BSNL Tta Je Electrical

BSNL-TTA(JE)
ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA
ELECTRICAL
New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com

Classroom Postal Correspondence Test-Series 2016 All Rights Reserved
[1]
BSNL-TTA(JE)
ELECTRICAL
TTA DIRECT RECRUITMENT 2016

Examination Pattern & Schemes
Paper
Subjects
No. of Questions
Part-I
General Ability Test
20
20
Part-II
Basic Engineering
90
90
3 Hours
Part-III
Specialization
90
90
10am to 1pm
Total
200
Marks
Duration
200
All questions will be MCQ-Multiple Choice OBJECTIVE Question

NEGATIVE MARKING applicable for EACH Questions
Sectional Qualifying Marks
OVERALL CUTOFF
PART
General
SC/ST/OBC
Part-I
30%
20%
Part-II
30%
20%
Part-III
30%
20%
General
SC/ST/OBC
40%
33%
NOTE : Candidate obtaining LESS than minimum qualifying marks in any of the three parts as well as in OVERALL shall
not be considered into FINAL merit LIST.
NO INTERVIEW PROCESS after Online examinations.

[2]
BSNL-TTA(JE)
ELECTRICAL
Syllabus
3 Phase vs single phase supply, Star Delta connections, relation between phase & line voltage, power
factor and their measurements, constructions and principles of working of various types of electrical
measuring instruments, all types of motor and generator AC & DC, transformers, starters, rectifiers,
inverters, battery charges, batteries, servo and stepper motors, contactor control circuits, switchgear,
relays, protection devices & schemes, substation, protective relaying, circuit breaker, generator
protection, transformer protection, feeder & lightening protection, feeder & busbar protection, lightening
arrestor, earthing, voltage stabilizer & regulators, power control devices & circuits, phase controlled
rectifiers, inverters, choppers, dual converters, cycloconverters; power electronics application in control of
drivers, refrigeration & airconditioning.

[3]
BSNL-TTA(JE)
ELECTRICAL
CONTENT
1.
DC TRANSFORMER (CHOPPERS)
05-10
2.
INVERTERS & BATTERIES ..
11-30
3.
PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS .
31-47
4.
LIGHTNING & BUS BAR PROTECTION SYSTEM
48-61
5.
STARTER
62-66
6.
THREE PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES
67-94
7.
SPECIAL MACHINES ..
95-100
8.
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS ..
101-109
9.
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
110-128
10. DC MACHINES .
129-172
11. CIRCUIT BREAKER & POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION ...
173-231
12. REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING .
232-264
13. TTA PRACTICE SET ..
265-271

[4]
BSNL-TTA(JE)
ELECTRICAL
CHAPTER-1
DC TRANSFORMER (CHOPPERS)
Chopper is a device which convert fixed dc to variable dc. This is because, it is also called dc transformer.
Duty cycle limit for continuous conduction

T
E
1 a l n 1 m eT /Ta 1 ; m b
T
Vs
If >1 continuous conduction.

<1 discontinuous conduction.
Principle of step-up chopper can also be employed for the regenerating braking of d.c. motors.
Class B commutation or current or Reverse pulse commutation:tc 21
2 1
2
1
2 sin 1
x
2
1
tc 2 cos 1
x
tc 2 LC cos 1
1
x
tc = circuit turn-off time
Icp x I0
Vs
C
x I0
L
I0 Icp sin 1
sin 1
I0
I cp
Icp I0
I cp x I 0
sin 1
1
x
C x I0
L
Vs
LC
tc
1
2cos 1
x
tc tq

[5]
BSNL-TTA(JE)
ELECTRICAL
t c ( S .F ) t a
S.F = safety factor

tq = device turn off time
x minimum is equal to 1.5
Peak capacitor voltage
Vcp Vs I 0
L
C
Peak current through main thyristor is I0

CLASS D/VOLTAGE COMMUTATED CHOPPER:
Circuit turn off time (tc)

tcm
CVs
I0
Peak current through main thyristor

C
L
Voltage commutated chopper cant be operated at no load.
IT peak
I 0 Vs
Icp I0
Vs
C
I0
L
2
V
L s .C
I0
Ton effective T 2 tcm

[6]
BSNL-TTA(JE)
ELECTRICAL
1. Buck Regulator (Step down Chopper)

Circuit Diagram:
Related Waveforms:
Important Formulas: (Buck Converter)

T
Where, ON
T
(1 ) Vs
2. Inductor current ripple, iL
fL
1. Output voltage, Vo Vs
; referred to as duty cycle.

[7]
BSNL-TTA(JE)
3. Output voltage ripple, VC
ELECTRICAL
(1 )Vs
8 f 2 LC
Note:
(a) Critical Inductance (LC ) : Refers to value of inductance at which inductor current waveform is just discontinuous.
Critical inductance,
LC
(1 ) R
2f
(b) Critical Capacitance (CC ) : Refers to the value of capacitance at which voltage waveform is just discontinuous.
Critical capacitance,
CC
(1 )
16 f 2 LC
Boost Regulator (Step up Chopper)

Circuit Diagram
Related Waveforms

[8]
BSNL-TTA(JE)
ELECTRICAL
Important Formula: (Boost Converter)

1. Output voltage,
2. Inductor current ripple,
3. Output voltage ripple,
V
Vo s
1
Vs
iL
fL
I
VC o
fC
(1 ) R
2f
CC
5. Critical capacitance,
2f R
Buck-Boost Regulator (Step down/up Chopper):
Circuit Diagram:
4. Critical inductance,
LC
Waveforms:

[9]
BSNL-TTA(JE)
10
ELECTRICAL
Important Formula:

1. Output voltage, Vo
Vs
1
I
3. Output voltage ripple, VC o
fC
5. Critical capacitance, CC
2. Inductor current ripple, iL

4. Critical inductance,
LC
Vs
fL
(1 ) R
2f
2f R

[10]
BSNL-TTA(JE)
ELECTRICAL
11
CHAPTER-2
INVERTERS& BATTERIES
A device which converts dc power into AC power at desired output voltage and frequency is called inverter.
Classification
(i) Voltage Source Inverters: It is defined as the dc source in which impedance is negligible.
(ii) Current Source Inverter: CSI is fed with adjustable current from a dc source of high impedance.
Applications
Power electronic systems are found in virtually every electronic device. For example:
DC/DC converters are used in most mobile devices (mobile phones, PDA etc.) to maintain the voltage at a fixed value
whatever the voltage level of the battery is. These converters are also used for electronic isolation and power
factor correction.
AC/DC converters (rectifiers) are used every time an electronic device is connected to the mains (computer, television
etc.). These may simply change AC to DC or can also change the voltage level as part of their operation.
AC/AC converters are used to change either the voltage level or the frequency (international power adapters, light
dimmer). In power distribution networks AC/AC converters may be used to exchange power between utility
frequency 50 Hz and 60 Hz power grids.
DC/AC converters (inverters) are used primarily in UPS or renewable energy systems or emergency lighting systems.
When mains power is available, it will charge the DC battery. If the mains fails, an inverter will be used to produce
AC electricity at mains voltage from the DC battery.
Power electronics is the application of electronics for the control and conversion of electric power. Applications of power
electronics range in size from a switched mode power supply in an AC adapter, battery chargers, fluorescent
lamp ballasts, through variable frequency drives and DC motor drives used to operate pumps, fans, and manufacturing
machinery, up to gigawatt-scale high voltage direct current power transmission systems used to interconnect electrical
grids.
Motor drives are found in pumps, blowers, and mill drives for textile, paper, cement and other such facilities. Drives may
be used for power conversion and for motion control.For AC motors, applications include variable-frequency
drives, motor soft starters and excitation systems.
In hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), power electronics are used in two formats: series hybrid and parallel hybrid. The
difference between a series hybrid and a parallel hybrid is the location of the electric motor in comparison to the internal
combustion engine (ICE). The power electronic devices used in electric vehicles consist mostly of dc/dc converters for
battery charging, and dc/ac converters to power the propulsion motor. Electric trains are a big movement in public
transportation, especially in rural areas. These trains use power electronic devices to obtain power, as well as for vector
control using pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifiers. These devices are used, since the trains obtain their power from
the lines they transport along. Another new usage for power electronics is in elevator systems. These systems may use
thyristors, inverters, permanent magnet motors, or various hybrid systems that incorporate PWM systems and standard
motors.The uses of power electronics discussed above are just some examples of the use of power electronics in
residential and public applications.

[11]
BSNL-TTA(JE)
ELECTRICAL
12
"Smart Grid"
The Smart Grid is a concept in which renewable energy systems are integrated into the existing power grid. Power
electronics are used to convert power generated by distributed energy systems into usable power for the grid.
Electric power can be generated by wind turbines and hydroelectric turbines by using induction generators. Unfortunately,
the wind and water flows may not be fully controlled and can cause variances in the frequency at which the power is
generated. Power electronic devices are utilized in these systems to convert the generated ac voltages into high-voltage
direct current (HVDC). The HVDC power can be more easily converted into three phase power that is coherent with the
power associated to the existing power grid. Through these devices, the power delivered by these systems is cleaner and
has a higher power factor associated to them. In many wind power systems, the optimum torque on the generator is
obtained through a gearbox. On the other hand, some systems use direct drive technologies which reduce the size of the
power electronic device and remove the gearbox from the system.
Electric power can be generated through photovoltaic cells by using power electronic devices. The produced power is
usually then transformed by inverters. Inverters are divided into three different converter types: central converters,
module-integrated converters, and string converters. Central converters can be connected either in parallel or in series on
the DC side of the system. For photovoltaic farms, only one central converter is used for the entire system. Moduleintegrated converters are connected in series on the DC side of the system, and in series on the AC side. There are
normally several modules within the photovoltaic system, since the system requires these converters on both the DC and
the AC terminals. A string converter is used in a system that utilizes photovoltaic cells that are facing different directions.
It is used to convert the power generated to each string, or line, in which the photovoltaic cells are interacting.
Batteries
Batteries have three parts, an anode (-), a cathode (+), and the electrolyte. The cathode and anode (the positive and
negative sides at either end of a traditional battery) are hooked up to an electrical circuit. The chemical reactions in
the battery cause a buildup of electrons at the anode.
Battery Characteristics:
Size
+ Physical: button, AAA, AA, C, D, ...
+ Energy density (watts per kg or cm3)
Longevity
+ Capacity (Ah, for drain of C/10 at 20C)
+ Number of recharge cycles
Discharge characteristics (voltage drop)
Cost
Behavioral factors
+ Temperature range (storage, operation)
+ Self discharge
+ Memory effect

[12]
BSNL-TTA(JE)
ELECTRICAL
13
Environmental factors
+ Leakage, gassing, toxicity
+ Shock resistance
Basic types of batteries:

(1) Primary (Disposable) Batteries:
Zinc carbon (flashlights, toys)
Heavy duty zinc chloride (radios, recorders)
Alkaline (all of the above)
Lithium (photoflash)
Silver, mercury oxide (hearing aid, watches)
Zinc air
(A)Standard Zinc Carbon Batteries:
Chemistry
+
Zinc (-), manganese dioxide (+)
Zinc, ammonium chloride aqueous electrolyte
Features
+
Inexpensive, widely available
Inefficient at high current drain
Poor discharge curve (sloping)
Poor performance at low temperatures
(B)Heavy Duty Zinc Chloride Batteries:
Chemistry
+
Zinc chloride aqueous electrolyte
Features (compared to zinc carbon)

+
Better resistance to leakage
Better at high current drain

[13]
BSNL-TTA(JE)
+
ELECTRICAL
14
Better performance at low temperature
(C)Standard Alkaline Batteries:
Chemistry
+
Potassium hydroxide aqueous electrolyte
Features
+
50-100% more energy than carbon zinc
Low self-discharge (10 year shelf life)
Good for low current (< 400mA), long-life use
Poor discharge curve
(2)Secondary (Rechargeable) Batteries:
Nickel cadmium
Nickel metal hydride
Alkaline
Lithium ion
Lithium ion polymer
Lead acid
(A) Nickel Cadmium Batteries:
+
+
Chemistry
Cadmium (-), nickel hydroxide (+)
Potassium hydroxide aqueous electrolyte
Features
+
+
+
+
Rugged, long life, economical

Good high discharge rate (for power tools)
Relatively low energy density
Toxic
(B)
+
+
Lead Acid Batteries:

Chemistry
Lead
Sulfuric acid electrolyte

[14]
BSNL-TTA(JE)
+
+
+
+
ELECTRICAL
15
Features
Least expensive
Durable
Low energy density
Toxic
(C)Lithium Ion Polymer Batteries:
Chemistry
Graphite (-), cobalt or manganese (+)
Non aqueous electrolyte
Features
Slim geometry, flexible shape, light weight
Potentially lower cost (but currently expensive)
Lower energy density, fewer cycles than Li-ion

[15]
BSNL-TTA(JE)
16
ELECTRICAL
BSNL TTA-JE: Regular Classroom Online Test Series Postal Correspondence

BSNL JTO: Regular Classroom Online Test Series Postal Correspondence
BSNL JTO LICE: Regular Classroom Online Test Series Postal Correspondence
Ph. 011-26514888, 9990657855
GATE
IES
PSUs
Regular Classroom Online Test Series Postal Correspondence


[16]
BSNL-TTA(JE)
ELECTRICAL
17
EXCLUSIVE FORMULA & HANDBOOK FOR JTO EXAMINATION

[17]
BSNL-TTA(JE)
ELECTRICAL
18
To ENROLL into JTO Classroom Coaching Program contact 0-9990657855

eiidelhi@gmail.com

[18]

BSNL Tta Je Electrical

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BSNL-TTA(JE)

ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA

New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com

TTA DIRECT RECRUITMENT 2016

General Ability Test

All questions will be MCQ-Multiple Choice OBJECTIVE Question

ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA

New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com

ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA

New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com

INVERTERS & BATTERIES ..

PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS .

LIGHTNING & BUS BAR PROTECTION SYSTEM

THREE PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS ..

11. CIRCUIT BREAKER & POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION ...

12. REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING .

13. TTA PRACTICE SET ..

ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA

New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com

Duty cycle limit for continuous conduction

If >1 continuous conduction.

tc = circuit turn-off time

New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com

S.F = safety factor

Peak current through main thyristor is I0

Circuit turn off time (tc)

Peak current through main thyristor

Ton effective T 2 tcm

ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA

New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com

1. Buck Regulator (Step down Chopper)

Important Formulas: (Buck Converter)

ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA

; referred to as duty cycle.

New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com

Boost Regulator (Step up Chopper)

ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA

New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com

Important Formula: (Boost Converter)

ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA

New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com

2. Inductor current ripple, iL

ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA

New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com

ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA

New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com

Discharge characteristics (voltage drop)

New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com

Basic types of batteries:

Zinc (-), manganese dioxide (+)

Zinc, ammonium chloride aqueous electrolyte

Inexpensive, widely available

Inefficient at high current drain

Poor discharge curve (sloping)

Poor performance at low temperatures

(B)Heavy Duty Zinc Chloride Batteries:

Zinc (-), manganese dioxide (+)

Zinc chloride aqueous electrolyte

Features (compared to zinc carbon)

Better resistance to leakage

Better at high current drain

ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA