Energy Law Seminar Project

NATIONAL LAW INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY

Project report on
Future of Indian Power Sector
Energy law
XII TRIMESTER

Submitted By
Shubham Borkar
2012BALLB43

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Acknowledgments :I would like to express my sincere thanks to my energy law teacher for his valuable
suggestions & guidance.
The completion of this project would not have been possible without the
magnificent library that has been provided to the students in the campus itself.
Equally important is the wifi connectivity which runs in the hostels, enabling the
students to access the internet at any point of time.
At last, I am again grateful to my energy law teacher Sidhharth Jain for allowing
me to make a project on Future of Indian Power Sector which has resulted in an
increase of my knowledge of this topic.

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Contents
Background................................................................................................................ 4
Alternate Thinking...................................................................................................... 4
Immediate technological Changes.............................................................................5
Re-Segmenting of power business..........................................................................6
T & D Losses............................................................................................................ 6
Grid Security and Reliability.................................................................................... 6
Alternative use of electricity system.......................................................................6
Biomass Power for Rural Job-creation & Prosperity.....................................................7
How to supply power at 50 paisa per unit...............................................................8
Ocean Power having potential of 180, 000 MW3.....................................................9
Biofuels..................................................................................................................... 10
Rural electrification.................................................................................................. 10
Development of rural electrification......................................................................11
Government initiatives in rural electrification.......................................................11
Aims of Rural Electrification Policy........................................................................12
Challenges in Rural electrification.........................................................................13
Rural electrification through renewables...............................................................13
The way forward....................................................................................................... 14
Alternative sources of energy................................................................................... 15
Saltwater power.................................................................................................... 15
Helioculture........................................................................................................... 15
Piezoelectricity...................................................................................................... 15
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)...........................................................16
Human sewage...................................................................................................... 16
Hot rock power...................................................................................................... 16
Evaporative energy............................................................................................... 16
Vortex-induced vibrations...................................................................................... 16
Bibliography............................................................................................................. 17

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Our vision of India in 2020 is of a nation busting with energy,
entrepreneurship & Innovation India Vision 2020 prepared by the Planning
Commission

Background
In1983, when Indias total software exports were only $ 12 million, who
would imagine that they would multiply 500 times in 17 years and the
country would be recognized around the world as a major IT Power. Probably
similar is the destiny of the power sector Economic growth the world over is
driven by energy. It powers the nations industries, vehicles, homes and
offices. For future growth to be both rapid and sustainable, the energy source
needs to be as resource efficient as possible. Business as usual will mean
that total demand of power will increase by another 3.5 times in the next two
decades. This will mean that we need to strive to triple the installed
generation capacity by the year 2020.
Renewable energy Reliance on renewable sources of energy will offer
enormous economic, social and environmental benefits. India is already fifth
largest producer of wind power. Interestingly most of the (almost 95%)
investment in the wind sector is from the private sector. Renewable
technologies such as solar power, Biomass, small hydro, and bio-fuels will
play greater role. The greater emphasis on the alternative energy will
probably reduce Indias dependence on imported fuels And also helping in
better environmental management. Tapping the same would require
conducive national policies and programme to attract strong participation by
the private player . Interestingly BHEL has manufactured zero emission
electric vehicle shuttle service. This probably can be the base for future
development.

Alternate Thinking
With growing literacy and awareness, new possibilities of power system
management will be increasingly used. Fortunately many states have started
contemplating implementation of Demand side measures, Madhya Pradesh
being first of them. Demand side Participation can be used with benefits to
all the stakeholders. The Time of Day tariff which many regulatory
commissions have accepted in principle can be taken as a preliminary step
towards incentivising off peak period use of Electricity for better
management of the system.Some industries even at this preliminary stage
are contemplating creation of Value Chain- From Mining of Fuel to end supply
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of Electricity POOL System. For example the famous words used by one of
the entrepreneur are from Well head to the Wall Socket.

Immediate technological Changes

Human interface will also tremendously reduce with greater technology
application and innovation. Some of the new technology which are at
different stages of implementation and testing in India are1. Pre Paid Meters Human interface can be avoided in metering , billing
and collection Availability based tariffs. Recently The West Bengal
Renewable Energy Development Agency (WBREDA) has developed a
prepaid card for electricity bills .
2. Automated Meter Reading- This will Eliminate the possibility of human
error in Power billing .The System will remove the practice of giving
power bills on the basis of estimated reading when the consumers
house is found lock. However the Distribution Licensee find the system
prohibitive ,hence it has not been adopted as of now .Nevertheless this
is a system which will be implemented in future.
3. Thermo Vision Cameras they can film the grids and all other
installations to detect even the smallest of troubles .The infrared image
from the camera highlights the areas that are relatively hot. The rise in
temperature can be caused due to loose contacts and can result in
breakdowns.
4. IT Based Solutions for Power Sector4 - Broad areas of development can
be- a. Enterprise Asset Management
b. Control Systems and
knowledge based decision systems for power plants and plant
equipment. c. Consumer Billing d. Plant maintenance Management
tool e. ERP solutions for Power Plants
5. Automated Storage and retrieval system5 (ASRS)- The major benefits
of the system are efficient use of vertical space .The design flexibility
also helps in accommodating a wide range of loads and configuration
of bins .Inventry management and control also becomes easier.
6. E-Bill-DHBVN(Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam ) has already
introduced the System in few places. Any domestic and Non Domestic
consumer could get information on the mobile service applying
through SMS.
7. SCADA-Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition- This will help provide
better and reliable supply to all consumer . Reliance Energy has
already implemented this project in suburban Mumbai at 11 KV level.
SCADA leads to increased system reliability, reduced interruptions in
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supply
and
enabled
redeployment
of
manpower.
NDPL has provided these cameras to its engineers. March 30,2003
Business Today TCS and BHEL have already signed MOU to provide IT
based solutions jointly 5 new ASRS has been developed by Corporate
Research and Development (R & D)of the BHEL
8. ECS Electronic Clearing System Modern tools for efficient
management of the distribution system will probably be used
increasingly by various utilities. This could lead to better consumer
service.

Re-Segmenting of power business

In future there can be re-segmenting of business into separate areas such as
retail supply, network operations, back office and energy audit
and other similar areas . This can spawn a host of other businesses. The
states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka have already out sourced there
collection and other services.
Technology Development in Power Cables Cables can be classified according
to the voltage 1. Low Tension(LT) 2. High Tension (HT) 3. Super Tension (ST)
4. Extra High Tension (EHT) 5. Extra Super Voltage For higher range of cables
, there has been a switch from copper to aluminum for the manufacture of
conductors so that vast aluminum resources available in India are effectively
used .Another significant Development have been the introduction of cross
linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulated Cables used earlier ,resulting in longer
llife and better electrical properties .In the range of 66 kv to 132 kv cables
now indigenously produced and Indian manufactures have also recently
developed 230 kv power cables with XLPE insulation .There has also been
the development of fire retardant low smoke density (FRLS) PVC sheathed
cable.

T & D Losses
Most of the efficient electricity markets have very low T&D losses for
example T and D losses of United States is 8% and of Japan is 7%.There will
probably be similar kind of T&D loses in India. ] The APTransco has reduced
T and D losses by 10.8% in 4 years (1999 to 2003) by improving internal
efficiency in the T and D sector. The widely studies Delhi privatization model
also emphasizes that the distribution licensee shall reduce T&D losses by
17% within the transition period of five years.

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The losses due to long distance transmission will also reduce with the
application of new technology. Already the Maintenance of Transmission lines
of Power Grid Corporation has been taken up by Pawan Hans Helicopters.

Grid Security and Reliability

WRLDC has launched FGMO(Free governer mode operation) from May 19
2003. Under FGMO ,the grid security level would rise .This will contain rapid
variation in frequency.. Under this system all generators would have to track
power demand variations by regulating their output to change in frequency.
Slow variations in frequency would be taken care of by commercial signals
while fast variations will be taken care of by FGMO.

Alternative use of electricity system

Internet access through the electrical lines would probably revolutionize
world wide internet access Interestingly an American company Power line
communications Technologies6 has already studied the option. It is cheaper
then Digital Subscriber lines(DSL).Internet access is received through any
electrical outlet .A modem in the distribution hub for electricity ,or sub
station, converts digital signals into analog.
These signals pass along the unused higher frequency spectrum on power
lines. The line connect to the internet backbone. That connection is made
either through a line leased from the local phone carrier or through the fiber
links owned by the utility.
Whether broadband through the power lines is as fast as DSL is a subject of
some Debate .The fastest speed of power line communications far exceed
those od DSL and the cable ,but interference and competing traffic on
electrical wires slows down such communications. Still a power line
communication link is considerably faster then dial up modem and it can
compete effectively on price .
Conclusion
Can we have a future Quality power at affordable price. The
Electricity Act 2003 provides some hope in the direction. Energy Security is
also a issue which the Government is taking seriously. The Oil Major of India
has invested in Sakhalin basin and Sudan for reliable supply of energy.
Recently Koria(Daiwoo) and India(ONGC) are
jointly exploring first
exploration Well in the off-shore gas block A-1(Burma) off the Rakhini
bordering Bangladesh and India. All these steps it seems are in the right
direction for energy security.

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Biomass Power for Rural Job-creation & Prosperity
India has a large rural economy with almost 75% of the citations residing in
rural setup. With the passage of the electricity Act 2003 distributed
generation has become a potentially viable option. The same option is being
reproduced here. To leverage this opportunity India Vision 2020 provides a
viable option. Approximately 50 million hectares of degraded wasteland that
lie outside areas demarcated as national forests, and another 34 million
hectares of protected forest area, in much of which tree cover is severely
degraded.
A massive programme to develop energy plantation consisting of fastgrowing tree crops such as Bamboo, Casuarina and Eucalyptus can serve as
a raw material for a national network of small, decentralized biomass power
plants. These power plants, ranging in size from 10-25 MW, can generate
thousands of megawatts of power from renewable, forest based fuel sources
in a cost effective manner. This would reduce India s dependence on
imported fuel oils, stimulate private investment in the power sector, and
generate massive income and employment opportunities for the rural poor.
Establishment of 40 million hectares of energy plantation would be sufficient
to generate 100,000 MW of power and provide year round employment for
30 million people.
The greatest advantage of biomass power is that they generate tens of
millions of rural jobs and stimulate enormous growth of rural incomes,
especially among the weaker sections. Therefore, these strategies should not
be regarded from the narrow perspective of energy alone, but from the wider
perspective of national development.

How to supply power at 50 paisa per unit

Recently an energy writer has proposed an innovative scheme to supply
electricity at the flat rate of 50 paisa per unit. His view is that electricity
could be sold dirt cheap rates like media: charging fraction of costs and
making the rest from indirect beneficiaries. Media makes money from
advertisers, power producers and suppliers could make money from a low
,flat cess charged on every transaction, because every the entire economy
from stock exchanges to food storage to movies need power to run. The cess
could be as low as 0.5% or less of the total turnover of the economy.
Interestingly India has followed a similar model to fund roads construction ,
where roads are build by fuel cesses.
The benefits of the 50 p rate of electricity is
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Most of the T&D losses are due to electricity theft. With one rate in place
there is no incentive in stealing power
Low rates electrify poor folks otherwise unable to pay higher tariffs
With a common rate the suppliers would not hesitate to supply in rural
areas or areas which are not well off.
Politically 50p rate will be acceptable to all entities
SEBs and Government owned entities resist cherry-picking by private
electricity retailer because this will have adverse impact on there financial
status . This will become a non entity if a common tariff is applicable.
50p tariff will encourage and induce everyone to pay
Like media , electricity is an enabler of business. Without power, every light,
AC gadget and computer will stop working. Supply chains will collapse
without refrigeration .Trading will stop , financial markets will shut down.
Telecom network will go silent Nothing works without power. So it makes
sense for business to subsidies every body to use power, the same way
companies subsidies media users. The difference between cost and tariffs
can be covered by appliance makers, entertainment companies, software
firms , telecoms and so on.

He also proposes creation of a fund by imposing a cess on sectors that

benefit from electricity use and use the same to fill the gap between low
tariff and high costs. Some thing similar is happening in the road sector
where oil cesses are funding highways. The energy writer also gives some
rough estimates . India now uses about 500,000 million units (MU) of
electricity , which costs about Rs. 100,000 crore. Under the new pricing
regime, if everyone pays 50 paise per unit, itll raise Rs, 25,000 crore from
tariffs, leaving Rs. 75,000 crore to be covered by the cess. To recover that
kind of money, youd need to charge the profits of the economy (or GDP) a
flat cess of 3%.
Now, the economys turnover is many times more than profits, so an actual
cess on turnover will be a lot lower, maybe 1% or less. Thatd cover all costs
and leave users with electricity priced at an unbelievable 50 paise. Power for
all at 50 paise will be a political winner, with states scrambling to fix mediatype tariffs for electricity.
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Ocean Power having potential of 180, 000 MW3
India is a tropical country with a long coastline. The National Institute of
Ocean technology (NIOT) is researching on the way to harness the
tremendous ocean thermal energy potential.
The Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technology uses the water
temperature difference at the surface (at about 29C) and at a depth of 1,100
meters (at about 7C) to produce electricity. OTCI has the potential to
generate 180,000 MW of power.
The NIOT is implementing the worlds first 1 MW floating OTEC technology
demonstration project off the Tuticorin coast in Tamil Nadu. The various subsystems for the plant have been configured, designed and integrated on an
OTEC floating barge. A one kilometerlong cold water pipe has been towed
out to the site and deployed vertically with an anchoring system at a depth
of 1,200 m. The OTEC plant will be commissioned after the barge is
connected during the next fair weather season.
This kind of non-polluting renewable energy source is appropriate for powerstarved nation like India. Though it is capital intensive now, improvements in
technology and higher rated plants can bring down the unit cost
considerably. Indias OTEC resource potential is estimated at around 180,000
MW.
For the mainland, the cost of power generation for plants upwards of 25 MW
is expected to be comparable to fossil fuel units. But for islands, an OTEC
power plant of any size is cheaper than the conventional generation units.
This can help in future to generate electricity for the 7000 KM coastal belt of
India and can also fruitfully serve the islands of Andaman & Nicobar and
Lakshdweeps.

Biofuels
Gasification of bio mass yields wood gas or syngas which can be converted
into substitute natural gas by Methanation. Nearly 750 million tons of non
edible (by cattle) biomass is available annually in India which can be put to
higher value addition use and substitute imported crude oil, coal, LNG, urea
fertiliser, nuclear fuels, etc. It is estimated that renewable and carbon neutral
biomass resources of India can replace present consumption of all fossil fuels
when used productively.Huge quantity of imported coal is being used in
pulverised coalfired power stations. Raw biomass can not be used in the
pulverised coal mills as they are difficult to grind into fine powder due to
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caking property of raw biomass. However biomass can be used after
Torrefaction in the pulverised coal mills for replacing imported coal. North
west and southern regions can replace imported coal use with torrefied
biomass where surplus agriculture/crop residual biomass is available.
Cheaper production cost of algae oil from algae particularly in tropical
countries like India would displace the prime position of crude oil in near
future. The former President of India, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, was a strong
advocaters of Jatropha cultivation forproduction of biodiesel. He said that out
of the 6,00,000 km of waste land that is available in India over3,00,000 km
is suitable for Jatropha cultivation. Once the plant is grown, it has a useful
lifespan of several decades. During its life Jatropha requires very little water
when compared to other cash crops. A plan for supplyingincentives to
encourage the use of Jatropha has been coloured with green stripes.
Hydrogen energy
Hydrogen Energy programme started in India after joining the IPHE
(International Partnership for HydrogenEconomy) in the year 2003. There are
nineteen other countries including Australia, United States, UK, Japan, This
global partnership helps India to set up commercial use of Hydrogen gas as
an energy source. This will be implemented through Public Private
Partnership.

Rural electrification
Rural electrification is often considered to be the backbone of the rural
economy. Rural energy needs include energy for a) Cooking b) Basic lighting
c) Irrigation d) Communication e) Water heating f) Cottage industry and so
on. Rural electrification can meet most of these and the impact can be seen
on improved farm productivity, improved health and education, improved
communication and economic development through creation of employment
in rural areas which traditionally depend on agriculture related income
generation activities. Let's take a fresh look at rural electrification initiatives
in India since Independence and recent developments, including aspects of
integrating renewables in a major way in the rural electrification process.

Development of rural electrification

In today's context, rural electrification has five major facets

Setting up of rural electricity infrastructure

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Providing connectivity to households

Adequate supply of desired quality of power
Supply of electricity at affordable rates
Providing clean, environmentally benign and sustainable power in
efficient way

India has always had a rural economy and since independence successive
governments have tried to improve the rural infrastructure including energy
infrastructure. However, a lot is yet to be achieved to give a real impetus to
rural economy.

In spite of launching of ambitious schemes to achieve 100% rural

electrification, India has achieved only 67.3% overall electrification (urban
and rural together). More than 75 million households (45% of the total rural
households) are yet to be electrified (Census of India, 201a). As per latest
data, about 19,909 villages are yet to be electrified (Progress report of
village electrification as on 31-01-2015 as per 2011). However, not all
electrified villages are getting quality power and it is estimated that nearly
33% of the population may be facing under-electrification, accessing less
than 50kWh of electricity per month/household.

Government initiatives in rural electrification

While the need for rural electrification was recognised in 1950s, the first
major initiative was the establishment of Rural Electric Corporation in 1969.
Its main objective is to finance and promote rural electrification all over the
country. Apart from providing loan assistance to SEBs/ state power utilities,
equipment manufacturers and so on it is also managing the rural
electrification programmes of the Ministry of Power (MoP).
Notable initiatives launched by the Gol (Government of India) include
(Chandra Bhushan,2014)
Rural electrification under Minimum Needs Programme launched in 1974
Kutir Jyoti Yojana to provide single point light to below poverty level (BPL)
families in rural India launched in 1988.
Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana to electrify un-electrified villages as per
prevailing definition of electrification launched in 2003

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Remote Village Electrification Programme launched in 2001 by Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). This programme focused on electrifying
remote villages not connected to grid through use of renewable energy
sources
Accelerated Rural Electrification Programme in 2003
Accelerated electrification of one lakh villages and one crore households
launched in 2004
Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY): Launched in 2005, this
programme aimed at providing energy access to all by 2009 and at least one
unit of electricity per household per day by 2012 as envisaged in NEP
(National Electricity policy) 2005. All earlier programmes were merged in
RGGVY
In 2009, MoP launched Decentralised Distributed Generation Scheme under
RGGVY to electrify un-electrified villages through mini grids. This also
included villages which receive less than six hours of electricity per day
In December 2014, current government announced Deendayal Upadhyay
Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) with major modifications in RGGVY.
It aims at

Separation of agriculture and non-agriculture feeders

Strengthening and augmentation of sub-transmission and distribution
infrastructure in rural areas including metering of distribution transformers
feeders/consumers
Rural electrification as per CCEA approval dated 1 August 2013 for
completion of the targets laid down under RGGVY for 12th and 13th Plan
The Electricity Act 2003 (EA 2003), National Electricity Policy 2005 (Power,
National electricity policy), National Tariff Policy 2006 and Rural Electri
fication Policy2006 are some of the major policy and regulatory initiatives
supporting rural electrification programmes.

Aims of Rural Electrification Policy

Provision of access to electricity to all households by year 2009.
Quality and reliable power supply at reasonable rates.
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Minimum lifeline consumption of 1 unit per household per day as a merit
good by year 2012.
However, as can be seen from the data these targets are yet to be achieved.
Rural Electrification Policy (REP) also changed the definition of electrified
villages. According to the REP, a village would be classified as electrified
based on a Certificate issued by the Gram Panchayat, certifying that - a)
Basic infrastructure such as distribution transformer and distribution lines are
provided in the inhabited locality as well as a minimum of one Dalit Basti /
hamlet where it exists; and b) Electricity is provided to public places like
schools, panchayat office, health centres, dispensaries, community centres
etc.; and c) The number of households electrified are at least 10% of the
total number of households in the village.
Current government has announced 24X 7 Power for All by 2019.
Comprehensive state-specific action plans for 24x7 power to all homes is
being prepared in partnership with respective states, encompassing
generation, transmission and distribution. The power ministry has signed a
memorandum of understanding with the Andhra Pradesh government
under its 'Power for all' initiative that aims to cover the entire state by
October 2016. Plans for Delhi & Rajasthan are already complete and ready
for implementation and for other states plans are being readied (Power).

For rural electrification to be achieved in a sustainable way, we need a

massive focus on creation of income generation activities to boost the rural
economy.

Challenges in Rural electrification

The grid extension based rural electrification promoted through RGGVY and
other programmes suffered major hurdles which include
High cost of grid extension and low recovery due to highly subsidised tariff,
low level of tariff collection resulting in negative return
Supply rationing due to non-availability of power
High operation and maintenance costs

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Rural electrification through renewables
MNRE initiated rural electrification projects using renewables such as solar
PV, biomass, small hydro power since early 1980s. The initial thrust was on
providing street lights and solar lanterns. Evolution of renewable energy
technologies and products have now opened new frontiers for renewable
energy based rural electrification using pico solar lighting products, DC and
Ac mini-grids, smart micro grids, and eventually grid interactive micro and
mini-grids which can complement the grid extension program. Renewable
energy' based decentralised systems offer unique advantages which include:

Faster implementation which can create local employment and boost

local economy by providing access to electricity in reliable way
Utilisation of locally available resources bringing in energy security and
energy independence
Pollution free and sustainable
Reduce T & D losses

Many private companies like Mera Gaon Power,DESI Power, Gram Power,
Husk Power and so on have deployed mini-grids and micro grids in rural
India. However, barring few examples, these models are yet to become
commercially viable and sustainable. Isolation of commercial viability from
the threat of subsidised tariffs is one of the major challenges which need to
be addressed, for distributed generation.
Recently announced enhanced targets for renewable energy programmes by
MNRE (175 GW by 2022) are expected to bring in new investments and give
impetus for rural electrification through renewable energy.

The way forward

For faster, reliable and effective rural electrification a unified model for
implementation is necessary. An integrated policy framework would help in
this regards.
We also need regulatory framework to support min-grid based rural
electrification which can be sustainable in long term. Mini grids depend on
small local consumers which are mostly dependent on agriculture income.
These groups are vulnerable to loss of income from disturbances in
agricultural activities resulting in loss of revenue for micro-grids. Such
practical difficulties need to be addressed on priority basis.

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Solar street lights/ lighting community places Introduced in early 1980s for
village electrification and providing light at community places.
Solar lanterns / home lighting systems
Introduced in mid 1980s for providing basic light ing solutions to households,
new versions with LED lights and additional facilities like cell phone charging
or powering fans, TV
Solar charging stations
Lantern charging stations which work on tee tor service principle, managed
by local entrepreneur
Mini grids
Mini grids with variety of sizes based on solar, wind, small hydro or biomass
power. These are promising candidates for sustainable business model for
rural electrification
Grid interactive grids
MW level RE powered grid with smart controllers and suitable energy storage
technologies. These grids can fulfill the need for reliable 24 x 7 power in rural
areas
Technology development in hybrid systems tor mini grids and energy storage
systems for balancing supply and demand in mini grids or distributed
generation in remote areas is essential.
Awareness, capacity building and creating quality consciousness among the
players is also an essential part of the process. Rural electrification is
complex and challenging however, an integrated approach of combining
renewables with conventional grid extension approach and proactive policies
to resolve the integration and tariff issues is one of the preferred ways to
move ahead

Alternative sources of energy.

Saltwater power
It has been called saltwater power, osmotic power or blue energy, and it is
one of the most promising new sources of renewable power not yet fully
tapped. Just as it takes huge amounts of energy to desalinate water, energy
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is generated when the reverse happens and saltwater is added to freshwater.
Through a process called reverse electrodialysis, blue energy powerplants
could capture this energy as it is released naturally in estuaries around the
world.

Helioculture
This revolutionary process called helioculture was pioneered by Joule
Biotechnologies and generates hydrocarbon-based fuel by combining
brackish water, nutrients, photosynthetic organisms, carbon dioxide and
sunlight. Unlike oils made from algae, helioculture produces fuel directly in
the form of ethanol or hydrocarbons that does not need to be refined. The
method essentially utilizes the natural process of photosynthesis to produce
a ready-to-use fuel.

Piezoelectricity
As the world's human population approaches a whopping 7 billion, tapping
into the kinetic energy of human movement could become a source of real
power. Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials to generate an electric
field in response to applied mechanical stress. By placing tiles made of
piezoelectric material along busy walking paths or even in the soles of our
shoes, electricity could be generated with every step we take making
people into walking power plants.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

Ocean thermal energy conversion, or OTEC for short, is a hydro energy
conversion system that uses the tempurature difference between deep and
shallow waters to power a heat engine. This energy could be tapped by
building platforms or barges out at sea, taking advantage of thermal layers
found between the ocean depths.

Human sewage
Even human sewage can be used to create electricity or fuel. Plans are
already underway to power public buses in Oslo, Norway, with human
sewage. Electricity can also be generated from sewage using microbial fuel
cells, which utilize a bio-electrochemical system that drives a current by
mimicking bacterial interactions found in nature. Of course, sewage can also
be put to use as a fertilizer

Hot rock power

Hot rock power is a new type of geothermal power that works by pumping
cold saltwater down to rock which has been heated by conduction from the
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Earths mantle and by the decay of radioactive elements in the crust. As that
water heats up, the energy created can be converted into electricity by a
steam turbine. The advantages of hot rock power are that the output can be
easily controlled and it can provide energy 24/7.

Evaporative energy
Inspired by plants, scientists have invented a synthetic, micro-fabricated
"leaf" that can scavenge electrical power from evaporating water. Air bubbles
can be pumped into the "leaves", generating electricity generated by the
difference in electrical properties between water and air. This research could
open the door to more grandiose ways to trap the power created from
evaporation.

Vortex-induced vibrations
This form of renewable energy, which draws power from slow water currents,
was inspired by the movement of fish. The energy can be captured as water
flows past a network of rods. Eddies, or swirls, form in an alternating pattern,
pushing and pulling an object up or down or side to side to create
mechanical energy. It works in the same way that fish curve their bodies to
glide between the vortices shed by the bodies of the fish in front of them,
essentially riding in each other's wake.

Bibliography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India
www.mbaskool.com Articles Finance
www.slideshare.net/sayanaich/future-of-the-indian-power-sector
www.atkearney.in/...Future...Indian_Power_Sector.../b3ce3713-efd0-430096b8-8ab...

5. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/.../gx-power-future-global-power-sector-report.pdf
6. www.teriin.org/index.php?option=com_featurearticle&task=details&sid..
7. www.thehindu.com/news/national/rural-electrificationcentres.../article8397425.ece
8. www.mnn.com Earth Matters Energy
9. www.greenuptown.com/top-5-examples-of-alternative-energy-resources/

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