1.

Introduction
1.1 What is Transportation
Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another.
Modes of transport include air, rail,road,water,cable,pipeline and space. The field can be divided into
infrastructure,vehicles and operations. Transport is important because it enables trade between persons,
which is essential for the development of civilizations.
Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations including roads,railways, airways,
waterways,canals and pipelines and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations,
warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and
seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance.
Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles,buses, trains,trucks,people,
helicopters, watercraft, spacecraft and aircraft.
Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose
including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of
infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.
Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight
transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of
durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types
cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good
planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow and restrain urban sprawl.
In this presentation they have narrowed it to public and private transportations.

1.2 Private Transportation

Private transport (as opposed to public transport) is transportation service which is not available for use
by the general public. Often public transportation service providers are privately owned;
notwithstanding, any and all services provided by such companies that is available to the general public
is considered public transport. While private transportation may be used alongside nearly all modes of
public transportation, private railroad cars are rare. Unlike many forms of public transportation, which
may be subsidized, the entire cost of private transportation is born directly or indirectly by the user.
Private transport is the dominant form of transportation in most of the world. Examples of private
transport are listed below.

Motorized:
Automobile
Boat
Hovercraft
Moped
Motorcycle
Private jet
Ship
Submarine
Non-motorized:
Bicycle
Hot air balloon
Pack animal
Scooter

1.3 Public Transportation

Public transport (also known as public transportation, public transit, or mass transit) is a shared
passenger-transport service which is available for use by the general public, as distinct from modes
such as taxicab, carpooling, or hired buses, which are not shared by strangers without private
arrangement.
Public transport modes include city buses, trolleybuses, trams and passenger trains, rapid transit and
ferries. Public transport between cities is dominated by airlines, coaches, and intercity rail. High speed
rail networks are being developed in many parts of the world. Most public transport runs to a scheduled
timetable with the most frequent services running to a headway (e.g.: "every 5 minutes" as opposed to
being scheduled for any specific time of the day). Share taxis offer on-demand services in many parts
of the world, and some services will wait until the vehicle is full before it starts. Paratransit is
sometimes used in areas of low-demand and for people who need a door-to-door service.
There are distinct differences in urban public transit between Asia, North America, and Europe. In Asia,
mass transit operations are predominantly run by profit-driven privately owned and publicly traded
mass transit and real estate conglomerates. In North America, mass transit operations are
predominantly run by municipal transit authorities. In Europe, mass transit operations are
predominantly run by both state owned and private companies. Public transport services can be profitdriven by use of pay by the distance fares or funded by government subsidies in which flat rate fares
are charged to each passenger. Services can be fully profitable through high ridership numbers and high
fare box recovery ratios, or can be regulated and possibly subsidized from local or national tax revenue.
Fully subsidized, zero fare services operate in some towns and cities.
For historical and economic reasons, there are differences internationally regarding use and extent of
public transport. While countries in the old world tend to have extensive and frequent systems serving

their old and dense cities, many cities of the New World have more sprawl and much less
comprehensive public transport. The Interntational Association of Public Transports (UITP) is the
international network for public transport authorities and operators, policy decision-makers, scientific
institutes and the public transport supply and service industry. It has 3,400 members from 92 countries.

1.4 Why Transport is Impotent

Transportation is important for multiple reasons that include travel, economic activity and mobility.
Travel and mobility are difficult without the use of transportation services, and transportation provides
an effective way to transport people and commodities from one place to another place. Methods of
transportation include buses, planes, boats, trains, cars and other vehicles. Transportation is important
for moving food, furniture, medicine, chemicals, clothing and other valuable necessities.
An important aspect of transportation is economic activity. The availability of transportation helps
determine the location and success of economic activity. Most industries require raw materials and
access to transportation in order to maintain a steady profit. Employees and residents require a method
of traveling back and forth to work. Well-developed transportation methods such as rail systems and
interstate highways promote economic activity. Improving access to developed transportation increases
activity in both rural and city areas.
Transportation is a significant aspect of life that allows products or passengers to go places and conduct
business. Most businesses require some form of transportation for daily operations, and those
businesses that have minimal transportation options often experience a decrease in business.
Commercial businesses that desire access to a high volume of customers should offer a location that is
accessible by multiple forms of transportation.

2. Problem Definition
2.1Problems in Public Transportation
According to the presentation there are eight common problems that people face when using public
transportation,

Delayed on board due to transit vehicles backed up or problems on the transit route
downstream.
Experienced long wait at a transfer stop.
Missed departure due to wrong real-time information.

Unable to board or denied boarding due to crowding.

Delayed on board due to emergency or mechanical failure.

Experienced long wait at origin stop.

Ran to stop but the bus or train pulled away.

Delayed on board due to traffic.

2.2 Problems in Private Transportation

When considering the private transportation there are few problems faced by people,

Cost

Convenience

Pollution and Emissions

Comfort

2.2.1 Cost
Private transportation by far is the more expensive option. The biggest cost of owning your own
vehicle is the purchase price. Additionally, general maintenance such as oil changes, filling the gas tank
and auto insurance are ongoing costs of owning a car. Car repairs and parking fees are also sometimes
necessary. When choosing public transportation, you pay per ride and the fee is usually quite small,
plus you eliminate the maintenance and operating costs associated with having a car.

2.2.2 Convenience

Public transportation, such as buses and trains, operates on a set schedule with specific stops, so
convenience may be an issue, especially if you live in a place with infrequent or spotty service. You
need to take the schedule into account when planning your travel. If you choose to take your own
vehicle, you're able to come and go as you please.

2.2.3 Pollution and Emissions

One of the bigger causes for pollution, especially in larger cities, is emissions from vehicles. The more
people who take their own vehicles, the higher the level of pollution will be, and conversely, if more
people take public transportation, the total level of emissions will be reduced, therefore reducing
pollution. Thus, using public transit can certainly be considered to be going "green." Owning a gasburning car contributes to the emissions issue, but you can make a green choice if you want to own a
car by purchasing a hybrid car, which uses electricity as well as gas to cut down on its energy footprint.

2.2.4 Comfort

Many people feel they'll be more comfortable in their private vehicle. In your car, you're be able to
adjust the seat for the highest level of comfort and you can control of the temperature within your car.
However, the stress of driving in traffic can make public transportation seem more comfortable. When
taking public transportation, you can sit back and relax without worrying about traffic congestion,
finding a parking space or dealing with other drivers.

3 Proposed Solutions
3.1 Proposed Solutions for Public Transportation

Dedicated Bus Lane (DBL) with high quality buses,, better frequency and better operating
speed.
Improvement of pedestrian facilities and introduction of sky walks and proper pedestrian foot
path.
There should be proper signboards at each an every junction which may help to reduce the
traffic.
The most effective way to curb traffic congestion in urban areas is to encourage the population
to use public transport.
Increase road capacity.
Control of volumes of traffic heavy trucks should not be allowed to enter the inner city.
Improve the traffic controlling system.

3.2 Proposed Solution for Private Transportation

Effective hydrogen fuel cells are the Holy Grail of alternative fuel technologies. The best
known fuel cell is hydrogen-based. This technology uses hydrogen gas to create electricity. The
electricity is then converted to mechanical energy in an electric motor to get the car, truck, bus,
boat or any other form of transport run by an engine moving. The only emission from the cell is
water, pure H2O, clean enough to drink and a far cry from the hydrocarbons, CO 2 and oxides of
nitrogen produce by the cleanest car today. Technology is currently struggling with finding an
absolutely pure form of fuel cell, one that emits no harmful pollutants, as well as using
renewable energy to produce or supply the raw materials for the fuel cells. Indeed, the easiest
way to produce the needed supply of hydrogen gas at this point is using fossil fuels, though this
may change in the future.
The electric car is going main stream. The Nissan LEAF has opened up a new market for
consumers, allowing urban driving without the guilt of tail-pipe emissions. Electric vehicles
receive their fuel from a linked collection of batteries. The batteries are lead, nickel-metal
hydrides and lithium concoctions storing energy provided from home electrical outlets or the
soon-to-be-introduced electric recharging station. Like fuel cells, electric cars lack a reliable
infrastructure, as well as a way of reliably using renewable sources like solar,wind or
geothermal to generate their fuel. Instead, they rely on fossil fuel-burning electric plants to
supply their needs.
Alternative fuels provide one road to reducing pollutions, but they're far from perfect at this
point. However, there are a few steps that can be taken now to help reduce tail pipe emissions.
One of the most effective is to reduce idle time for vehicles. According to the California Energy
Commission, your car idles anywhere from five to 10 minutes a day on average, depending on
driving conditions. Idling your car for two minutes uses about the same amount of gas as going
one mile. If you're sitting longer than 10 seconds, it's wise to turn off your car as those 10
seconds will use the same amount of fuel as it would take to restart the engine after being shut
down. Many hybrid cars and electric cars now have an automatic start and stop system that
shuts down the engine when speed is zero. Stepping on the gas, rather than turning the key, gets
the car rolling again. How much this feature will reduce pollution is the subject of debate. Some
emissions systems work well at idle; others don't. Larger vehicles, including trucks and buses,
as well as diesel engines, can produce more emissions at idle than when running. However,
when the numbers are crunched, using less fuel means producing less emissions and pollution.