Flow

-area Ducts
Flow in
in Constant
Constant-area
Ducts with
with
Friction
Friction
(Flow of Compressible Gases)

Typical Applications

Fields
Fields &
& Applications
Applications
( Power plants
( Air craft propulsion engines
Microsoft
owerPoint Presentatio

Microsoft
owerPoint Presentatio

( Transport of fluids in chemical

Microsoft
owerPoint Presentatio

process plants
( Transport of natural gas in long pipe
lines
Microsoft
owerPoint Presentatio

Now
..
Now
..

ll consider the friction alone;

( we
well
( i.e. FRICTION of the Duct is the MAIN
factor to change fluid properties

Ducts
Ducts
Short

heat transfer
Adiabatic Flow

Long

heat transfer
Isothermal Flow


Flow is
Flow
is Considered
Considered Adiabatic
Adiabatic
If the DUCT is

Short OR

Insulated

Adiabatic
Adiabatic Flow
Flow

(preliminary
(preliminary considerations)
considerations)

Assumptions:
-D flow
( 11-D
( Ws = 0

steady

P.E. = 0
P.E.

Q=0
A = const.

Governing
Governing Equations
Equations
V2
h+
= ho
2

(Energy Equation:
(Continuity Equation:
(State Equation:

m
& = VA V =

m
&
=G
A

s = s (h, )

(Energy & Continuity Lead to:

G2
h = ho - 2
2

Then,
Then, Fanno
Fanno Line
Line Equations
Equations are:
are:
h = ho -

2
2

2
s = s (h, )

For given h o & G

(To draw a Fanno Line, choose , get h,

then get s:

ho or To
h or T

M<1

M=1
M>1

m
&
G = = cons tan t
A

Fanno Lines for different Gs, but for same To

T

Poa

To

Pa
a

g
Lar

M<1

eG

M=1
M>1

all
m
S

Effect of Friction ?
Increases s
for both subsonic & supersonic
T
To
for subsonic, M

M<1

M=1

for supersonic, M

M>1
s

Choking
Choking due
due to
to Friction
Friction ??
( When duct length is such that M=1 at duct exit, duct
is said to be choked ..!
T
To
1
1
subsonic or
supersonic

L=L*

M=1

M<1

M=1
1

M>1

What
What happens
happens ifif

L>L*

for sub & supersonic flows ?

Subsonic
Flow
Subsonic
Flow
L>L* (P as min. as necessary)

L>L*
min. as necessary)
b as
L>L*(P
(P
b as min. as necessary)

To

L=L*

Poi

To

Nozzle Flow
Duct Flow

Poi

To

(a)

Poi

To

(b)
L> L*
L=L*

(c)

M=1

(a)
(b)

M=1

(c)
*

Poi

L> L*
L=L*

M=1

M=1

i.e
i.e;;
( When L>L*, M11 will decrease such that a
steady state solution is possible again with
exit Mach No. =1.
( This results in a reduction of mass flow rate;
i.e. the flow is choked by friction.

Supersonic
Flow
Supersonic
Flow
L>L* (P as min. as necessary)

L>L*
min. as necessary)
b as
L>L*(P
(P
b as min. as necessary)

T
To

Poi

To

La =L*
1

Poi

To
Poi

(a)

(b)
Lb>La

(c)
Lc >Lb

To o

Poi

M=1
(c)

M=1

(b) (a)

M=1

M=1

s
What happens is:
Shock wave inside duct,
then choking
The longer the duct, the
earlier the shock

C.V.
C.V. of
of Adiabatic
Adiabatic Flow
Flow in
in aa
Constant
-area Duct
Constant-area
Duct
( To find variations of flow properties along the duct
Control surface
p
T
V

w
dx

p+dp
T+dT
V+dV
+d
M+dM

Governing
Governing Equations
Equations
(
( Perfect gas relation

dp d dT
= +
T
p

(
( Mach number definition

dM 2 dV 2 dT
= 2
T
M2
V

(
( Steady energy equation

dT k 1 2 dV2
M
+
= 0.0
T
2
V2

(
( Conservation of mass

d 1 dV 2
+
= 0 .0
2 V2

(
( Momentum

Adp wdAw = m
& dV

(
( Coefficient of friction

f=

(
( Hydraulic diameter

Dh = 4

w
1 V 2
2

A
Pw

With
With some
some manipulations,
manipulations, we
we get:
get:
dV
kM 2
dx
=
4
f
V 2(1 M 2 ) D h

dT
k (k 1) M 4
dx
=
4f
2
T
Dh
2(1 M )

dx
d
kM 2
=
4f
2

2(1 M ) D h

dp
kM 2 1 + (k 1)M 2
dx
=
4
f
p
Dh
2(1 M 2 )

dpo
kM 2
dx
=
4f
po
2
Dh

dF
kM 2
dx
=
4f
2
F
2(1 + kM ) D h

dx
ds (k 1)M 2
4f
=
Dh
cp
2

T
T1
T2

Po1

To
P1

P2

Po2

Po1

To

Po2

M<1

T2
T1

s1

s2

s1

s
M<1

M>1

po

P2

M>1

P1

s2

( The properties at M =1 are referred to p*, T*,

..,
..,

.. , and are taken as references

..
( Then, integrating the previous differential formulae
from some local value to the value at M =1 (* value),
we get:
L max 1 M 2 k + 1
( k + 1) M 2
4f
=
+
ln
2
Dh
2k 2 1 + k21 M 2
kM

p 1
k +1
=
+
k 1 2
p* M
M
21 +
2

V
= ............
*
V

Notice
Notice that:
that:

i.e; for a given k), all

1. for a given gas ((i.e;
the formulae are function of M only.

2. and remember that Lmax=L*,

1

subsonic or
supersonic
M
P
T
P
S

Lmax =L*

M =1
P*
T*
Po*
S*

T
To
1

M<1

M=1
1

M>1

T/T*

p/p*

po/po*

0.00
.
.
.
0.5
.
.
.

1.2000
.
.
.
1.1429
.
.
.
0

.
.
.
2.1381
.
.
.
0

.
.
.
1.3399
.
.
.

V/V*
or
*/

F/F*

4fLmax/D

0.00000
.
.
.
0.53453
.
.
.
2.4495

.
.
.
1.2027
.
.
.
1.4289

.
.
.
1.06908
.
.
.
0.82153

Example
Example
(At the inlet of 0.1m diameter duct, the

initial Mach number is 0.2 and the

static pressure and temperature are
300 K and 200 kPa respectively. If the
friction factor is 0.005, find the Mach
number and properties after the flow
has traversed 50 m of duct.

Solution
Solution
(Given & Required:
Lp =50 m

1
M1 =0.2
P1 =200 kPa
T1 =300 K

L1*

D =0.1 m
f=0.005

L2*

2
M2 =?
P2=?
T2=?

For M1 = 0.2, enter F.F. tables & read

P
T
4fL*
= 14 .533 , 1* = 5.4555 & 1* = 1.1905
D 1
P
T
P1
T1
*
P =
= 36 .66 kPa & T =
= 252 K
5.4555
1.1905
*

4(0.005 )(50 )
4fL*
4fL* 4fL p

= 14 .533
= 4.533
=

0 .1
D 2
D 1
D

4fL*
= 4.533, enter F.F. tables & read
For
D 2
P2
T2
M 2 = 0.32 , * = 3.4 & * = 1.175
P
T
P2 = 3.4 P* = 3.4 36 .66 = 124 .644 kPa ,
T2 = 1.175 T * = 1.175 252 = 296 .1 K

Fanno
Fanno Flow
Flow Applications
Applications
Involving
Involving Nozzles
Nozzles

Converging Nozzle

Fanno Flow Region

Isentropic Flow
Region

Converging-Diverging
Nozzle

Isentropic Flow Region

Fanno Flow Region

Behavior
Behavior of
of Convergent
Convergent Nozzle/Constant
Nozzle/Constantarea
area Duct
Duct System
System w.r.t
w.r.t.. PPbb
Po

e
Pb

T
Po

To

x
Pe=Pb
Pe=Pb

P
P*a

P*b
*c

=
(d) P e
(c)

P
P b=

Pb<P*c

Pb=Po
(a)

(b)
(c) ,

(b)
(a)

M<1

Not choked
(d)

Pe=Pb & Pb > P*

Choked, Pe=Pb= P*

M=1

Choked,
Pe=P* & Pb < P*

Behavior
-D Nozzle/Constant
-area Duct
Behavior of
of C
C-D
Nozzle/Constant-area
Duct
System
<Lmax
)
System w.r.t
w.r.t.. PPbb(L
(L<L
max)
T

Pb

To

Pb

M<1

M<1

P(x)

M<1
M<1

M=1

M>1

M>1

x
o

T
1

To
2

To

o
e

To

o
e

To

o
e

e
2

Behavior
-D Nozzle/Constant
-area Duct
Behavior of
of C
C-D
Nozzle/Constant-area
Duct
System
>Lmax
)
System w.r.t
w.r.t.. PPbb(L
(L>L
max)
T

Pb

To

Pb

M<1

M<1

P(x)

M<1
M<1

M=1

M<1
M>1

M>1

x
o

T
1

To
2

To

o
e

To

o
e

2 e

T
1

To

Example
Example
-diverging nozzle/constant
-area
( A converging
converging-diverging
nozzle/constant-area
duct system is connected to a reservoir
containing air with a stagnation pressure of
700 kPa
-to-throat area ratio of the
kPa.. The exit
exit-to-throat
nozzle is 3; the constant area duct is 6m
long and 0.3m in diameter with a friction
coefficient of 0.005. Determine the range of
back pressure for which a normal shock
wave will stand in the duct.

Solution
Solution
(Given:
1

o
Po=700 kPa

A2/A1=3

Ld=6 m

D =0.3 m
f=0.005

(Required:

Range of Pb for shock inside duct

First, check L (is it > or < Lmax ?)

A
for nozzle = 3, enter isentropic tables & read M = 2.64
*
A
4fLmax
& with M = 2.64, enter F.F. tables, read
= 0.46 ,
D
4(0.005)(6)
4fL
for duct =
= 0.4
0.3
D

L < L max

Review
Since L < Lmax , shock can occur anywhere in the duct, depending on pb.
(Pb)max will place shock at duct inlet
, (Pb)min will place shock at duct exit

2 3

e
Pb)max

3 e
Pb)min

First: Shock at duct inlet

A2
p
= 3 , enter isentropic tables & read M 2 = 2.64 , 2 = 0.04711
A1
po
p 2 = 0.04711x 700 = 32.977 kPa
& with M 2 = 2.64, enter N.S. tables, read M 3 = 0.5005,

p3
= 7.9645
p2

p3 = 262.645 kPa
& with M 3 = 0.5005, enter F.F. tables, read

4fL max3
p
= 1.06908 , *3 = 2.138
D
p

p* = 122.841 kPa

&

4fL
4fLmax 4fLmax
4fLmax
=

,
= 0.6691
D duct
D 3
D e
D e

& with

4fLmax
p
= 0.6691, enter F.F. tables, read M e = 0.575, *e = 1.85
D e
p

pe (= p b ) = 1.85x122.84 = 227.26 kPa

i.e; p b )max = 227.26 kPa

Second: Shock at duct exit

o

3 e
Pb)min

4fLmax
4fL
4fLmax 4fL max
=

, 0.4 = 0.46

D 3
D duct
D 2
D 3

4fLmax
= 0.06
D 3

& with

p
4fLmax
= 0.06, enter F.F. tables, read M3 = 1.29, *3 = 0.72848
D 3
p

p3 = 0.72848x122.84 = 89.49 kPa

& with M3 = 1.29, enter N.S. tables, read
pe (= p b ) = 158.82 kPa

pe
= 1.7748
p3

i.e; p b )min = 158.82 kPa

The range of back pressure for which a normal shock wave will stand in the duct is
158.82 kPa p b 227.26 kPa

Behavior
-D Nozzle/Constant
-area Duct
Behavior of
of C
C-D
Nozzle/Constant-area
Duct
System
<Lmax
)
System w.r.t
w.r.t.. PPbb(L
(L<L
max)
2

Pb

P(x)

M<1

M=1

M>1

M>1

x
To

2
1

To

o
e

e
2