Name: ___________________________________

Review for Final #1

Thermometer

alcohol burner

Balance

Lab apron

test tube

tongs

dropper

spring scale

beaker

stop watch

meter stick

safety glasses

graduated cylinder

test tube rack or holder

flask

ring stand with ring

1.

To measure something is to give a number to some property of something ( like how

big it is or how rough it is).

2.

What are units of measure? What you are measuring in

Give five examples here: Inches, seconds, grams, miles per hour, degrees Celsius
3.
Units of measure provide standards for our comparisons. Give one example of this: a
meter is the exact same length everywhere in the world
4.

What system of measurement is used all over the world and in this science classroom?
The metric system

5.

When you measure something, what two things should you ALWAYS include in your
measurement? The number of the measurement and the unit of measure

6.

Before you weigh an item on a balance what should you always do FIRST? Zero the
balance!

7.

Read the mass on each item below:

286.7 g

334.5 g

8.

What is distance?

The space between two points

9.

What is mass? The amount of matter in an object

10.

What is volume? The amount of space an object takes up (how big it is)

11.

What is time? What happens between two events

12.

What is temperature? The measure of how fast the atoms are moving

13.

What is the metric system? A system of measuring used worldwide (except

in the U.S. and two smaller countries) that is based on the number 10.

14.

Read the following graduated cylinders:

21

20

21.3 mL

36.5 mL

20.62 mL

Review for Final #2

Find the volume of the block:

Find the volume of the hammer:

3 cm
2 cm
5 cm
Volume = ___________
______
5 x 2 x 3 = 30 cm3

Volume = ___________
4 mL

Tell whether each example below is qualitative or quantitative:

It tastes sweet: qualitative

The desk is 1.7 m long: quantitative

It is 27C today: quantitative

Her eyes are brown:

qualitative

Fill in the symbols for the metric prefixes below then do the conversions:

dk

2.578 m =

257.8 cm

0.036 kg = 3.6 dkg

31.53 L =

315.3 dL

31.2 hm = 3.12 km

333.8 dg = 0.03338 kg

1253 mL = 1.253 L

12 m

175.1 cg = 1.751 g

= 12,000 m

Write the correct answer next to each definition below:

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

conclusion
problem
data
constants
hypothesis
Independent variable
experiment
dependent variable
control

The answer to your problem based on data collection

What you are trying to solve
The information you collect in an experiment
Things that must stay THE SAME in an experiment
An educated guess as to the outcome of an experiment
The variable YOU change in an experiment
What you do to test your hypothesis
The variable that CHANGES because of what you change
What you compare your results to in an experiment

What four things are found in Paragraph #1 in your conclusion?

Answer problem question
Tell HOW it was affected
Back it up with data
Hypothesis right or wrong
How is a problem stated in a lab report? Does _______________ affect _____________?

What is the format for writing a hypothesis? Ifthenbecause

Suzy Q wants to find out what will happen to the growth(height) ofplants if she feeds
them salt water instead of regular water. She puts 20 bean plants on a shelf
in a sunny window. She waters 10 bean plants with 15 mL of regular water each day
for 3 weeks and she waters 10 bean plants with 15 mL of salt water each day for 3
weeks. Her results are shown below:

Beans with Different Types of Water

Type of Water

Starting

Height (cm)
Week #1 Week #2 Week #3

Regular water beans

11

Salt water beans

14
8

Write a problem statement for this experiment:

Does adding salt to water affect the height a bean plant grows?
Write a hypothesis for this experiment:
If salt is added to water then bean plants will not grow as tall as plants watered with
plain water because plants do not need salt to grow.
Write the first paragraph of the conclusion for this experiment:
Adding salt to water does affect the height of bean plants. Plants with salted water did
not grow as tall as plants watered with regular water. Salt water beans only grew 4 cm
in 3 weeks, while those watered with regular water grew 10 cm. My hypothesis was
correct.
Identify the following for this experiment:
Control:
plants watered with regular water
Constants:
same type of plant, amount of water, same location, same soil,
watered the same amount of time
Independent Variable: salt
Dependent Variable:
plant growth (height)

Review for Final #3

An object is in motion when its distance from another object is changing.
A reference point is a place or object used for comparison to tell if motion has
occurred.
Speed is defined as the amount of distance travelled in a certain amount of time,
such as 5 m/s.
What are the three kind of speed? Constant speed, average speed and
instantaneous speed
Below are some examples of speed. Tell which kind of speed is being described.
a. You drive 45 mph on the Milestone for 5 minutes. Constant speed
b. You look at your speedometer and notice you are going 50 km/hr.
Instantaneous speed
c. You drive to Boston. You drive 25 mph in Hyannis, you drive 65 mph on the
highway, then you get stuck in a traffic jam and go 10 mph. Altogether you
drove approximately 24 mph to get to Boston. Average speed
Velocity is speed in a certain direction. Write an example of a speed here:

55 m/s

west

What is the equation to calculate velocity? V = d/t

Acceleration is defined as the rate at which velocity changes.
What are the three ways that an object can accelerate? the object can speed
up, slow down or change direction
The formula for acceleration is:
What do the letters stand for?

a
vf
vi
t

a =
vi t

= acceleration
= final velocity
= initial (starting) velocity
= time

Do the following word problems. Dont forget to show all work and include
units!!! Here are two more formulas to help you: t = d/v
d = vt
1. What is the velocity of a jet plane that travels 528 meters in 4 seconds?
V = d/t

528/4 = 132 m/s

2. After an impact between a meteor and a satellite, a paint chip leaves the
surface of the satellite at a speed of 96 m/s. After 17 seconds, how far has
the chip landed?
D = vt

96 x 17 = 1632 m

3. The space shuttle Endeavor is launched to altitude of 500,000 m above the

surface of the earth. The shuttle travels at an average rate of 700 m/s. How
long will it take for Endeavor to reach its orbit?
t = d/v

500,000/700 = 714.29 s

4. How long will your trip take (in hours) if you travel 350 km at an average
speed of 80 km/hr?

t = d/v

350 / 80 = 4.38 hr

5. What is the velocity of a walking person in m/s if the person travels 1000 m
in 20 minutes (1200 seconds)?

V = d/t

1000 / 1200 = 0.83 m/s

6. How far will you travel in 3 minutes (180 seconds) running at a rate of 6
m/s?

d = vt

6 x 180 = 1080 m

7. A meteoroid changed velocity from 2.5 km/s to 1.1 km/s in 0.7 seconds.
What is the acceleration of the meteoroid?
A = vf vi
t

1.1 2.5
0.7

= -2.0 m/s2

8. A dragster in a race accelerated from stop to 60 m/s by the time it reached

the finish line 8 seconds later. What was the acceleration of the dragster?
A = vf vi
t

60 - 0
8

= 7.5 m/s2

Final Exam review #5

Resultant velocity is when you combine velocities to see how fast an object moves.
If two velocities go in the SAME direction you add them. If two velocities go in OPPOSITE
directions you subtract them.

Find the resultant velocities for the objects below:

115 m/s north

3 m/s north

15 m/s south
2 m/s north

Resultant velocity: 12 m/s south

Resultant velocity: 117 m/s north

Time (s)

Time (s)

Time (s)

Time (s)

Starts slow, speeds up

One object faster than another

One object has 5 m head start,

going same speed

Glue
this
own

Distance (m)

Distance (m)

Distance (m)

Distance (m)

Draw a graph for each description below:

Time (s)

two objects walking different

directions

A force is a push or a pull on an object.

Force is measured in units called Newtons.
When writing a net force you must include the size and the direction.
To find the net force if forces act in the same direction you add them.
To find the net force if forces act in opposite directions you subtract the smaller force from the
larger force
If there IS a net force, forces are said to be unbalanced.
The net force for balanced forces is zero.

8N

Find the net force for each example below (use left, right, up and down for directions):
2N

300 N

50 N

400 N

4N

120 N

80 N
2N

100 N

250 N right

200 N left

100 N N

0 N(balanced forces)

6 N up, 2 N right

NEWTONS FIRST LAW: An object in motion will stay in motion and an

object at rest will stay at rest until there is a net or unbalanced force to change its motion.
NEWTONS SECOND LAW: An object goes in the direction of the net force. The amount of force you
need depends on the mass of the object and the acceleration you want.
Write the formula for this law here: F = ma
NEWTONS THIRD LAW: For every action there is an equal but opposite reaction. This means when you
apply a force on an object, it applies an equal force back on you.

For each example below, identify which of Newtons Laws is best being shown by placing
a 1 (first law), a 2 (second law) or 3 (third law) in the space provided.
1

You sit an play video games for hours until your brother comes in, pushes
you and takes the controller away.

You kick a bowling ball and it REALLY hurts your toe!

You aim the lacrosse ball towards the net and it goes that way: GOAL!

You aunt steps HARD on the gas pedal and you are pressed back in your
seat.

You need to hit a bowling ball harder than a baseball to get them both to
second base.

A driver is not wearing his seatbelt, and when he hits a brick wall he
continues to move forward through the windshield.

You step out of a canoe on to the dock. You move forward, but the canoe
moves backward.

You and your friend are wearing rollerblades. You push back on each other,
but your friend goes back farther than you do because they have less mass.

A rocket fires its engines downwards and takes off.

You throw a softball in space and it continues in a straight line at the same
speed forever

Review for Exam #6

1.

The tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion is called inertia .Which
has more inertia, a 350 kg boulder rolling down the hill towards you at 20 m/s or a 500
kg boulder sitting at the bottom of a hill? Why? The 550 kg boulder has more inertia because
it has more mass and inertia ONLY depends on mass, not velocity.

2.

The amount of matter in an object is called mass while the measure of the force of
gravity on an object is called weight.

3. If you go to the moon your weight will change but your mass will not. This is because
there is less gravity on the moon, so you weigh less, but you still have the same number
of atoms that make up you, so your mass is the same.
4.

Gravity is the attractive force between all objects in the universe.

5. The amount of gravitational force between two objects depends on the

The mass of the objects (the more mass the more gravitational force) and the distance
between them (the closer they are the more gravitational force)
6. Circle the picture in each set below that shows the greater gravitational force
between the two objects and explain why.

A
A.

B.

B
The elephant has more mass and so is more
attracted to the earth

The ants in A because they are closer together

7. Acceleration due to gravity on Earth is 9.8 m/s2. This means that an object is going
9.8 m/s faster every second it falls.
8. Weight is a measure of the force of gravity on an object.
9. F = ma, and weight is a force. Change 3 kg into a weight in Newtons: 3 x 9.8 = 29.4 N
10. A projectile follows a curved path due to inertia making it forward and gravity pulling
it down.
11. The force that air exerts on an object is called air resistance and depends on the
shape/size/surface area of the object and how fast it is moving (velocity).
12. Which has more air resistance, a flat sheet of paper or a crumpled up piece of
paper? Why? The flat piece of paper because it has more surface area for air to act
upon
13. Which has more air resistance, bicycle going 3 m/s or a bicycle going 10 m/s? Why?

The bicycle going 10 m/s because it is going faster.

14. What two things are balanced out when an object reaches its terminal velocity?
Air resistance and gravity
15. When an object reaches terminal velocity, what happens to its speed? It stays the same
and the object will continue to fall at a constant rate
16. Fill in the table here to show that the object reaches
terminal velocity after 2 seconds:

Time (s)
0
1
2
3
4
5

17. Centripetal force is any force that makes an

object move in a curved or circular path.

Velocity (m/s) its

0
9.8
19.6
19.6
19.6
19.6

18. Give two examples of centripetal force: the suns gravity making the planets go in a
curved orbit and a roller coaster on a curved track: the track is the centripetal force .
19. Can gravity be a centripetal force? Explain. Yes: the suns gravity keeps the planets
moving in curved orbits
20. Yo, what is mass? Its how much matter
Your mass never changes unless you get fatter.
Weight is a measure of the gravity force, if the gravity changes your weight
will change of course.
Volume is a measure of how big an object is,
How much space it takes up.
Now Im a SCIENCE WHIZ !!!!!

Final Exam Review #7

1.

Friction is the force that opposes motion between two objects that are moving
past one another.

2.

The amount of friction depends on the type of surface (rough surfaces have
more friction than smooth ones) and how hard the surfaces press together: there
is more friction when you push your hands together HARD and rub them to get
warm.

3.

Would carpet or tile have more friction when in contact with your shoes? Why?
Carpet: it is rougher than tile

4.

Would a truck full of sand have more or less friction than the same empty
truck? Why? A truck full of sand because it is pushed more into the road because it
is heavy.

5.

The three types of friction are sliding, rolling and fluid.

6.

What are some examples of when you would want to INCREASE the amount of
friction? Waxing your surfboard, grip tape on a skateboard, putting sand on icy
roads, tread on a tire or on your sneakers

7.

What are some examples of when you would want to DECREASE the amount of
friction? Swimmers shave their bodies to decrease drag in the water, waxing your
skis to fill in the scratches, ball bearings on skateboard wheels, freezing a hockey
puck, wheels on luggage

8.

Density is the amount of mass in a certain volume.

9.

What is the formula to calculate density? V = d/t

10.

What is the unit for density? g/mL or g/cm3

11.

What is the density of water? 1 g/mL

12.

13.
14.

Does the density of a substance depend on how MUCH of the substance you
have? Give an example. No: if you have 1 mL of water or 1000 mL of water, its
density is always 1 g/mL
What is buoyant force? The upward force a fluid exerts on an object.
Archimedes Principle states that the buoyant force on an object is equal to
the amount of fluid displaced by the object. In order to float, an object must displace
at LEAST its own weight in the fluid. The more it displaces, the higher it floats.

15.

One way you can predict if an object will float in water is to compare its mass and volume. If
the volume is bigger than the mass it will float, but it the mass is bigger than the volume it will
sink.

16.

Another way is to compare the objects density to the density of water. If the objects
density is LESS than 1 g/mL it will float but if it is more than 1 g/mL it will sink.

17.

Look at the tables below and predict if the object will float or sink and HOW it will float
(high or just at the surface), sink (fast, slow), or neither!

Mass (g)

Volume (mL)

Float or Sink

25

10

132

Sink
Float
float

18

18

Neither: neutrally buoyant

35

33

Sink

Density (g/mL)

Float or Sink

HOW
Fast
High
barely
Stay where you put it in the fluid
slowly
HOW

sink

slowly
1.0
Neither: neutrally buoyant
Stay where you put it in the fluid
13.7
Sink
Fast
0.006
Float
high
0.9
Float
barely
Do the following word problems. Use the densities from page 56 of your ISN. SHOW
WORK!
2.3

18.

What is the mass of a 2 cm x 2 cm x 3 cm block of walnut?

m = dv 0.593 x 12 = 7.12 g

19. What is the mass of 250 mLs of glue?

M = dv 1.27 x 250 = 317.5 g

20. What is the volume of your 90 g silver bracelet?

V = m/d 90/10.5 = 8.57 cm3

21. You have inherited a mine from Great Uncle Poindexter. You place a 139.3 g sample into a
graduated cylinder that has 50 mLs of water in it. The water level rises to 57. What kind of
mine did you inherit?
D = m/v 139.3 / 7 = 19.9 g/mL GOLD!!

Final Exam Review #8

20. Look at page 64 in your ISN. If you had a purple liquid with a mass of 3.9 g and a volume
of 1.3 mL, where would it end up in your density column? (use the colors of the liquids
above/below it in your answer) At the bottom below green because it is more dense than
any of the liquids.
21.

What would happen if you added a rubber stopper (density: 1.34 g/mL) where would it
end up in your density column? (use the colors of the liquids above/below it in your
answer) It would end up between the blue and yellow layers, because it is more dense
than the blue liquid so it would sink, but less dense than the yellow so it would float.

22. Energy vocab: fill in the correct energy form next to its definition.
a.____nuclear___________ _______ the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom
b.____electromagnetic____________ energy that travels in waves
c.____mechanical________________ the TOTAL KE and PE; the energy associated
with the motion and position of an object
d.___thermal___________________ the energy associated with temperature
e.___GPE______________________ energy associated with the height of an object
f.___electrical__________________ the energy carried by moving electrons
g.___chemical potential____________ the energy stored in the bonds between atoms;
in order to release it a chemical reaction
occurs to break the bonds or make new ones
h.___elastic potential_____________ the energy stored in objects that can be
stretched or compressed
23. Energy is the ability to do work or cause change
24. An energy transformation is when one type of energy changes into another form.
25. The energy of motion is called kinetic energy, and depends on the amount of mass and
velocity.
26. Potential energy is stored energy. Give four examples of this energy here: battery,
food, fuel, sling shot.
27. What is the formula to calculate gravitational potential energy (GPE)? GPE = wh
28. Look at page 68 in your ISN. In figure 1 all of the skaters energy is potential.
In figure 2, potential energy is turning into kinetic energy. At the bottom of the ramp in
figure 3 all of the energy is kinetic.
In figure 4 he is heading up the ramp and kinetic energy is turning back into potential
energy.
29. In the real world a roller coaster can never again go as high as the first hill. What law
explains this? The Law of Conservation of Energy

30. State this law here: Energy cannot be created or destroyed under normal conditions; it
just changes from one form to another
31.

Tell what energy transformation is occurring:

a. You turn on a lamp: electrical to electromagnetic and thermal
b. You burn wood in your fireplace: chemical to thermal and electromagnetic
c. You feel the warmth in a greenhouse: electromagnetic to thermal
d. You toast a piece of bread: electrical to thermal
e. The Sun: nuclear to electromagnetic and thermal
f. You shoot an arrow from your bow: elastic potential to kinetic (or mechanical)
g. Photosynthesis: electromagnetic to chemical
h. You eat an apple: chemical to kinetic and thermal

32. How much GPE does a 8 kg seagull have when it is flying 6 m over the dump?
GPE = wh 8 x 9.8 x 6 = 470.4 J

(show work)
it is a MASS in the problem and you need to turn it into a weight. (x 9.8)

33. Where does the following happen in a coal-fired power plant?

a.
pylons
high voltage electricity is carried where it is needed
b.
furnace
fuel is burned.
c.
step down transformer high voltage electricity is converted to low voltage
d.
turbine
steam turns a turbine to spin the generator
e.
boiler water
water is heated into steam
f.
step up transformer
low voltage electricity is converted to high voltage
g. generator
a magnet is spun to create a flow of electricity
h. cooling tower
hot steam is condensed back into water to be used again
34. What is the kinetic energy of a 3 kg object moving at 1.5 m/s? (show work)
KE = 1/2mv2 1.5 x 1.52 = 1.13 J
35. What are the three types of fossil fuels? Coal, oil, gas
36. What problem are we facing using fossil fuels? They are non-renewable so we may run
out of them
37. The Greenhouse Effect is the idea that the earths atmosphere traps in excess heat.
Global Warming is the theory that the earths average temperatures are rising.
38. What are four consequences Earth might face if temperatures continue to rise?
Flooding, drought, extreme storms, loss of habitat
39. List 4 renewable energy resources: wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, hydropower
40. This is when you make a new product out of an old one: recycle

Final Exam Review #9

1. Matter is anything that is made of atoms and molecules, that has mass and volume.
2. Solid is the state of matter with definite volume and definite shape.

3. In a solid, particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern. Particles vibrate in place bu
cant move around. Solids have definite shape.
4. Liquid is the state of matter with definite volume and no definite shape.
5. In a liquid, particles are close together with no regular pattern.
Liquids can flow because particles can move past one another. Liquids have no definite shape:
they take the shape of their container.
6. Gas is the state of matter with no definite volume and no definite shape.
7. In a gas particles are far apart.
Particles move fast. Gases take the shape and volume of their container.
8. Draw the particles of each state of matter in the circles below:
solid

9.

12.

liquid

gas

The hottest state of matter with electrically charged particles is plasma. It is the most
common state of matter because it makes up stars.
Particles move extremely fast in a plasma. Four examples of a plasma are: our sun, stars,
lightning, and fluorescent lights.
10. The coldest state of matter is Bose-Einstein Condensation or BEC.
Particles move extremely slowly and are almost stopped.
The temperature of this state of matter is near absolute zero. It is only found in labs.
11. What is the coldest possible temperature (in Kelvin)? At this temperature what would
atoms do? Stop moving
Heat travels from hot to cold until both substances are the same temperature.

13. In your Just Add Water lab, describe why the cold water increased temperature:
The heat from the hot water moved to the cold water until they were the same temperature
14. Why did we use a Styrofoam cup in this lab as our calorimeter if we wanted to prove
the Law of Conservation of Energy? Styrofoam is a good conductor and kept heat from
moving in or out of the calorimeter.
15. This is when heat travels in waves: radiation
Give one example: the suns rays travels through space to Earth
16. This is when heat travels in particles that are touching: conduction
Give one example: the handle of your spoon gets hot when you put the other end in hot cocoa.
17. This is when heat travels when hotter particles rise and cooler ones sink, creating
currents: convection
Give one example: convection currents in Earths mantle drive plate tectonics
18. Describe what happens when you put warm soda and ice in a cooler to go to the
beach: heat moves from the soda (making it colder) to the ice (making it warmer)
until they are both the same temperature.

19. During a change in state, what happens to the temperature of a substance?

It stays the same.
20. Label the states of matter and the changes in state for each line segment below:

c
e
d

Temperature ()

Temperature ()

f
g
h
i
j

b
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

solid
melting
liquid
Time (minutes)
vaporization
or boiling
gas

f. gas
g. condensation
h. liquid
i. freezing Time (minutes)
j. solid

21. The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that matter is made up of tiny particles called
Atoms that are constantly moving.

22. Temperature is the average kinetic energy (how fast they are moving) of the particles
in a substance.
23. Thermal expansion is the fact that matter expands when heated because the
particles are moving faster and contracts when cooled because the particles are
moving slower.
24. Give three examples of thermal expansion: fillings in teeth must expand and contract
at the same rate as the teeth they are in; expansion joints on bridges; expansion
joints in the walls at CPS; the ball didnt fit through the ring in class when heated
25.

Vaporization exists in two forms. The one that occurs BELOW the boiling point and is
a slow process is called evaporation while the other that occurs AT the boiling point is
called boiling.

26. The change of state where a solid goes directly to a gas without ever being a liquid
(such as when dry ice smokes) is called sublimation.

Exam Review #10

1. All substances have properties that can be used to identify them.
2. Physical properties can be used to describe something, whereas chemical

properties describe how something might undergo a chemical change.

3. Four examples of physical properties are color, shape, luster, size
4. Four examples of chemical properties are will rust, creates a gas when

exposed to water, will break down in sunlight, flammable

5. Tell whether the following are physical or chemical properties:

___p___ you have brown eyes

___p___ silver is shiny
flammable
___c___ magnesium burns with a bright light
100
___p___ sugar dissolves in water
wet

___p___ water melts at 0

___c___ gasoline is
___p___ water boils at
___c___ iron rusts when

6. When a substance undergoes a physical change, the material itself is the same

before and after the change.

7. When a substance undergoes a chemical change, the substances present at

the beginning of the change are not present at the end; totally new
substances are formed with new properties.
8. Physical changes are changes in appearance only and not in chemical makeup.
9. Four examples of physical changes are: tearing paper, dissolving sugar,

melting an ice cube, cutting your hair

10. Chemical changes occur when the substance has turned into an entirely new

substance.
11. Four examples of chemical changes are: burning, digestion, rotting, cooking
12. Matter can be classified by its properties. Matter is first classified into two

categories: substances and mixtures.

13. Two or more substances that just occupy the same container but are not

chemically combined are is called a mixture.

14. Matter that has set characteristic properties (such as boiling point, density, etc.)

is called a substance.
15. One type of mixture you can TELL is a mixture because you can see the parts

that make it up and is called a heterogeneous mixture, while the other type all
looks the same (you cannot tell it is a mixture) and is called a homogeneous
mixture.
16. Another name for a homogeneous mixture is a solution.
17. A substance that is two or more elements bonded together is called a(n) compound.
18. A substance in which all the atoms are the SAME is called a(n) element.

19. A heterogeneous mixture that will NOT stay mixed is called a suspension and will say
shake well on the label.
20. A heterogeneous mixture that does not easily settle and scatters light (so it appears hazy)
is called a colloid.

21. For each example below, tell whether it is an element

suspension (ss) or a colloid (co).
___co___ milk
___c____ salt
___e____ gold
___s____ steel
___c____ sugar
___e____ chlorine
___co___ orbitz
___e____ carbon

(e), compound (c), solution (s),

____s___ flat soda
___ss___ Italian salad dressing
___co___fog
___ss___ Nantucket Nectars

22. Properties of matter can be used to describe matter, such as color and texture.
23. Characteristic properties are ALWAYS true about a substance and can be used to identify
it, such as boiling/melting point and density.
24. A chemical equation is a shorter, easier way to show chemical reactions using symbols
instead of words.
25. A compound is represented by a chemical formula which shows the ratio of elements in the
compound, or the number of atoms of each element that are in one molecule.
26. A subscript is a lower, smaller number that shows the number of atoms of an element are
in a molecule.
27. A chemical equation tells you the substances you start with and the substances produced.
28. The materials you have at the beginning are called reactants and the materials you have
after the reaction are called products.
29. The formulas for all the reactants are written on the left side of the equation and the
formulas for all the products are written on the right side.
30. In the following equation the products are CO2 and H2O and the reactants are CH4 and O2
.

CH4 + 2O2

CO2 + 2H2O

31. The arrow in an equation means forms or yields.

32. All atoms present at the start of a reaction are present at the end.
33. The amount of matter in a chemical reaction does not change, so the mass of the reactants
must be equal to the mass of the products.
34. This principle is called the conservation of mass and states that matter cannot be created
or destroyed during a chemical reaction.

NOT in your ISN: Right now your age and your height are a DIRECT relationship
because as one variable increases the other increases. Ms. Ds age and height are an
INVERSE relationship because as one variable increases the other decreases

Exam Review #11

(the LAST one!!!)
1. The positively charged particle in an atom is called a proton, the neutral particle is
called a neutron, and the negative particle is called an electron.
2. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, and electrons are found outside the
nucleus in energy levels in the electron cloud.
3. The atomic number tells you the number of protons and electrons in an atom of
that element.
4. The atomic mass is the mass of one atom of that element.
5. To find the number of neutrons you subtract the atomic number (number of
protons) from the rounded atomic mass.
6. Because electrons have such a small mass, the mass of the atom is really the
number of protons and neutrons added together.
7. Periods are the horizontal rows on the Periodic Table and groups are the vertical
columns.
8. The period an element is in tells you the number of energy levels an atom will have
and the group tells you the number of valence electrons.
9. Magnesium is in Group 2 and Period 2. It will have 2 energy levels and 2 valence
electrons.
10. Krypton is in Group 18 and Period 4. It will have 4 energy levels and 8 valence
electrons.
11. An electron dot diagram is the element symbol surrounded by dots that represent
the number of valence electrons. To find the number of dots you will place, you look
at the group the element is in.
12. Draw the Bohr AND electron dot diagram for the following elements:
6
C
12.01

15
P
30.97
15 P
16 N

2 e8 e5 e-

4
Be
9.01
6P
6N

4P
5N

2 e4 e-

2 e2 e-

13. Group one is known as the alkali metals, group 2 is the alkaline earth metals.
Groups 2-12 are called transition elements. Groups 13-16 are named for the first
element in each group, so Group 13 is the boron group, group 14 is the carbon
group, group 15 is the nitrogen group and group 16 is the oxygen group. Group 17
and group 1 like to form salts when they bond, so group 17 is called the halogen
group, which means salt former. Group 18 does not usually bond with any other
elements because their outer energy level is full, so they are known as the noble
gases.
14. The elements at the two rows at the bottom of the table are known as the
lanthanide series and the actinide series. They really belong in Group 3, Periods 6
and 7.