How to Make a Lemon Battery

Materials:
A lemon, or other citrus fruit
18 (or smaller) gauge copper wire
Wire stripper/clipper
A grown-up or older friend
Steel paper clip, small galvanized nail (one that is covered in zinc), or a piece of zinc
(ideal)
Procedure
Ask your grown-up to use the wire strippers to first strip about 2 1/2 inches of plastic
insulation off the copper wire. Then, request that the grown-up clip that piece of
stripped wire off of the main roll.
Carefully straighten the steel paper clip. Use the wire clippers to cut it to the same
length as your copper wire.
Use the sandpaper to rub out any rough spots in your wire or paperclip. You are going
to be touching the wire ends to your tongue, so you want them to be smooth. If you are
using the zinc covered nail or piece, scratch it lightly with the sand paper to expose a
fresh surface.
Roll the lemon gently on a table to break the cell walls and loosen up the juice inside.
The sour juice is needed for the chemical reaction that you are about to start. The fact
that the juice is sour should give us some hints about what kind of chemicals make up
lemon juice. What do you think the sour flavor might tell us?
Carefully stick the copper wire about 1 inch into the lemon.
Make sure your tongue is moist with saliva, or spit. Touch your tongue to the copper
wire. Do you notice anything?
Stick the paperclip, zinc covered nail or zinc strip into a spot in the lemon about 1/4
inch away from the copper wire. Make sure the wires dont touch. The wires need to be
close to each other because they will be swapping matter in the chemical reaction. If
they are too far apart, the matter might lose their way.

How to Make a Simple Electric Motor

Materials:
D battery
Insulated 22G wire
2 large-eyed, long, metal sewing needles (the eyes must be large enough to fit the wire
through)
Modeling clay
Electrical tape
Hobby knife
Small circular magnet
Thin marker

Procedure:
1. Starting in the center of the wire, wrap the wire tightly and neatly around the marker
30 times.
2. Slide the coil you made off of the marker.
3. Wrap each loose end of the wire around the coil a few times to hold it together, then
point the wires away from the loop
4. Ask an adult to use the hobby knife to help you remove the top-half of the wire
insulation on each free end of the coil. The exposed wire should be facing the same
direction on both sides. Why do you think half of the wire needs to remain insulated?
5. Thread each loose end of the wire coil through the large eye of a needle. Try to keep
the coil as straight as possible without bending the wire ends.
6. Lay the D battery sideways on a flat surface.
7. Stick some modeling clay on either side of the battery so it does not roll away.
8. Take 2 small balls of modeling clay and cover the sharp ends of the needle.
9. Place the needles upright next to the terminals of each battery so that the side of each
needle touches one terminal of the battery.
10. Use electrical tape to secure the needles to the ends of the battery. Your coil should
be hanging above the battery.
11. Tape the small magnet to the side of the battery so that it is centered underneath the
coil.
12. Give your coil a spin. What happens? What happens when you spin the coil in the
other direction? What would happen with a bigger magnet? A bigger battery? Thicker
wire?

Acceleration on an Inclined Plane

Materials:
3 feet of molding (for a ceiling or floor, with a groove to roll a ball down)
Books to stack
Meter stick or ruler
Protractor
Golf ball
Stopwatch
Notebook and pen/pencil
Computer with Excel (unless you want to graph by hand!)
Procedure:
Stack some books and set one side of the molding on the books to create a ramp.
Use the protractor to measure the angle between the ramp and the floor. Adjust the
stack of books until you can get the ramp as close to 30 as possible. Record the final
angle in your notebook.
Use the ruler or meter stick to mark 10 cm intervals along the ramp, starting at the
floor and going upward.
Set the golf ball at a measured distance along the ramp. Time how long it takes for the
golf ball to hit the floor after your let the ball go. Record both the distance you let the
ball go and the time it takes for the ball to travel the length of the ramp.
Repeat step for at different lengths along the ramp.
Graph your results. Put time on the x-axis, and distance traveled on the y-axis. Do you
notice any patterns?
Calculate the acceleration for the points you tested using the equationa = 2d / t2
Try the experiment with different ramp angles.

How to Make an Anemometer

Materials:
5 small paper cups
Hole punch
Scissors
Duct tape
3 thin wooden dowels
Empty water bottle
Stopwatch
Procedure:
Use the hole punch to make a hole in the side of each of the 4 paper cups.
Use the hole punch to make 4 holes spaced evenly around the rim of the last cup. This
will be the center of the anemometer.
Slide 2 of the wooden dowels through the holes in the center cup. They should cross in
an X.
Insert the ends of the dowels into the holes of the other cups and tape them into place.
Make sure the cups are all facing the same direction.
Take the last wooden dowel and make a hole in the bottom of the center cup.
Push the dowel up until it meets the X and tape everything together. This will be your
rotation axis.
Put the center dowel into an empty water bottle and begin testing!

Electrolysis of Water Experiment

Materials:
Distilled water
Tap water
2 silver-colored thumb tacks
9V battery
Small, clear plastic container (a plastic to-go sauce container from a
restaurant would work great)
2 test tubes
Stopwatch
Baking soda
Table salt
Lemon
Dishwashing detergent
Procedure:
Insert the thumb tacks into the bottom of the plastic container so that the points push
up into the container. Space them so that theyre the same distance apart as the two
terminals of the 9V battery. Be careful not to prick yourself!
Place the plastic container with the thumb tacks over the terminals of the battery. If the
cup is too large to balance on the battery, find something to stack it on: between two
books, a stack of post-its, etc.
Slowly fill the container with distilled water. If the tacks move, go ahead and use this
opportunity to fix them before you proceed. Will distilled water conduct electricity on its
own? Try it!
Add a pinch of baking soda.
Hold two test tubes above each push pin to collect the gas being formed. Record your
observations. What happens? Does one tube have more gas than the other? What gases do
you think are forming?
Discard the solution, and repeat the procedure with a different combination:
Distilled water and lemon juice
Distilled water and table salt
Distilled water and dish detergent

Distilled water (no additive)

Tap water (Does tap water work? If so, why?)

Slowing The Ripening of an Apple

Our investigatory report is all about the slowing the ripening of an
apple.
Now, in order to slow the apples ripening you will need a honey,
water, and a bowl. First, add the honey and the water in a bowl and
stir it using a spoon. Second put the sliced apple in a container or a
another bowl, then put the water mixed with honey to the container
of the sliced apple. And there you have it, the mixture of the honey
and water slows the ripening of an apple for over 24 hours. It is
about or it focuses on how can we prevent the freshness of a fruit
especially on an apple. so our group research about this matter.
According to our research there is an easy way to prevent or contain
the freshness of it

Turning Milk into a Strong

Natural Glue with Baking Soda
and Vinegar
Materials needed:
1 cups milk
3 teaspoons white vinegar
1 tablespoon baking soda
Water
The process is simple. Heat the milk in a pan until warm, then
add the white vinegar. Keep heating and stirring until the
milk separates into curds and whey.
Strain the mixture, keeping the solid part. Mold what you
have left into one big, slimy ball.
Now, put it back in the pan and add the baking soda and
enough water to get the right consistency. Heat it up until it
starts bubbling, then turn it off and let it cool. That's it!