The Four-Six-Eight Rule -468The screen should always fit to the audience, not to the projector!

A rule of thumb for screen sizes is the four-six-eight rule -468-.

The farthest viewer should be no more than four, six or eight times the image height away from the screen. The three options
depend on the following conditions:
- four times for material with fine details like CAD drawings or other detailed graphics
- six times for detailed reading (spreadsheets, text, images with text)
- eight times for watching movies or images

rule of thumb for screen height

CAD: X = 4 * h

Powerpoint: X = 6 * h

Movies: X = 8 * h

Important: this rule evolved with the majority of projections in the format XGA (1024 x 768). With formats like SXGA, SXGA+ and
HD(1080) this changes because the screen height is not built by 768 pixels but by 1024, 1050 and 1080 pixels. This is an increase
of about 35 to 40 percent. All details that are presented in native pixel resolution become smaller for 35 to 40 percent !
Also the image height should be within the following range:
Distance of farthest Viewer / 8 < Image Height < Distance of closest Viewer / 2

Text Size vs. Image Resolution

Text size depends on pixel size and image resolution. A Powerpoint Presentation will scale
the slide size to the image size but a Excel sheet will be displayed depending on the pixel
size.
With higher resolution the presentation should be zoomed in: or a larger screen could be considered.

WXGA (1280x800) image from an Excel sheet,

text size Arial20

WUXGA (1920x1200) image from the same Excel sheet,

text size Arial20

Higher resolutions always have the disadvantage of smaller text sizes, except the text is zoomed.
1) A often used rule of thumb: the text height should be at least 4mm per one meter of viewing distance. For example: Viewing
distance = 10m => the text height should be at least 40mm.
2) The FAA (Federal Aviation Administration, USA) suggests for letters that must be very well readable (security messages) a letter
size of at least 20 acrminutes (MOA) based on the human eye's characteristics: FAA Human Factors. 20 arcminutes correspond to
1/200 of the viewing distance.
3) With high resolution projection rule 1 and 2 result in a text height that is too large for a regular Excel display on a regular
projection size. For these circumstances a tighter rule can be used: dividing the maximum viewing distance by 500 to get the
absolute minimum text height (the absolute minimum for good eyes). It represents a viewing angle of about 7 arcminutes (1 degree
= 60 arcminutes).
4) For good readable text with text sizes like 'Arial 10pt' the maximum viewing distance should be divided by 500 to get the
necessary text height. But with higher resolutions (HD) this often results in image sizes that are too large to be installed (ceiling
height etc.).

Distance Visual Acuity

The distance visual acuity is the visual sharpness or clearness of human eye view. With normal viewing abilities two objects can be
just seen individually with an viewing angle of 1 arcminute (MOA). This equals approximately an object distance of 1,5mm at a
distance of 5 meters or 1,75mm at a distance of 6 meters (20 feet).

Normal visual ability means that a person who can see this clearly has a Distance Visual Acuity of 5/5 (Europe) or 6/6 (Britain) or
20/20 (US). If a person is tested for a visual acuity of 6/12 (or 20/40), she or he can differentiate two objects only at half distance.
The term "6/12" means that two objects with a separation of 1 arcminute at a distance of 12 meters can only be seen separately at
a distance of 6 meters, the term "20/40" means equally that two objects with a separation of 1 arcminute at a distance of 40 feet can
only be seen separately at a distance of 20 feet.

Visual Loss

Visual Acuity

no or slight loss

6/6 - 6/18

20/20 - 20/60

moderate loss

6/18 - 6/60

20/60 - 20/200

severe loss

6/60 and more

20/200 and more

Based on the rules of visual acuity letters and numbers should have at least five times the height of the minimum distance between
two recognizable objects. This results in a minimum letter and number hight of 5 arcminutes, there as 7 arcminutes are
acknowledged for general good readability.

smallest text size

Text with a font size of 10 pt (like Arial 10) results on a Windows display in a text height of 10 pixels. With a given text height
calculated by the maximum viewing distance (distance/500) and the known number of lines (vertical pixels) of the projected image,
a necessary image height can be calculated.
For instance:
a maximum viewing distance of 20m gives a absolute minimum text height of 40mm (20,000 / 500 = 40)
a preferred font size of Arial 10 results in a text height of 10 pixels
an image source (PC) with a format of WXGA (1280x800) results in 800 lines (vertical pixels)
a text height of 40mm (equal to 10 pixels) demands a image height of 3200mm (10 lines = 40mm > one line = 4mm > 800 lines =
3200mm)
the required image height is 3.2m
this matches the rule of thumb that the image height should be "max. viewing distance / 6" = 20m / 6 = 3,33m (depends on PC
format) !!

Font Size in Powerpoint Presentations

Powerpoint and similar presentation tools display letters and numbers in relative size to the entire image area not pixel-dependent.
In any other regular PC application letters and numbers are displayed by pixels depending the font size chosen in the application.
With a higher display resolution letters become smaller. The same application on a WXGA resolution (for instance 1440x900) looks
'larger' than on a WUXGA resolution (1920x1200), displayed pixel by pixel.
With a Powerpoint application, the actual displayed font size depends only on the relation to the entire screen size, not on the
relation to the pixel resolution. In other words, the same Powerpoint presentation displayed on WXGA or on WUXGA 'looks' the
same.
The letter size (letter height of a capital B) can be calculated for 19:10 Powerpoint presentations:
Letter Hight h (mm) = Image Height H (m) * 1,63 * Fontsize
Image Height H (m) = Letter Height h (mm) / ( 1,63 * Font Size)
For instance: necessary letter height is 68mm, font size is '16'. What is the needed minimum image height?
H = h / (1,63 * 16) = 68mm / (1,63 * 16) = 2,6m

relation between image height and letter height in a Powerpoint presentation

In a situation with restricted space and a projection display mainly used for Powerpoint presentations a compromise with a smaller
image size and a defined minimum font size can be calculated. As long as this font size is guaranteed the 'small' display can still be
used satisfactory.

Projector Throw Ratio

The projector's throw ratio is the ratio between the distance to the projection screen and the width of the projection screen. Throw
Ratio = Throw Distance / Screen Width Throw Distance = Screen Width * Projection Ratio For instance: A screen width of 1 m and
a throw ratio of 1.3 results in a throw distance of 1,3 m. With the same distance of the projector the image width will get larger if the
throw ratio is getting smaller. Or with the same image width the distance gets smaller if the projection ratio is getting smaller.

Screen Position
The bottom of the screen should be in a high enough vertical position, allowing those seated in the rear of the audience to see the
screen completely. The distance between floor and screen should be about 1.1 to 1.2 meters (43" .. 48").

distance between floor and screen: 0.9 meters (35") - too low

distance between floor and screen: 1.2 meters (47")

Viewing Angle
The maximum acceptable viewing angle should be 45 degrees. Beyond that characters and image elements become
undecipherable. Ideally, all viewers should be seated within 30 of the projection axis, and never more than 45 off axis.
Screen center should be no more than 20 above the eye level of any viewer.

maximum viewing horizontal angle: 45 degrees on both sides

Keystone Correction and Warping

Using keystone correction and warping always usable light output and usable resolution is increased. The higher the resolution the
better both methods work because of smaller irregularities within the resulting image.

projection on axis

projection off axis using warping as correction tool,

resulting in the same image size as with projection on axis,
but over 25% of light output and resolution lost !