Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
E.g. is short for exempli gratia, a Latin phrase which means for the sake of
example. You would use it to introduce one or more examples. Dont worry
about listing every possibility; e.g. is used to introduce a few examples, not a
complete list. In general, you add a comma after e.g. and between each
subsequent example if there are more than one. If you want your examples
set apart from the rest of the sentence, you can enclose e.g. and your
examples in parentheses. Would you like to see e.g. in action?
Should that happen to poor, as-yet unaffected places (e.g., most of South
Asia and Africa) the suffering can be great, it added. WHO rejects calls to
move Olympics over Zika fears
Theres a common view that Malcolm Turnbulls 30-minute city is yet another
slight variation on the many terms we already have for a more sustainable
urban form e.g. compact city, walkable city, smart growth, new urbanism,
urban consolidation. Is Turnbulls 30-minute city a serious election issue?
What about i.e.? A lot of people confuse this expression with e.g. I.e. also
comes from Latin; it stands for id est, which translates to English as that is to
say or in other words. Some people remember this by associating the I of
i.e. with the I of in other words, or by imagining that the I and E stand for in
essence.
[What privilege] would allow them to refuse to answer investigators
questions? Only one: the Fifth Amendment privilegei.e., the refusal to
answer on the grounds that truthful responses might be incriminating. How
to Read the IG Report
Whats the difference between i.e. and e.g.? E.g. is used to give one or more
possible examples. I.e clarifies; you are providing more precise information.
Compare these two examples:
After work, Ill walk over to that new sports, i.e., Thunderdome.
After work, Ill walk over to a sports arena, e.g., Thunderdome or Victory
Court.
In the first example, you are clarifying that Thunderdome is the exact arena
that you will visit. In the second example, you will visit Thunderdome, Victory
Court, or any other sports arena.
Now you have a response if a teen teases you about your lack of texting
expertise. You can ask her to tell you the words behind some abbreviations
that you understand (e.g., id est). FYI (i.e., for your information), SWAK
means sealed with a kiss.
Et Al. Usage
Why is there a period after the al of et al.? Remember, al. is short for alia
and its various forms. The period indicates that it is an abbreviation. On the
other hand, et is the full form of the Latin word meaning and, so no period is
necessary after that word. Despite its Latin origins, you dont need
italics when et al. is part of a list. After all, it has been a part of the English
language since the 1800s.
What about et al. in a sentence? How do you punctuate it? Just write the
sentence as you normally would. Besides the period, et al. doesnt require any
special punctuation. However, if you are writing a term paper, there are some
usage rules you should know for in-text citations. Lets consult the APA Style
Blog:
Dont use et al. unless there are more than two authors.
For references with three to five authors, list all the authors in the first
citation of the work, but abbreviate using the name of the first author and et
al. for any additional citations of the same work.
For references with more than six authors, cite using the first authors
name plus et al. for all of the in-text citations.
Et Al. Examples
When people cite the work of you and your friends, they would likely use et
al., especially in formal writing such as term papers and on works cited pages.
Here are two examples, one in-text mention of a publication and another from
a works cited page:
These linkages were monitored by large-scale correlational survey
research (e.g., Coleman et al., 1966) and subsequent reanalyses
of that data set (Jencks et al., 1979 and Mosteller & Moynihan,
1972).
Holt, John. How Teachers Make Children Hate Reading. The
Norton Reader, 13th Edition. Ed. Linda Peterson, et al. New York:
W.W. Norton, 2012. 195-203
In the first example, the writer uses parenthetical notations to refer to
materials that he used as references. His first resource was a research study
published by seven contributors. Rather than list everyone, he credits his
source by using the name of the principal investigator, James S. Coleman.
The second et al. example shows how a publication with multiple editors
would appear in a bibliography.
that the Greek phrase under consideration appears not only in the sixth
chapter of Mark but also in other locations of the Bible.
The [Greek phrase] to make a feast (Mark VI. 21, et alibi) is of
course anarthrous.
Isnt it great news that you and your friends can publish tales of your vacation
together without filling the cover with a comprehensive list of names? You can
use et al. to acknowledge numerous authors. And if you begin talking about
different locations, the list of casinos and hotels need not be exhaustive. You
can also let your readers know about the existence of other places with et al.
Then again, do you really want to let the world know what happened in Las
Vegas?
Grammar pedants have long known that punctuation is everything. And even
casual language buffs can tell you that commas save lives (surely youve seen
the Lets eat Grandma vs. Lets eat, Grandma meme). But to thousands who
may have never thought twice about a dangling modifier or a misplaced
appositive, the semicolon has become their reason for enduring.
Thanks to Amy Bleuel, the often misunderstood symbol has morphed from a
simple punctuation mark to a badge of pride for those who struggle with
depression, suicide, addiction, anxiety, and self-injury.
Bleuel started the nonprofit movement Project Semicolon in April 2013 to
honor her father, who took his own life, and to give voice to her own fight with
mental illness. The idea was to encourage anyone haunted by these demons
to draw a semicolon on their body, photograph it, and share it on a given day
to encourage love and to inspire.
A semicolon is used when an author couldve chosen to end their sentence,
but chose not to. The author is you, and the sentence is your life, explains
Project Semicolons website.
Since its inception, Project Semicolon has transformed from a once-off social
media initiative into a full-fledged movement and awareness campaign for
mental health and suicide prevention. And just as a once-fleeting call-to-action
has given way to this more permanent form of activism, people have
exchanged the Sharpies that Bleuel initially suggested for permanent ink.
Semicolon tattoos are cropping up everywhere: on wrists, behind ears, above
ankle bones, and more. And with them, an outpouring of heartfelt stories,
grassroots tattoo-a-thons, and even a fully devoted charity organization called
The Semicolon Tattoo Project (TSTP) have followed.
In a society that often tries to hide mental health issues, we want to push
back and show that the more we talk about it, the more people get help, says
TSTP.
According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administrations 2014
Behavioral Health Barometer, over 13 million Americans struggled with a
serious mental illness, 9.3 million seriously thought about committing suicide,
and 17.3 million were dependent on alcohol in 2013.
Even more alarming, though, is the fact that nearly thirty-two percent of
people diagnosed with a serious mental illness did not receive treatment in
that same year. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, many
dont seek proper diagnosis and help because of the stigma attached to this
kind of illness.
And thats exactly what the semicolon tattoo is working to change.
Just as the mark is a sign for readers to pause before continuing on with a
sentence, participants have embraced the symbol as a reminder that their
story isnt over yetand that they should tell it.
Look at the TSTP Facebook page and youll find countless people sharing
tales of survival and struggle. These brave, honest accounts have started to
bring a community together and endow members with the kind of pride that is
capable of breaking down stigma.
Whats more, the tattoo has encouraged people to demand recognition for and
discussion about illnesses that often skate by under the radar because they
are invisible.
Ink has always been a conversation starter, and the semicolon emblem is no
different. Its an opportunity for survivors, those who battle every day, and
even supporters to talk to those unacquainted with mental health issues. And
as TSTP points out, The more we talk about it, the more people get the help
they need when they need it.
So, in an age when many of us spend more time tweeting than talking, let
alone doing, the semicolon tattoo might just be the most beautiful thing weve
learned about in a long time (and, yes, we would believe this even if we
werent such devout grammarians).
There are two types of writers in this world: those who use too many commas
and those who use too few. While unnecessary commas can turn
straightforward sentences into twisting labyrinths of syntactical confusion,
missing a critical comma can change the entire meaning of your sentence.
Consider the headline from the now-infamous Rachael Ray cover
of Tails magazine: Rachael Ray finds inspiration in cooking her family and her
dog. While the line breaks of the original cover make it apparent what the
editors meant to say, the lack of commas between the three items in the list
cooking, family, and her dogcaused Tails to accidentally portray Ray
as a cannibal who gleefully cooks her family and dog. Wonder if she uses
EVOO for that, too?
Here are some places in your writing where you should include commas:
1. After an introductory element. When complex sentences begin with a
phrase or clause, a comma is required to separate the introductory element
and the independent clause. The previous sentence demonstrates this rule,
but lets look at some more examples:
Without a care in the world, Mildred raced down the hill on her brandnew velocipede.
To her, Paris would always be the most magical city in the world.
My best friend, Jimmy Brown, always brings an extra pudding cup for
me. (People can only have one best friend at a time, so his name is a
nonessential element.)
I played the game Settlers of Catan for six hours this weekend with my
friend Parvati. (Here, neither Settlers of Catan nor Parvati should be set off
with commas because there are more games and friends in the world other
than the two mentioned in the sentence.)
A candle will be lit at the memorial service for the fallen soldier.
Answers:
Who stole the camera? The agent is unknown. If you do not know who
committed an action, it is appropriate to use passive voice.
Who do you want to receive the attention? If you prefer the attention to
be on the action itself (the candle being lit) and not the person doing the
lighting, you may omit the agent.
A while/Awhile
It had been a while since the long-lost lovers had seen each other,
but their passion was still so true they didnt mind
waiting awhile for their fast-approaching reunion.
Accept/Except
Everyone except Christopher, who has already discovered the
truth, needs toaccept the fact that the world is not flat.
Affect/Effect
The technicians didnt realize that the special effect that creepily
breathed down viewers necks would affect audience members so
deeply. People ran out of the theater screaming.
Aide/Aid
The teachers aide was the first to arrive at school that day. So
when the tornado hit, she gave as much aid to the kids as
possible.
Aloud/Allowed
After breaking the television set he wasnt allowed to touch, Bart
had to repeat this phrase aloud 1,000 times: I will not replace the
television dials with marshmallows.
Anytime/Any time
Call anytime! Actually, scratch that. Call me at any time after 5:00
p.m.
Bizarre/Bazaar
The strange, old-fashioned bazaar featured a freak show made up
of bizarre and mysterious people.
Capital/Capitol
The protesters left their own state capitals to converge on
the Capitol building in Washington, DC, and rally for their cause.
Cite/Site/Sight
The site of the excavation came into sight as they emerged from
the tunnel. If the bones were in fact dinosaur bones, then scientists
would need to cite the analysis taken from this discovery in every
paleontology research paper for the next hundred years.
Compliment/Complement
The winemaker received compliment after compliment for her
incredible pairing. Each selected dish seemed the
perfect complement to the chosen vintages.
Conscience/Conscious
My conscience plagues me most when Im sleeping. Then, when I
wake up, I becomeconscious of the guilt Im feeling for my actions.
Desert/Dessert
If only this hot, sandy desert were made of dessert. Then I could
simply eat my way out of it.
Elude/Allude
If youre going to allude to your diamond heist so casually in
conversation, you should prepare to elude the authorities, who will
most likely find out about the theft.
Ensure/Insure
It seems strange that in order to ensure my son can receive
medical treatment, I need to insure him with the healthcare
company on the day of his birth.
Every day/Everyday
Just because the office attire is everyday wear doesnt mean you
should wear the same clothes every day.
Formerly/Formally
Formerly a Buddhist monk clothed only in a tunic, he was
confused by the need to dress formally, in a shirt and tie, for work.
Guerilla/Gorilla
The paramilitary forces had a new tactic; they were going to use
actual gorillas as foot soldiers in their guerilla warfare.
Led/Lead,
He led them through the dangerous forest of giant spiders with
only a headlamp and a lead pipe. As the lead scout, he needed to
be brave and fearless even though he felt incredibly frightened.
One/Won
She won the costumed thumb war competition by one measly
point.
Pedal/Peddle
If you want to peddle stolen goods to innocent people, youd better
be prepared topedal your bike as fast as you can away from the
town when youre done.
Pore/Pour
If you pore over your schoolbooks with the same discipline that
you apply to gaming, I wont be forced to pour this macaroni over
your head.
Premier/Premiere
The premier of Switzerland eagerly awaited the premiere of the
new production of the Sound of Music. The woman cast as Maria
was the countrys premier actress.
Principle/Principal
School principals should be people of principle. Their behavior and
attitude should, in principle, be an example to all students.
Reign/Rein
Take the reins and lead the horse as if youre ruling a kingdom and
your reign has lasted five decades.
Weather/Whether
Who cares about the weather? Were going to have a good time
regardless ofwhether its raining, snowing, or glowing.
Sentence Fragments
Sentence fragments are snippets of words that dont quite add up to a complete
thought. There are several common types of sentence fragments, including:
If youre still not convinced that the English language is full of oddities and
conundrums, take a look at these five wacky sentences that are actually
grammatically correct.
Single soldiers, as well as married soldiers and their families, reside in the
complex.
the pond, the German language inspired abseiling, the British word for the
same action. Uniquely American foods, such as smores, dont have British
equivalents because they are still relatively unknown. Perhaps that would
change if they sampled them; smores are delicious!
Vocabulary Differences
Other words exist in both languages, but they mean different things. For
example, if you requested a caretaker in England, you might be introduced to
someone holding a broom and dustpan. There, a caretaker is a person who
cleans and maintains a building. To Americans, a caretaker is someone who
takes care of someone, such as a child or sick person, or who looks after a
property while the owner is away. Other Briticisms are famous. Have you
learned what a lift is? Would you go for a ride in a lorry?
Spelling
One man is responsible for many of the spelling differences that exist between
American and British English. His name was Noah Webster. Yes, the same
Webster of Websters Dictionary. He decided that Americans should be
independent, not only politically, but also lexically. Thats why youll notice an
extra U in some British words like colour, armour, and humour. American
English tends to end words with -ize rather than the British -ise. The -er
ending of words like theater and center is reversed in British English words.
Other words are almost unrecognizable as cognates, such as curband kerb.
Grammar
In British English, you have to use the present perfect for recent actions that
affect the present.
Ive broken your vase. Will you forgive me?
American English accepts the present perfect as correct, but it also offers a
second possibilitythe simple past.
I broke your vase. Will you forgive me?
American English is tolerant of present perfect, but its not as understanding of
Britains past participles. In the following sentences, Americans would
use gotten as the past participle of the verbto get, leaned in the place of leant,
and spoiled instead of spoilt.
You have got much better at breaking things!
Its because youve leant too hard against the furniture.
Now its spoilt!
Even with the Ts in place of the -ed endings, an American could understand
the meaning of these sentences without a problem. And despite both groups
accents and idiosyncratic expressions, Brits and Americans have little problem
communicating with each other in English. If you visit London, you may be
invited to join the natives for an afternoon tea. If you dont fancy milk in your
drink, you can let them know. Arent you grateful for that?
for certain who penned the book, but it was one of the worlds first attempts to
entertain children with literature.
Hickory dickory dock.
The mouse ran up the clock.
The clock struck one,
And down he run.
Hickory dickory dock.
The Man from Nantucket
The Man from Nantucket serves as inspiration for limericks both dirty and
pure. Perhaps youve even heard a Rated X ending to this story-starter.
However, the original Nantucket limerick was quite tame. It appeared in
Princeton Universitys humor magazine, the Princeton Tiger, in 1902:
There once was a man from Nantucket
Who kept all his cash in a bucket.
But his daughter, named Nan,
Ran away with a man,
And as for the bucket, Nantucket.
Speaking of Geography . . .
Princeton wasnt the only publisher of geographically themed limericks. Lear
chose Peru as his muse at least once, as shown by the following:
There was an Old Man of Peru
Who watched his wife making a stew.
But once, by mistake,
In a stove she did bake
That unfortunate Man of Peru.
Lears story of the unlucky Peru gent blazed a path for hundreds of amateur
Peru poems to come, many of which are less than chaste. Middle schoolers
excel at crafting this kind of literature, from what we hear. Perhaps a Peru
limerick or two lingers in your own adolescent memory.
Shakespearean Limerick
Even William Shakespeare practiced what some would call the lowest form of
poetry. The following limerick about imbibing spirits appeared in Othello, Act
II, Scene III:
And let me the canakin clink, clink.
And let me the canakin clink.
A soldiers a man.
A lifes but a span.
Why, then, let a soldier drink.
The Bard also used limericks in King Lear and The Tempest.
Ogden Nash
Poet Ogden Nash coined the phrase, Candy is dandy, but liquor is quicker.
Some limerick fans insist he wrote the following limerick about a pelican:
A wonderful bird is the pelican,
His bill can hold more than his beli-can.
He can take in his beak
Food enough for a week
But Im damned if I see how the heli-can.
This clever verse has also been attributed to Dixon Lanier Merritt, a humorist
who lived at the same time. Nash died in 1971 and Merritt in 1972.
Crafting a Limerick
Limericks are closed form poems that adhere to a strict template. Want to
write your own? Follow these guidelines:
The last word in lines 1, 2, and 5 must rhyme and contain 8-9 syllables
each.
The last word in lines 3 and 4 must rhyme and contain 5-6 syllables
each.
Of course, what fun are rules unless theyre broken or at least bent
every once in a while? Consider this limerick by Zach Weiner of the comic
Saturday Morning Breakfast Cereal, which coherently flows both backward
and forward:
This limerick goes in reverse
Unless Im remiss
The neat thing is this:
If you start from the bottom-most verse
This limericks not any worse.
Now we challenge you to write your own limerick. Its fast, easy, and incredibly
satisfying. What will yours be about?
Watch out! There are certain situations and fixed phrases that break the
general usage rules for these words.
Now that the basics are out of the way, the time has come to learn the
intricacies of how to use affect and effect effectively. Or is it affectively? If
youre lucky, it may well be a little bit of both. (For the curious, effective would
mean successful in this context. And when it comes to grammar, success is
the goal.)