e P
0.961
g xT av xLe xZ
2
2
(USCS )
0.51
d 2.53
(SI )
= pipeline efficiency, a decimal value less than 1.0

Transmission Factor
q g
F = 16.7 E
d
q g
F = 19.08E
0.01961
(USCS )
0.01961
(SI )
INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY

(IGT) EQUATION
Tb
q sc = 136.9E
Pb
2
2
0.555
d 2.667
(USCS )
Tb
q sc = 1.2822x 10 E
Pb
3
P1 e P
0.8
0.2
g xT av xLe xZx
s
P1 e P
0.8
0.2
xT
xL
xZx
av
e
g
2
2
2
0.555
d 2.667
(SI )
= gas viscosity, Poise

SPITZGLASS EQUATION
Low Pressure
0.5
P
e
P
T
1
2
3
d 2.5
q sc = 3.839x 10 E b
Pb g xT av xLe xZ av (1 + 3.6 / d + 0.03d )
(USCS )
Pressure less than or equal 1.0 psi
0.5
P
e
P
T
1
2
2
d 2.5
q sc = 5.69x 10 E b
(SI )
Pressure less than or equal 6.9 kPa

SPITZGLASS EQUATION
High Pressure
0.5
P1 e s P2
Tb
d 2.5
q sc = 729.608E
(USCS )
Pressure more than 1.0 psi
0.5
P
e
P2
Tb
1
2
d 2.5
q sc = 1.0815x 10 E
(SI )
Pressure more than 6.9 kPa
MUELLER EQUATION
Tb
q sc = 85.7368E
Pb
P1 e P
0.7391
0.2609
g xT av xLe x
2
2
0.575
d 2.725
(USCS )
2
2
s
P
e
P
T
1
2
q sc = 3.0398x 102 xE b 0.7391

0.2609
Pb g xT av xLe x
0.575
d 2.725
(SI )
= gas viscosity, cP
FRITZSCHE EQUATION
Tb
q sc = 410.1688E
Pb
Tb
q sc = 2.827 E
Pb
P1 e P
0.8587
g xT av xLe
2
2
P1 e P
0.8587
g xT av xLe
2
2
2
0.538
d 2.69
(USCS )
0.538
d 2.69
(SI )
EFFECT OF PIPE ROUGHNESS
COMPARISON OF FLOW
EQUATIONS
COMPARISON OF FLOW
EQUATIONS
Flow Characteristics of LowPressure Services

total pressure drop in service, in H O
2
ft / hr =
'
( K p ) / ( L + Lef )
3
Kp
'
L
Lef
0.54
= pipe constant
= sp gr of gas
= sp gr 0.60
= length of service, ft
= equivalent length of fittings given below
Values of Kp
Pipe size and type
Kp
3/4-in CTS copper
1.622 x 10-6
1-in ID plastic
0.279 x 10-6
1-in CTS copper
0.383 x 10-6
1-in CTS copper
0.124 x 10-6
1-in NS steel
0.080 x 10-6
1-in NS steel
0.037 x 10-6
Equivalent lengths of pipe fittings
Fitting
1-in or 1-in Curb cock for copper service
1-in curb cock for 1-in steel service
1-in curb cock for 1-in steel service
1-in street elbow for 1-in steel service
1-in street elbow for 1--in steel service
1-in street tee for 1-in steel service
1-in street tee on sleeve or 1-in hole in main
1 x 1 x 1-in street tee
1 x 1 x 1-in street tee
Combined outlet fittings
-in copper
1-in copper or plastic
1-in steel
1-in steel
Equivalent length, ft
3.5
13.5
12.0
7.5
7.5
10.5
15.0
23.0
19.0
2.0
6.0
8.0
22.0
Equivalent lengths of pipe fittings
Flowing Temperature in (Horizontal])

Pipelines
T Lx
T s + C 4 / C 2 (C 1C 5 ) / (C 2 (C 2 + C 3 ) ) C 1C 2 /C 3 C + C L C (C + C L )
3 x
5 x
=
4
+ 5 1
C 2 /C 3
C2
C 2 (C 2 + C 3 )
(C 1 + C 2 L x )
C 1 = z v 1c p L + (1 z v 1 ) c p
C2 = k / m
C 3 = ( z v 2 z v 1 ) (c pL c pv ) / L
C4 =
z z
k d 0
P1 P2
v v
z v 1c pL dL + (1 z v 1 ) c pv dv + v 2 v 1 Q + 2 1 v 1 + gh / L
T1
L
L
L
m
z v 2 z v 1 )( P1 P2 )
(
v 2 v 1
C5 =
c
c
+
+
pv dv
2
pL dL
L
Flowing Temperature in (Horizontal])

Pipelines
zv
P
L
v
cp
d
m
Q
k
g
h
do
Ts
= mole fraction of vapor (gas) in the gas-liquid flowstream

= pressure, lbf/ft2
= pipeline length, ft
= fluid velocity, ft/sec
= fluid specific heat at constant pressure, Btu/lbm.F
= Joule-Thomson coefficient, ft2.F/lbf
= mass flow rate, lbm/sec
= phase-transition heat, Btu/lbm
= thermal conductivity, Btu/ft.sec.f
= gravitational acceleration, equal to 32.17 ft/sec2
= elevation difference between the inlet and outlet, ft
= outside pipe diameter, ft
= temperature of the soil or surroundings, of
SUMMARY OF PRESSURE DROP

EQUATIONS
Equation
General Flow
ColebrookWhite
Modified
ColebrookWhite
AGA
Application
Fundamental flow equation using friction or
transmission factor; used with Colebrook-White
friction factor or AGA transmission factor
Friction factor calculated for pipe roughness and
Reynolds number;
most popular equation for general gas transmission
pipelines
Modified equation based on U.S. Bureau of Mines
experiments; gives higher pressure drop compared to
original Colebrook equation
Transmission factor calculated for partially turbulent
and fully turbulent flow considering roughness, bend
index, and Reynolds number
SUMMARY OF PRESSURE DROP

EQUATIONS
Equation
Panhandle A
Panhandle B
Weymouth
IGT
Application
Panhandle equations do not consider pipe roughness;
instead. an efficiency factor is used; less
conservative than Colebrook or AGA
Does not consider pipe roughness; uses an efficiency
factor used for high-pressure gas gathering systems;
most conservative equation that gives highest
pressure drop for given flow rate
Does not consider pipe roughness; uses an efficiency
factor used on gas distribution piping
PIPELINE WITH INTERMEDIATE

INJECTIONS AND DELIVERIES
A pipeline in which gas enters at the beginning
of the pipeline and the same volume exits at the
end of the pipeline is a pipeline with no
intermediate injection or deliveries
When portions of the inlet volume are delivered
at various points along the pipeline and the
remaining volume is delivered at the end of the
pipeline, we call this system a pipeline with
intermediate delivery points.


Pipe AB has a certain volume, Q1, flowing through it.

At point B, another pipeline, CB, brings in additional volumes
resulting in a volume of (Q1 + Q2) flowing through section BD.
At D, a branch pipe, DE, delivers a volume of Q3 to a customer
location, E.
The remaining volume (Q1 + Q2 - Q3) flows from D to F through pipe
segment DF to a customer location at F.
SERIES PIPING
Segment 1 - diameter d1 and length Le1

Le = Le 1 + Le 2 + Le 3
SERIES PIPING
CL
Psq = 5
d
Psq = difference in the square of pressures (P12 - P22) for
the pipe segment
C = constant
L = pipe length
d = pipe inside diameter
SERIES PIPING
CL1 CLe 2
= 5
5
d1
d2
d1
Le 3 = L3
d3
Le 2
d1
= L2
d2
d1
d1
Le = L1 + L 2 + L3
d2
d3
PARALLEL PIPING
Q = Q1 + Q2
where
Q
= inlet flow at A
Q1
= flow through pipe branch BCE
Q2
= flow through pipe branch BDE
PARALLEL PIPING
(P
2
B
2
E
K 1L1Q12
=
d 15
0.5
Q1 L 2 d 1
=
Q 2 L1 d 2
(P
2
B
2
E
K 2 L 2Q 22
=
5
d2
2.5
where
K1, K2 = a parameter that depends on gas properties,
gas temperature, etc.
L1 , L2 = length of pipe branch BCE, BDE
d1, d2 = inside diameter of pipe branch BCE, BDE
Q1 , Q2 = flow rate through pipe branch BCE, BDE
PARALLEL PIPING
PB2 PE2
2
1
K e LeQ
=
d e5
2
2
LeQ
L1Q
L 2Q
=
=
5
5
d1
d2
d e5
K 1L1Q12 K 2 L 2Q 22 K e LeQ 2
=
=
5
5
d1
d2
d e5
1 + const
1
d e = d 1
const 1
2 1/ 5
d 1 L1
const 1 =
d 2 L2
Q1 = Q const1/(1 + const1 )
LOCATING PIPE LOOP
Different looping scenarios

Summary
This part introduced the various methods of calculating the
pressure drop in a pipeline transporting gas and gas mixtures.
The more commonly used equations for pressure drop vs. flow
rate and pipe size
The effect of elevation changes and the concepts of the
Reynolds number, friction factor, and transmission factor were
introduced.
The importance of the Moody diagram and how to calculate the
friction factor for laminar and turbulent flow were explained.
Comparison of the more commonly used pressure drop
equations, such as AGA, Colebrook-White, Weymouth, and
Panhandle equations.
The use of a pipeline efficiency in comparing various equations
The average velocity of gas flow and the limiting value of
erosional velocity was discussed.
Summary
Several piping configurations, such as pipes in series,
pipes in parallel, and gas pipelines with injections and
deliveries
The concepts of equivalent length in series piping and
equivalent diameter in pipe loops were explained and
illustrated using example problems.
The hydraulic pressure gradient and the need for
intermediate compressor stations to transport given
volumes of gas without exceeding allowable pipeline
pressures were also covered.
The importance of temperature variation in gas pipelines
and how it is taken into account in calculating pipeline
pressures were introduced with reference to commercial
hydraulic simulation models..

Steady-State Flow of Gas Through Pipes

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Steady-State Flow of Gas Through Pipes

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Oil and Gas Pipeline Design,

Maintenance and Repair

Part 2: Steady-State Flow of Gas

ENERGY OF FLOW OF A FLUID

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

VELOCITY OF GAS IN A PIPELINE

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

VELOCITY OF GAS IN A PIPELINE

= upstream gas velocity, ft/s

VELOCITY OF GAS IN A PIPELINE

Gas velocity at any point in a pipeline is given by

Vmax = maximum or erosional velocity, ft/s

= compressibility factor of gas, dimensionless

Gas velocity at the outlet is

The erosional velocity is found for Z = 0.90,

0.9x 1014.7 x 250

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

REYNOLDS NUMBER OF FLOW

= Reynolds number, dimensionless

REYNOLDS NUMBER OF FLOW

= gas viscosity, lb/ft.s or kg/m.s

REYNOLDS NUMBER OF FLOW IN

= base pressure, psia

REYNOLDS NUMBER OF FLOW IN

= base pressure, kPa

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

Since Re is greater than 4000, the flow is in the turbulent

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

FRICTION FACTOR FOR TURBULENT

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

FLOW EQUATIONS FOR HIGH

General Flow equation

GENERAL FLOW EQUATION (USCS)

= gas flow rate, measured at standard conditions, ft3/day (SCFD)

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

Steady flow in a gas pipeline

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

GENERAL FLOW EQUATION (SI)

= gas flow rate, measured at standard conditions, m3/day

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

General flow equation in terms of the

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

EFFECT OF PIPE ELEVATIONS

s = (0.0375) g ( z)/(Zav Tav ) (USCS)

= elevation adjustment parameter, dimensionless

Gas flow through different elevations

AVERAGE PRESSURE IN PIPE

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

f = friction factor, dimensionless

Turbulent flow in smooth pipe

turbulent flow in fully rough pipes

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

Pipe inside diameter

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

with transmission factor

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION

Df known as the pipe drag factor depend on bend index,

PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair

total degrees of all bends in pipe section