A Paper Presentation

On

IMPLEMENTATION OF IMAGE
PROCESSING
TECHINQUES IN MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
By
M.TEJASWI
II ECE
mteja65@gmail.com

A.SUREKHA
II ECE
adapa.surekha48@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
. Digital image processing is used in
many areas in life like Weatherforecasting,
Spaceexploration,Remotesensing,Robotics,
Medicine ect.. . One among them is Medical
Imaging. This is preferred over analog
because it can avoid problems such as the
build-up of noise and signal distortion
during processing,
Medical imaging refers to the
techniques and processes used to create
images of the human body for clinical
purposes or medical science .This is the
process of production of perfect visual
representations of body parts, tissues, or
organs, for use in clinical diagnosis using
images processed by digital image
processing with less noise. Some of the
fields in medicine where Digital Image
Processing is used are Tomography,
Ultrasound imaging, mammography, chest
radiography, head radio graphy etc. The
field of digital image processing is
continually evolving and creating a lot of
miracles when used efficiently

brightness of the dot. The computer can then

adjust the pixels to enhance image quality .
2.Image processing operations:
The three main categories of digital image
processing are :
(1)image compression
(2) image enhancement and restoration
(3)measurement extraction
Image compression :
Image compression is the application of data
compression on digital images. The
objective is to reduce redundancy of the
image data in order to be able to store or
transmit data in an efficient form.It is a
.mathematical technique used to reduce the
amount of computer memory needed to store
a digital image.
Image enhancement and restoration:
Image enhancement techniques can be used
to modify the brightness and contrast of an
image, to remove blurriness, and to filter out
some of the noise. Using mathematical
equations called algorithms, the computer
applies each change to either the whole
image or targets a particular portion of the
image.

Various steps in processing

of digital images:

1) Digitization of the image:

Digitization involves translating the
image into a numerical code that can be
understood by a computer. It can be
accomplished using a scanner or a video
camera linked to a frame grabber board in
the computer. The computer breaks down
the image into thousands of pixels. They are
the small dots in that represents the

Fig:The image at the left has been corrupted

by noise during the digitization process. The
image at the right obtained was a noisefree
image

geometric, aesthetic, surface finishing. It is

an image based qualitycontrol process. Must
be automatic to be of practical use in the
factory.

Type of images and problems

Fabric inspection

Measurement extraction:
Once the image is in good condition, the
Measurement Extraction operations can be
used to obtain useful information from an
enhanced image. So the above information
helps us to understand how Digital image
processing is used in medical imagery.

Visual inspection :
Definitions
Computer Vision is the combination of
image processing, pattern recognition and
artificial intelligence technologies that
focuses on the computer analysis of one or
more images. The output of a computer
vision process is often a model of the
imaged scene.
Machine Vision refers to the image
capturing of an object and automatic
interpretation of the corresponding image in
order to obtain information
and/or control machines or processes.
Functions of machine vision
includes locating, inspecting, gauging,
counting, identifying,
recognizing, ...
Visual Inspection: Measure and
interpretation of imaged objects in orderto
assess is they have been manufactured
within the specified tolerances,being

Optical worm disk inspection

Cork inspection Fruit grading

MEDICAL IMAGING
Medical imaging refers to the techniques
and processes used to create images of the
human body for clinical purposes or medical
science .This is the process of production of
visual representations of body parts, tissues,
or organs, for use in clinical diagnosis.
Digital image processing used in medicical
imaging deals with various fields like:
_ Mammography
_ Tomography
_ Angiography
_ Nuclear medicine imaging etc.
Mammography:
Mammography is a specific type of imaging
that uses a low-dose x-ray system to
examine breasts. A mammography exam,
called a mammogram, is used to aid in the
early detection and diagnosis of breast
diseases in women. Two recent advances in
mammography
include
digital
mammography
and
computer-aided
detection.
Digital mammography also called full-field
digital mammography (FFDM), is a
mammography system in which the x-ray
film is replaced by solid-state detectors that
convert x-rays into electrical signals. The
electrical signals are used to produce images
of the breast that can be seen on a computer
screen or printed on special film similar to
conventional mammograms.
Computer-aided detection (CAD) systems
use a digitized mammographic image that

can be obtained from either a conventional

film mammogram or a digitally acquired
mammogram. The computer software then
searches for abnormal areas of density,
mass, or calcification that may indicate the
presence of cancer.

Tomography:
Tomography is the method of imaging a
single plane, or slice, of an object resulting
in a tomogram. There are several forms of
tomography:
_ Linear tomography
_ Poly tomography
_ Zonography
_ Orthopantomography
Among which computer tomography is the
famous one
Computed
tomography:
Computed
tomography, also called computed axial
tomography, is a scanning technique that
combines computer and x-ray technologies.
This test is a helical tomography, which
traditionally produces a 2D image of the
structures in a thin section of the body The
computer constructs a two-dimensional
anatomic image that represents a crosssectional slice through the body.
Computed tomography (CT images)

Radiograohy:
Radiography is the use of ionizing
electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays to
view objects. Although not technically
radiographic techniques, imaging modalities
such as PET and MRI are sometimes
grouped in radiography due to the fact that
the radiology department of hospitals handle
all forms of imaging. Treatment using
radiation is known as radiotherapy.
What
is
Chest
Radiography)?

X-ray

(Chest

Angiography :
It is the radiologic study of blood vessels.
Because arteries and veins are not normally
visible in conventional x-ray studies, an
iodinated compound, which is opaque to the
x-ray, must be injected into the bloodstream.
Angiography is a test that uses an injection
of a liquid dye to make the arteries easily
visible on X-rays Angiography may reveal
bulges on an artery caused by a blood vessel
wall becoming weaker. This can also be
used to give a good view of the carotid
artery and its branches in the neck and head.

The chest x-ray is the most commonly

performed diagnostic x-ray examination. A
chest x-ray makes images of the heart,
lungs, airways, blood vessels and the bones
of the spine and chest.X-rays are the oldest
and most frequently used form of medical
imaging.
Chest radiography
Enhancement of a
compressed image may reveal artifacts of
the compressionprocess.

Biomedical Images
Utility
Medical images give information of shape
and function of organs of human body, being
one of the most important mean for
establishing the diagnosis.
Medical images are a special mean for
controlling the therapeutic action.

Head radiography

Difficulties
A medical doctor uses images for
diagnosis,
together
withmany
other

information. In most of the cases it

isqualitative and subjective evaluation.
The information conveyed by medical
images is very difficult to exploit
quantitatively and objectively to assess is
they have been manufactured within the
specified tolerances, being geometric,
aesthetic, surface finishing. It is an image
based quality control process. Must be
automatic to be of practical use in the
factory.
Conclusion
In this paper Various steps in processing of
digital images like Digitization of the
image,image processing operations are
introduced so as to modify the brightness
and contrast of an image, and to filter out
some of the noise.By using visual inspection
the measure and interpretation of imaged
objects can be known.Coming to medical
applications this is more
efficient
compared to x-rays. Medical images give
information of shape and function of organs
of human body, being one of the most
important mean for establishing the
diagnosis and are a special mean for
controlling the therapeutic action. By using
radiography
ionizing
electromagnetic
radiation such as X-rays to view objects.
Angiography may reveal bulges on an artery
caused by a blood vessel wall becoming
weaker. This can also be used to give a good
view of the carotid artery and its branches in
the neck and head.This is preferred over
analog because it can avoid problems such
as the build-up of noise and signal distortion
during processing.by using this the image
clarity is made much better for the
identification of specified organs. This paper
can be used for future developments of
digital image processing in medical fields .

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