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OBJECTIVE:
To study the extraction of benzoic acid from toluene (dispersed phase) by water(continuous phase) in a
packed bed.
AIM:
To determine overall mass transfer coefficient based on continuous phase (water),K wa.
To determine overall mass transfer coefficient based on dispersed phase (toluene),K ta.
To determine overall Height of Transfer Unit based on continuous phase (water),HTU ow & based on
dispersed phase (toluene), HTUot
To determine Individual Height of Transfer Unit based on continuous phase (water), HTU w and dispersed
phase (toluene), HTUt
INTRODUCTION:
Liquid extraction, sometimes called solvent extraction, is the separation of the constituents of a liquid solution by
contact with another insoluble liquid. If the substances constituting the original solution distribute themselves
differently between the two liquid phases, a certain degree of separation will results, and this can be enhanced by use
of multiple contacts or their equivalent in the manner of gas absorption and distillation.
THEORY:
Towers filled with some random packing (say rasching rings) are widely used for extraction of valuable chemicals
from dilute solutions by liquid-liquid extraction. The packing provides a larger extract area for mass transfer and also
reduces the axial mixing to some extent.
The extraction rate in such columns depends on:
Choice of either continuous or dispersed phase
Packing and column variables
Velocity of the liquid phases in the tower
The tower performance is generally based on extraction rate data and evaluated in terms of overall height of transfer
unit, based on continuous phase, HTUow and the extraction factor expressed in terms of flow rate ratios of the liquid
phases, mVw/Vt These two variables are plotted against each other on Cartesian co-ordinates. As suggested by
Colburn, the slope and intercept of such a plot would represent the resistance of the individual films as:
OVER ALL HEIGHT OF TRANSFER UNIT:
mVw
1
Vt
Vt
mVW
Rate of mass transfer from dispersed phase to the continuous phase is defined as:
C w* 1 C w1 C w* 2 C w 2
N
K w aV
*
*
ln C w1 C w1 / C w 2 C w 2
C1 C 2
N
K w aV
ln C1 / C 2
The capacity coefficient based on continuous phase (water), Kwa, is thus defined as:
KW a
3
V CW ln
C w ln
C w1 C w 2
C w1
C w2
ln
Where,
Similarly, the capacity coefficient based on dispersed phase (toluene), Kta, is defined as:
Kt a
4
V C t ln
As per Chilton and Colburn, the over all height of transfer unit based on continuous phase (water), HTU ow is defined
as:
HTU ow
Vw
5
K wa
And the over all height of transfer unit based on dispersed phase (toluene), HTUot is defined as:
HTU ot
Vt
6
Kt a
DESCRIPTION:
The set up consists of two feed tank. In this system two different liquids are used in which the one is heavier (water)
which is used as solvent and the other is lighter in which the solute is present (toluene). The heavier liquid is inserted
from the top and the lighter from the bottom. The interface maintained in the column between the lighter phase and the
heavier phase at the top of the column can be adjust up or down as necessary by regulating the arrangement provided
at the water stream leaving the column. Flow rate of both the liquids is measured by the rotameters provided. The
samples are taken from the top for lighter liquid and bottom for heavier liquid.
UTILITIES REQUIRED:
1. Compressed Air Supply @ 0.5 CFM at 2 Bar,.
2. Drain required.
3. Laboratory Glassware.
4. Weighing Balance (least count + 1 gm)
5. CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
Toluene
20 L
Benzoic acid
488 gm
Distilled water
20 L
500 ml
500 ml
Phenolphthalein as indicator = 10 ml
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare a mixture of Toluene and Benzoic Acid as a feed mixture, with the concentration of Benzoic Acid
488gm in 20Ltrs (i.e. N/5).
2. Fill the column with the continuous phase (water).
3. Allow the dispersed phase (toluene + benzoic acid) to enter from the bottom of the column at some minimum
flow rate.
4. Adjust the Rotameter readings for Continuous and dispersed phase to same values.
5. The interface between the lighter phase and the heavier phase at the top of the column must be worked up or
down as necessary by adjusting the sliding arrangement provided in the water stream leaving the column. The
position of the interface is to be maintained at about 1 inch above the point of introduction of the heavier
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
0.045 m
0.75 m
= ----------------(for Water)
Ct, g mole/L
0.0000
0.0080
0.0336
0.0673
0.08811
0.12015
0.14097
0.17301
Cw
H 0.2015 1.4273C t 4.3672C t2
CT
And
C w 0.0745C t 0.0019
Or slope of the equilibrium line can be assumed to be constant at
dC w
0.0745
dC t
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No.
Qt, LPH
Qw, LPH
V1, ml
VTT, ml
VTB, ml
CALCULATION:
A) CONCENTRATION OF BENZOIC ACID IN TOLUENE:
1) At bottom: (feed concentration)
N1
N TB VTB
______________ gmol / L
V1
Ct1= CF = N1 g mole/L
2) Similarly At Top:
N1
N TT VTT
______________ gmol / L
V1
Ct2= N1 g mole/L
A1 C t1 C t 2 Qt ______________ gmol / h
B) CONCENTRATION OF BENZOIC ACID IN WATER:
1) At Top:
Cw2= 0
N1
N W BVW B
______________ gmol / L
V1
Cw1 = N1 g mole/L
A2 C w1 C w 2 Q w ______________ gmol / h
N A1 A2
______________ gmol / h
VWB, ml
At bottom:
Cw
Ct
H1
atCt Ct 1
C t1 C t1 C w1 / H 1 ______________ gmol / L
At Top:
Cw
Ct
H2
atCt C t 2
C t 2 C t 2 C w 2 / H 2 ______________ gmol / L
C t ln
V
C t 2 C t1
______________ gmol / L
ln C t 2 / C t1
2
DC Z ______________ ml
4
Kt a
N /
______________
V C t ln
C w1 H 1C t1 C w1 ______________ gmol / L
C w 2 H 2 C t 2 C w 2 ______________ gmol / L
C w ln
K wa
AC
C w 2 C wt 1
______________ gmol / L
ln C w2 / C w1
N /
______________
V C w ln
2
DC ______________ m 2
4
Vw
Qw
______________ m / h
AC
HTU ow
Vw
______________ m
KW a
Vt
Qt
______________ m / h
AC
Vt
______________ m
Kt a
HTU ot
Vw
Vt
Plot the graph (HTU)ow vs.
Dc=
Column diameter, m
H=
HTUw =
Kt a
N/
N1
Normality of sample
NTT,NTB =
NWB
Qt
Qw
V1
Volume of sample, ml
VTT
VTB
VWB
Vt
Vw
Packed height, m
TROUBLESHOOTING:
1. If any type of suspended particles are come in the Rotameter. Remove the Rotameter clean the tube and fit
that at its place.
2. If there is any leakage tight that part or remove that and refix that again after wrapping Teflon tape.
3. If Rotameter fluctuating more than average tight control knob of it.
REFERENCES:
1. Coulson & Richardsons, Chemical EngineeringVol-2, 4th ed, Asian Books Pvt. Ltd, ND, 1998, Page 519520, 584-591.
2. Binay K.Dutta, Principles of Mass Transfer and Separation Processes, Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd., ND,
2007, Page 128-132, 455-456.